Mafuta ash content
Zviri mukati
Mafuta ash content inoratidzirwa nemafungiro maviri: base mafuta ash content uye sulfate ash content. Muchidimbu, iyo yakajairika madota yemukati inoratidza kuti hwaro hwaro hwakacheneswa sei, iyo mafuta ekupedzisira achaitwa mune ramangwana (kureva, kuvapo kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemunyu uye dzisingapisi, kusanganisira simbi, tsvina mairi). Kana iri sulfate ash content, inofananidzira mafuta akapedzwa, ane humwe huwandu hwekuwedzera, uye inonyatsoratidza huwandu hwavo uye kuumbwa (kureva, kuvapo kwesodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur nezvimwe zvinhu mairi).
Kana iyo sulfate ash yemukati yakakwira, zvino izvi zvinotungamira mukuumbwa kweabrasive layer pamadziro einjini yekupisa mukati, uye, maererano, nekukurumidza kupfeka kwemota, ndiko kuti, kuderera kwechishandiso chayo. Iyo yakaderera mwero yezvakajairwa madota inovimbisa kuti iyo exhaust aftertreatment system inodzivirirwa kubva pakusvibiswa. Kazhinji, zviratidzo zvemadota ipfungwa yakaoma kunzwisisa, asi inonakidza, saka isu tichaedza kuisa zvese zvakarongeka.
Chii chinonzi ash content uye chii chinoita
Madota ari mucherechedzo wehuwandu hwetsvina isingabatike. Mune chero injini inopisa yemukati, imwe huwandu hwemafuta akazara anoenda "kune tsvina", ndiko kuti, inoputika pakupisa kwakanyanya kana ichipinda mumasilinda. Somugumisiro, zvigadzirwa zvinopisa, kana kungoita madota, ane zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari, zvinoumba pamadziro avo. Uye kubva mukuumbwa kwedota nehuwandu hwayo kuti munhu anogona kutonga mukurumbira wakashata wemafuta emafuta. chiratidzo ichi chinokanganisa kugona kwekabhoni deposits kuumba mukati meinjini yekupisa zvikamu, pamwe nekuita kwemafirita (mushure mezvose, soot inovhara moto inovhara huchi). Nokudaro, haigoni kudarika 2%. Sezvo paine madota maviri emukati, isu tichaafunga iwowo.
Base mafuta ash content
Ngatitangei nepfungwa yezvakajairwa madota, seiri nyore. Zvinoenderana netsanangudzo yepamutemo, madota chiyero chehuwandu hwehutsvina husina kusara kubva mukupiswa kwesampuli yemafuta, iyo inoratidzwa sechikamu chehuwandu hwemafuta ari kuedzwa. Iyi pfungwa inowanzo shandiswa kuratidza maoiri asina ekuwedzera (kusanganisira base oiri), pamwe neakasiyana ekuzora zvinwiwa zvisingashandiswe mumajini ekupisa emukati kana mune tekinoroji yemuchina. kazhinji, kukosha kwehuwandu hwemadota huri pakati pe0,002% kusvika 0,4%. Saizvozvo, iyo yakaderera chiratidzo ichi, inochenesa mafuta akaedzwa.
Chii chinokonzera madota? Zvakajairwa (kana zvakakosha) zvemukati zvemadota zvinokanganisa kunaka kwekucheneswa kwemafuta, izvo zvakare zvisina zvekuwedzera. Uye sezvo iye zvino aripo mune angangoita ese anoshandiswa emota oiri, iyo pfungwa yezvakajairwa madota haishandiswe zvakanyanya, asi panzvimbo pezvo pfungwa ye sulfate ash yemukati inoshandiswa mupfungwa yakafara. ngatienderere mberi kwazviri.
