Injini yeHydrogen. Iyo inoshanda sei uye zvakaipira

Injini dzemukati dzemoto hadzina kuoneka semagetsi akapatsanuka zvakanyanya. Asi, iyo yemhando yepamusoro mota yakauya semhedzisiro yekunatsiridzwa nekuvandudzwa kweinjini dzinopisa. Verenga nezve mayunitsi, ayo atakajaira kuona pasi pehood yemota, zvishoma nezvishoma akaonekwa. mune imwe yakatarwa chinyorwa.

Nekudaro, pakauya mota yekutanga ine injini yemoto yemukati, vanhu vakagamuchira mota inozvifambisa isingade kudyiswa nguva dzese, sebhiza. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvachinja mumamota kubvira 1885, asi imwe drawback inoramba isina kuchinja. Munguva yekutsva kwemusanganiswa wepeturu (kana imwe mafuta) nemhepo, zvakawandisa zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinoburitswa zvinosvibisa nharaunda.

Kana kumberi kwekuuya kwemota dzinozvifambisa, vavaki venyika dzeEuropean vakatya kuti maguta mahombe achanyura mumarara emabhiza, nhasi vagari vemaguta makuru vanofema mweya wakasviba.

Kumanikidza kwezvakatipoteredza zviyero zvekufambisa zviri kumanikidza vagadziri vemotokari kugadzira yakachena powertrain. Nekudaro, makambani mazhinji akafarira tekinoroji yakambogadzirwa yaAnjos Jedlik - ngoro yekuzvisundira pa traction yemagetsi, yakaonekwa kumashure muna 1828. Uye nhasi uno tekinoroji iyi yakasimbiswa kwazvo munyika yemotokari zvekuti haushamise chero munhu ane mota yemagetsi kana hybrid.

Asi chiri kunyatso kukurudzira ndeye magetsi magetsi, iyo chete kusunungurwa kuri kunwa mvura. Iyo injini yehydrogen.

Chii chinonzi hydrogen injini?

Urwu rudzi rweinjini inoshandisa hydrogen semafuta. Iko kushandiswa kweichi chemakemikari chinhu kuchaderedza kupera kwehydrocarbon zviwanikwa. Chikonzero chechipiri chekufarira kuiswa kwakadai kudzora kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Zvichienderana nemhando ipi yemota inoshandiswa mukutakura, mashandiro ayo achasiyana neyekutanga injini yemoto yekupisa kana kufanana.

Nhoroondo shoma

Hydrogen yemukati injini dzemoto dzakabuda panguva imwechete apo iyo ICE musimboti yaivandudzwa uye nekuvandudzwa. Injiniya weFrance uye mugadziri akagadzira yake vhezheni yeinjini yemukati yemoto. Mafuta aakashandisa mukukura kwake ihydrogen, inoonekwa semhedzisiro yeelectrolysis yaH₂A. Muna 1807, yekutanga hydrogen mota yakaonekwa.

Isaac De Rivaz muna 1807 akamhan'arira patent yekuvandudza tarakita yezvombo zvemauto. akaronga kushandisa hydrogen seimwe yemasimba emagetsi.

Power unit raiva pisitoni, uye kuvesa mairi kwaive nekuda kwekuumbwa kwesarimi muhari. Ichokwadi, chisikwa chekutanga chemugadziri chaida cheki yemagetsi yekugadzira. Mushure memakore maviri chete, akapedzisa basa rake, uye mota yekutanga yekuzvifambisa yega hydrogen yakazvarwa.

Nekudaro, panguva iyoyo, kusimudzira hakuna kupihwa kukosha, nekuti gasi harisi nyore kuwana nekuchengetedza sepeturu. Hydrogen motors akamboshandiswa muLeningrad panguva yekuvharwa kubva pahafu yepiri ya1941. Kunyangwe, isu tinofanirwa kubvuma kuti aya aisangova ehydrogen mayuniti. Idzi dzaive dzakajairika injini dzemoto dzeGaz dzemukati, asi pakanga pasina mafuta kwavari, asi paive nemweya wakawanda panguva iyoyo, nekuti aikwenenzverwa nemabhaluni.