Sulphated madota zvemukati
Kusachena mumafuta
Saka, sulfate ash yemukati (rimwe zita rezinga kana chiratidzo che sulfate slags) chiratidzo chekutarisa zvekuwedzera zvinosanganisira organic simbi komisheni (kureva, yavo inoumba munyu we zinc, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, sodium nezvimwe zvinhu) . Kana mafuta ane additives akadaro achipiswa, madota anoumbwa. Nomuzvarirwo, iyo yakawanda yadzo iri mumafuta, iyo inowedzera madota. Iyo, zvakare, inosanganiswa ne resinous deposits muinjini yekupisa yemukati (izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kana injini yekupisa yemukati yasakara uye / kana mafuta asina kuchinjwa mairi kwenguva yakareba), semhedzisiro yeabrasive. layer inoumbwa pakukwesha zvikamu. Panguva yekushanda, vanokwenya uye kupera pasi, nekudaro vachidzikisa sosi yeinjini yekupisa yemukati.
Sulphated ash content inoratidzwawo sechikamu chehuremu hwemafuta. Nekudaro, kuti uzvione, zvinodikanwa kuita nzira yakakosha nekupisa uye calcining test mass. Uye iyo muzana inotorwa kubva pachiyero chakasimba. Panguva imwecheteyo, sulfuric acid inoshandiswa mubasa kuitira kuti iparadzanise sulfates kubva muhuwandu. Apa ndipo panobva zita rekuti sulfate ash.. Tichafunga nezve algorithm chaiyo yekuita zviyero zvinoenderana neGOST pazasi.
Mhedzisiro ye sulfate ash content
Zvino ngatienderei kumubvunzo we chii chinokanganisa sulfate ash. Asi izvi zvisati zvaitika, zvinofanira kujekeswa kuti pfungwa yaro yakanangana nemafungiro ehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemafuta ejini. Iyi kukosha inokubvumira kuti uise huwandu hwekabhoni deposits mukamuri yekupisa. Kazhinji mafuta anosvikapo kuburikidza nemhete dzepiston, ichiyerera ichidzika nemadziro emasilinda. Huwandu hwemadota akati hunokanganisa zvakananga kushanda kweiyo ignition system, pamwe nekutanga kweinjini yekupisa mukati mumwaka unotonhora.
Kutsamira kwenheyo nhamba nenguva
Saka, sulfate ash yemukati yakanangana neiyo yekutanga kukosha kweiyo base nhamba zvakare isina kushandiswa (kana yakazadzwa chete) oiri. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinofanirwa kunzwisiswa kuti nhamba yehwaro haisi chiratidzo chakakwana chekugona kusarudzika kwemafuta ekuzora, uye nekufamba kwenguva inodonha. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuvapo kwesarufa nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokuvadza mumafuta. Uye iyo yakashata iyo mafuta (iyo yakawanda sarufa mairi), iyo inokurumidza nhamba yechigadziko inowira.
Ndokumbira utarise kuti sulfate ash yemukati inokanganisa zvakananga iyo flash point yeoiri yeinjini, kureva, nekufamba kwenguva, sezvo izvo zvinowedzera mukuumbwa kwayo zvinopisa, kukosha kwekupisa kwakataurwa kunoderera. Inoderedzawo kushanda kwemafuta pachayo, zvisinei kuti yakakwirira sei.
Kushandiswa kwemafuta akaderera-ash ane "mativi maviri emari". Kune rumwe rutivi, kushandiswa kwavo kwakarurama, sezvo mishonga yakadaro yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kukurumidza kusvibiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi (kureva, akashongedzerwa ne-catalysts, particulate filters, EGR systems). Kune rumwe rutivi, mafuta akaderera-ash haapi (kuderedza) chiyero chinodiwa chekudzivirira kwezvikamu zvejini inopisa mukati. Uye pano, pakusarudza mafuta, iwe unofanirwa kuita sarudzo ye "goridhe zvinoreva" uye kutungamirirwa nemazano emugadziri wemotokari. Ndiko, tarisa kukosha kweash content uye alkaline nhamba!
Basa resarufa pakuumbwa kwedota
Ndokumbira utarise kuti yakajairika madota emafuta emota harina chokuita nemwero wesarufa mazviri. Ndiko kuti, mafuta akaderera-ash haazove akaderera-sarufa, uye nyaya iyi inoda kujekeswa zvakasiyana. Izvo zvakakosha kuwedzera kuti sulfate ash yemukati inokanganisawo kusvibiswa uye kushanda kweiyo particulate sefa (mukana wekuzvarwa patsva). Phosphorus, kune rumwe rutivi, inodzima zvishoma nezvishoma catalyst ye afterburning carbon monoxide, pamwe chete nemahydrocarbon asina kupiswa.
Kana iri sarufa, inovhiringidza kushanda kwenitrogen oxide neutralizer. Nehurombo, kunaka kwemafuta muEurope uye mune post-Soviet nzvimbo kwakasiyana kwazvo, kwete kuti isu tibatsire. kureva, pane sarufa yakawanda mumafuta edu, iyo inokuvadza zvikuru kune injini dzinopisa mukati nokuti, kana yakasanganiswa nemvura pakupisa kwakanyanya, inoumba acids inokuvadza (kunyanya sulfuric), iyo inoparadza mukati mejini injini. Nokudaro, zviri nani kumusika weRussia kusarudza mafuta ane nhamba yepamusoro yepamusoro. Uye sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mumafuta umo mune nhamba yepamusoro yealkaline, kune yakakwirira madota. Panguva imwecheteyo, inofanira kunzwisiswa kuti hapana mafuta epasi rose, uye inofanira kusarudzwa maererano nemafuta anoshandiswa uye zvinhu zvejini inopisa mukati. Chokutanga pane zvose, unofanirwa kuvaka pane zvinokurudzirwa zvemugadziri wemotokari (kureva, injini yekupisa mukati).
Chii chinodiwa kune madota emafuta
Madota kubva mukupisa kwemafuta
Iyo yakaderera madota emafuta emazuva ano anotsanangurwa nezvinodiwa zvezvakatipoteredza zveEuro-4, Euro-5 (yakareruka) uye Euro-6, iyo inoshanda muEurope. Maererano navo, maoiri emazuva ano haafanire kuvhara zvakanyanya mafirita uye zvinokonzeresa mota, uye kuburitsa hushoma hwezvinhu zvinokuvadza munzvimbo. dzakagadzirirwawo kuderedza soot deposits pamavharuvhu nemasilinda. Zvisinei, muchokwadi, nzira iyi inoderedza zvakanyanya sosi yemazuva ano einjini dzinopisa mukati, asi inobatsirawo kune vanogadzira motokari, sezvo inotungamirira zvakananga kazhinji kuchinjwa kwemotokari nevaridzi vemotokari muEurope (kudiwa kwevatengi).
Kana vari vatyairi vedzimotokari (kunyangwe izvi zvichinyanya kushanda kumafuta epamba), kazhinji, mafuta akadzika-madota anozokanganisa ma liner, zvigunwe, uye zvakare anobatsira mukupusha masiketi muinjini yekupisa yemukati. Zvisinei, nehuwandu hwemadota emafuta, huwandu hwemari pazvindori zvepiston huchava hushoma.
Sezvineiwo, chiyero che sulfate ash yemukati mumafuta eAmerica (zviyero) yakaderera pane yeEuropean. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwemafuta emhando yepamusoro eboka 3 uye / kana 4 (akagadzirwa pahwaro hwe polyalphaolefins kana kushandisa hydrocracking tekinoroji).
Masero eCatalyst akavharwa nesoot
Mazwi mashoma pamusoro peinjini dzinopisa dzemukati dzemhando nyowani, umo mavharuvhu anogadzirwa nealuminium neakawedzera coating (mota zhinji dzemazuva ano kubva kuVAG kunetseka uye mamwe "yeJapan"). PaInternet, vanonyora zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti motokari dzakadaro dzinotya sulfuri, uye izvi ndezvechokwadi. Nekudaro, mumafuta einjini, huwandu hwechinhu ichi hwakaderera pane mumafuta. Nokudaro, kutanga kwezvose, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa peturu yakajairika Euro-4 uye yakakwirauyewo shandisa mafuta akaderera-sarufa. Asi, yeuka kuti pasi-sarufa mafuta haisi nguva dzose yakaderera-ash mafuta! Saka gara uchitarisa madota emukati mune imwe magwaro anotsanangura maitiro akajairika eimwe injini mafuta.