Muchikamu chekutanga chema80, nyika zhinji, kwete dzeEurope chete, asiwo America, Russia neJapan zvakayedza kuyedza iyi mhando yekuisa. Nekudaro, muna 1982, pamwe nekubatana kwebasa reKvant chirimwa uye RAF bhizinesi remotokari, mota yakabatana yakabuda, iyo yaimhanya pamusanganiswa wehydrogen nemhepo, uye bhatiri re5 kW / h rakashandiswa senzvimbo yesimba.

Kubva ipapo, nyika dzakasiyana dzakayedza kuunza mota "dzakasvibira" mumitsetse yavo yemhando, asi kazhinji mota dzakadai dzakaramba dziri muchikamu chevamiririri kana dzaive neshanduro shoma.

Iyo inoshanda sei

Sezvo nhasi kune akawanda anoshanda mota dzemhando iyi, mune yega yega kesi iyo hydrogen chirimwa ichashanda zvinoenderana neyayo musimboti. Funga mashandisiro anoita imwe nhanho iyo inogona kutsiva iyo yechinyakare injini yemoto inopisa.

Mumota yakadaro, mafuta maseru anonyatso kushandiswa. Ivo imhando yamajenareta anoita emagetsi kuita. Mukati mechigadzirwa, hydrogen inosanganiswa, uye mhedzisiro yekuita ndiko kuburitswa kwemagetsi, mhute yemvura uye nitrogen. Carbon dioxide haina kuburitswa mune yakadaro kuiswa.

Imotokari yakavakirwa pane yakafanana unit ndiyo imwechete mota yemagetsi, chete bhatiri irimo rakanyanya kudiki. Sero remafuta rinogadzira simba rakaringana kushandisa masisitimu ese emotokari. Iyo chete bakoat ndeyekuti kubva pakutanga kweichi chiitiko kusvika kuchizvarwa chesimba, zvinogona kutora maminetsi maviri. Asi iyo yakanyanya kubuda yekumisikidza inotanga mushure mekudziya sisitimu, iyo inotora kubva kukota yeawa kusvika pamaminitsi makumi matanhatu.

Saka kuti gwenya remagetsi rishande pasina, uye hazvifanirwe kugadzirira kutakura kwerwendo pamberi, yakajairwa bhatiri mairi. Paunenge uchityaira, inowedzerwa patsva nekuda kwekunaya, uye inongodiwa chete kutanga mota.

Motokari yakadaro ine humburumbira yemavhoriyamu akasiyana, ayo anoputirwa hydrogen. Zvichienderana nemutoo wekutyaira, saizi yemota uye simba rekuisirwa magetsi, kirogiramu imwe yegasi inogona kukwana makiromita zana ekufamba.

Hydrogen injini mhando

Kunyangwe paine kuwanda kuchinjwa kweinjini yehydrogen, ese anowira mumhando mbiri:

• Yuniti mhando ine mafuta sero;
• Yakagadziridzwa yemukati injini yemoto, yakachinjika kuti ishande pahydrogen.

Ngatitarisei yega yega mhando zvakasiyana: ndeapi maficha.

Simba zvirimwa zvinoenderana nehydrogen mafuta maseru

Iko sero remafuta rakavakirwa pachimiro chebhatiri, mune inoitika nzira yemagetsi. Musiyano chete pakati peiyo hydrogen analogue ndiko kushanda kwayo kwepamusoro (mune zvimwe zviitiko, inopfuura makumi mashanu muzana).

Iyo sero yemafuta ikamuri imwechete umo zvinhu zviviri zvakaiswa: iyo cathode uye anode. Ose ma electrode ari platinamu (kana palladium) akafukidzwa. Iyo membrane inowanikwa pakati pavo. Inopatsanura mhango mumakamuri maviri. Okisijeni inopihwa kune iyo cavity neiyo cathode, uye hydrogen inopihwa kune yechipiri.