Kugadzirwa kwemafuta mashoma-ash
kudiwa kwekugadzirwa kwemafuta akaderera-ash kwakamuka zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvinodiwa kwezvakatipoteredza (iyo inozivikanwa yakashata Euro-x zviyero). Mukugadzirwa kwemafuta emotokari, ane (muhuwandu hwakasiyana, zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakawanda) sulfur, phosphorus uye madota (inozova sulfate gare gare). Saka, kushandiswa kweinotevera makemikari emakemikari kunotungamirira pakuonekwa kwezvinhu zvakataurwa mukuumbwa kwemafuta:
- zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (inonzi multifunctional additive ine antioxidant, antiwear uye yakanyanyisa kudzvinyirira zvinhu);
- calcium sulfonate is detergent, ndiko kuti, detergent additive.
Kubva pane izvi, vagadziri vakawana mhinduro dzinoverengeka dzekudzikisa madota emafuta. Saka, zvinotevera zviri kushandiswa zvino:
- kuiswa kwe detergent additives kwete mumafuta, asi mumafuta;
- kushandiswa kweashless high-temperature antioxidants;
- kushandiswa kweashless dialkyldithiophosphates;
- kushandiswa kwe-low-ash magnesium sulfonates (zvisinei, muhuwandu hushoma, sezvo izvi zvinobatsirawo pakuumbwa kwemadhipoziti mukati mejini inopisa), pamwe chete ne detergent alkylphenol additives;
- kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira mukuumbwa kweoiri (semuenzaniso, esters uye thickening additives inopesana nekuora, inodiwa kuve nechokwadi cheinodiwa viscosity-tembiricha maitiro uye yakaderera volatility, kureva, base mafuta kubva kumapoka mana kana mashanu).
Tekinoroji dzemazuva ano dzemakemikari dzinoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana nyore mafuta nechero madota. Iwe unongoda kusarudza kuumbwa kunonyatsokodzera imwe mota.
Zviyero zveashi
Mubvunzo unotevera unokosha ndewekuziva madota zvemukati mwero. Zvakakodzera kutaura ipapo ipapo kuti ivo havazotsamira kwete chete pamhando yeinjini yekupisa yemukati (yepeturu, dizeli mukati meinjini dzinopisa, pamwe neinjini dzinopisa mukati dzine gasi-bharuni midziyo (GBO), zviratidzo izvi zvichasiyana), asi. zvakare pane zvazvino zvezvakatipoteredza zviyero (Euro-4, Euro-5 uye Euro-6). Mumafuta mazhinji epasi (kureva kuti, kusati kwaiswa akakosha ekuwedzera mukuumbwa kwavo), madota emukati haakoshi, uye angangoita 0,005%. Uye mushure mekuwedzera kwekuwedzera, ndiko kuti, kugadzirwa kwemafuta akagadzirwa-akagadzirwa, kukosha uku kunogona kusvika kune rook 2% iyo GOST inobvumira.
Iwo madota emukati maoiri emota anotsanangurwa zvakajeka mumiyero yeEuropean Association of Auto Manufacturers ACEA, uye kutsauka kubva kwavari hakugamuchirwe, saka vese vemazuvano (vane marezenisi) vagadziri vemafuta emota vanogara vachitungamirwa nemagwaro aya. Isu tinopa iyo data muchimiro chetafura yeiyo ikozvino yakapararira yezvakatipoteredza mwero Euro-5, iyo inosanganisa kukosha kwemakemikari ekuwedzera uye ega ega zviyero.
| API Zvinodiwa | SL | SM | SN-RC/ILSAC GF-5 | CJ-4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphorus yemukati,% | 0,1 max | 0,06-0,08 | 0,06-0,08 | 0,12 max |
| Sulfur content,% | - | 0,5-0,7 | 0,5-0,6 | 0,4 max |
| Sulfate ash,% | - | - | - | 1 max |
| ACEA inodiwa kune peturu injini | C1-10 | C2-10 | C3-10 | C4-10 |
| - | LowSAPS | MidSAPS | MidSAPS | LowSAPS |
| Phosphorus yemukati,% | 0,05 max | 0,09 max | 0,07-0,09 yakawanda | 0,09 max |
| Sulfur content,% | 0,2 max | 0,3 max | 0,3 max | 0,2 max |
| Sulfate ash,% | 0,5 max | 0,8 max | 0,8 max | 0,5 max |
| Nhamba yekutanga, mg KOH/g | - | - | 6 Maminitsi | 6 Maminitsi |
| ACEA zvinodiwa zvekutengesa dizeli injini | E4-08 | E6-08 | E7-08 | E9-08 |
| Phosphorus yemukati,% | - | 0,08 max | - | 0,12 max |
| Sulfur content,% | - | 0,3 max | - | 0,4 max |
| Sulfate ash,% | 2 max | 1 max | 1 max | 2 max |
| Nhamba yekutanga, mg KOH/g | 12 Maminitsi | 7 Maminitsi | 9 Maminitsi | 7 Maminitsi |
Sezvinoonekwa kubva patafura iri pamusoro, zvakaoma kutonga madota maererano neAmerican API standard, uye izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti madota emukati haana kunyanya kutsoropodza muNyika Itsva. kureva, anongoratidza kuti ndeapi maoiri ari mumagaba - akazara, epakati madota (MidSAPS). Sezvo vakadaro, havana-low-ash. Naizvozvo, kana uchisarudza imwe kana imwe mafuta, iwe unofanirwa kutarisa zvakanyanya pane iyo ACEA yekumaka.
Semuenzaniso, zvichibva paruzivo rwakapihwa zvinoenderana neiyo Euro-5 standard, inoshanda uye yakakosha muna 2018 munharaunda yeRussian Federation, yemazuva ano peturu mota inobvumidzwa kuzadza mafuta eC3 maererano neACEA (kazhinji. SN maererano neAPI) - zvinyorwa zve sulfate ash hazvisi kupfuura 0,8% (medium ash). Kana tikataura nezve injini dzedhiziri dzinoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, saka semuenzaniso, iyo ACEA E4 yakajairwa haitenderi inopfuura 2% yeiyo sulphated ash yemukati mumafuta.
Ash zvemukati zvinodiwa zveLPG mota
Kana dziri mota dzine gasi-cylinder midziyo, zviri nani kuti vashandise mafuta mashoma edota. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari anoumbwa nepeturu uye gasi (zvisinei methane, propane kana butane). Kune zvimwe zvimedu zvakasimba uye zvinokuvadza zvinhu mupeturu, uye kuti zvisaparadze iyo yese system, yakakosha yakaderera-ash oiri inofanirwa kushandiswa. Vagadziri vemafuta vanopa chaizvo vatengi vanonzi "gasi" mafuta akagadzirirwa inoenderana ICE.
Nekudaro, yavo yakakosha dhizaini mutengo wavo wakakwira, uye kuti uchengetedze mari, unogona kungotarisa maitiro uye kushivirira kweakajairika "peturu" oiri, uye sarudza yakakodzera yakaderera-ash kuumbwa. Uye yeuka kuti iwe unofanirwa kushandura mafuta akadaro maererano nemitemo yakatarwa, pasinei nokuti kujeka kwemigodhi kuchave kwakakwirira kudarika iyo yemafuta echinyakare!
Nzira yekuona madota ane madota
Asi madota emafuta einjini anotsanangurwa sei uye kuti unganzwisisa sei nemafuta ari mugaba? Zviri nyore kuti mutengi aone madota emafuta einjini chete nemazita ari pamudziyo label. Pavari, madota emukati anowanzo kuratidzwa zvinoenderana neACEA standard (yeEuropean standard yevagadziri vemotokari). Maererano nazvo, mafuta ese ari kutengeswa parizvino akakamurwa kuita:
- madota akazara. Vane pasuru yakakwana yezvinowedzera. MuChirungu, vane zita rekuti - Yakazara SAPS. Zvinoenderana nechiyero cheACEA, ivo vanosarudzwa neanotevera mavara - A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5. Tsvina yemadota pano inenge 1 ... 1,1% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemvura inozora.
- madota ari pakati nepakati. Vane pasuru yakaderedzwa yezvinowedzera. Inonzi Middle SAPS kana Mid SAPS. Maererano neACEA ivo vakasarudzwa C2, C3. Saizvozvo, mumafuta epakati madota, madota mashoma achava anenge 0,6 ... 0,9%.
- Low Ash. Izvo zvishoma zvinyorwa zvesimbi-ine additives. Yakasarudzwa Yakaderera SAPS. Maererano neACEA ivo vakasarudzwa C1, C4. Kune yakaderera-ash, kukosha kunowirirana kuchava pasi pe0,5%.
Ndapota cherechedza kuti mune dzimwe nguva, mafuta ane mazita eACEA kubva kuC1 kusvika kuC5 anosanganiswa muboka rimwe rinonzi "low ash". kureva, ruzivo rwakadaro runogona kuwanikwa muWikipedia. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisi chokwadi zvachose, sezvo nzira yakadaro inongoratidza kuti zvose izvi mafuta ekuzora anowirirana necatalytic converters, uye hapana chimwe! Muchokwadi, iyo chaiyo gradation yemafuta neash yemukati inopiwa pamusoro.
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Madota mitemo
Kuedza masampuli akasiyana emafuta
Kune Russian interstate standard GOST 12417-94 "Petroleum zvigadzirwa. Nzira yekusarudza sulfate ash, maererano neayo chero munhu anogona kuyera sulfate ash yemafuta ari kuongororwa, sezvo izvi zvisingade michina yakaoma uye reagents. Kune zvakare mamwe, kusanganisira epasi rese, zviyero zvekuona zviri mukati madota, zvinoti, ISO 3987-80, ISO 6245, ASTM D482, DIN 51 575.
Chokutanga pane zvose, inofanira kutaurwa kuti GOST 12417-94 inotsanangura sulfate ash content seyakasara mushure me carbonization yemuenzaniso, inobatwa ne sulfuric acid uye calcined kuti igare ichirema. Iyo yakakosha yenzira yekusimbisa iri nyore. Padanho rayo rekutanga, imwe misa yemafuta akaedzwa inotorwa uye kupiswa kune yakasara kabhoni. zvino unoda kumirira kuti zvakasara zvitonhore, wozvibata neconcentrated sulfuric acid. kuwedzera kupisa pakupisa kwe +775 degrees Celsius (kutsauka kwe25 degrees mune imwe nzira uye imwe inobvumirwa) kusvikira kabhoni yanyatsogadziriswa. Dota rinoguma rinopiwa nguva yekutonhodza. Mushure maizvozvi, inobatwa ne dilute (mumavhoriyamu akaenzana nemvura) sulfuric acid uye calcined pane imwe tembiricha kusvikira kukosha kwayo kwave kusingagumi.
Pasi pesimba re sulfuric acid, dota rinoguma richava sulfate, kubva kupi, chaizvoizvo, tsanangudzo yaro yakabva. zvino enzanisa kuwanda kwedota rinoguma uye chiyero chekutanga chemafuta akaedzwa (huwandu hwemadota hunoparadzaniswa nehuwandu hwemafuta akapiswa). Hureshi yehureshi inotaridzwa sechikamu (kureva kuti, chikamu chinobuda chinowedzerwa ne100). Ichi chichava kukosha kunodiwa kwe sulfate ash content.
Kana iri yakajairwa (yakakosha) madota emukati, kune zvakare mamiriro ehurumende GOST 1461-75 ayo anonzi "Mafuta nemafuta zvigadzirwa. Nzira yekuona madota emukati”, maererano neinoongororwa mafuta ebvunzo kuti pane kuvepo kwehutsvina hwakasiyana-siyana hurimo. Nekuda kwekuti inosanganisira maitiro akaomarara, uye zvakatonyanya kune akasiyana maapplication, isu hatisi kuzopa hunhu hwayo mune ino chinyorwa. Kana uchida, iyi GOST inogona kuwanikwa nyore nyore paInternet.
Kune zvakare imwe yeRussia GOST 12337-84 "Motor mafuta einjini dizeli" (yekupedzisira edition ye21.05.2018/XNUMX/XNUMX). Iyo inotsanangura zvakajeka kukosha kweakasiyana ma paramita emafuta emota, kusanganisira epamba anoshandiswa mudhiziri ICEs emhando dzakasiyana. Inoratidza hunhu hunotenderwa hweakasiyana makemikari zvikamu, kusanganisira huwandu hunobvumirwa soot deposits.