Somugumisiro, kuitika kwemakemikari kunoitika, mhedzisiro yacho mubatanidzwa weoxygen uye hydrogen mamorekuru nekuburitswa kwemagetsi. Mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro iyi mvura uye nitrogen inosunungurwa. Mafuta epamaseru emagetsi akabatana nedunhu remagetsi remota, kusanganisira mota yemagetsi.

Hydrogen yemukati kupisa injini

Panyaya iyi, kunyange zvazvo injini inonzi hydrogen, ine mamiriro akafanana seyakajairwa ICE. Musiyano chete ndewekuti haisi peturu kana propane inopisa, asi hydrogen. Kana iwe ukazadza humburumbira nehydrogen, saka pane dambudziko rimwe - iyi gasi inoderedza kushanda kwechimwe chinhu chinowanikwa neanenge makumi matanhatu muzana.

Heano mamwe matambudziko mashoma nekuchinja kuenda kuhydrogen pasina kukwidziridza injini:

• Kana iyo HTS yakadzvanywa, iyo gasi inopinda mukati memakemikari kuita nesimbi kunobva iyo yemoto kamuri uye pisitoni inogadzirwa, uye kazhinji izvi zvinogona zvakare kuitika neinjini mafuta. Nekuda kweizvi, imwe kamuri inoumbwa mukamuri yemoto, isina kusiyaniswa nehunyanzvi hwekugona kupisa zvakanaka;
• Iyo mitsara iri mukamuri yemoto inofanirwa kuve yakakwana. Kana pane imwe nzvimbo gadziriro yemafuta isina kana kuvuza kwakanyanya, iyo gasi inozopisa zviri nyore pakusangana nezvinhu zvinopisa.

Injini yeHonda Kujeka

Nezvikonzero izvi, zvinonyanya kushanda kushandisa hydrogen semafuta muinjini dzinotenderera (chii chavo, verenga pano). Iyo yekudyira uye yekuwandisa manifolds emayuniti akadaro ari akaparadzana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, saka gasi iri mukamuri haripisi. Ngazvive sezvazvingaite, nepo mota dziri kuvandudzwa kuti dzidzivise matambudziko ekushandisa mafuta anodhura uye ane zvakatipoteredza.

Yakareba sei hupenyu hwebasa remafuta emafuta?

Pasi rese nhasi, mota dzakadai hadziwanzoitika, uye havasati vari munhevedzano, zvinonetsa kutaura kuti zviwanikwa izvi zvine simba rei. Mhizha hadzina ruzivo mune izvi nazvino.

Chinhu chega chinogona kutaurwa ndechekuti sekureva kwevamiriri veToyota, sero remafuta emota yavo yekugadzira Mirai inokwanisa kumisidzana isingazungunuke simba rinosvika mazana mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emakiromita. Mushure meichi chiitiko, iwe unofanirwa kuongorora kugona kwechigadzirwa. Kana mashandiro ayo akaderera zvinooneka, sero remafuta rinoshandurwa panzvimbo yemvumo yebasa. Chokwadi, mumwe anofanirwa kutarisira kuti kambani ichatora mari yakanaka yeiyi maitiro.

Ndeapi makambani ari kutogadzira kana ari kuzoita hydrogen mota?

Makambani mazhinji ari kuita basa rekuvandudza magetsi ane hushamwari. Heano ma auto brand, mune dhizaini Bureau iyo pane atove kushanda sarudzo, akagadzirira kuenda mune akateedzana:

• Mercedes-Benz ndeye GLC F-Cell crossover, kutanga kwekutengesa uko kwakaziviswa mu2018, asi kusvika parizvino kwave kuwanikwa nemabhizinesi mashoma nemashumiro eGerman. Prototype hydrogen peturu sero tarakita, GenH2, yakaziviswa nguva pfupi yadarika;
• Hyundai - Nexo prototype yakaunzwa makore maviri apfuura;
• BMW prototype yeiyo hydrogen Hydrogen 7, iyo yakaburitswa kubva pagungano mutsara. Batch remakopi zana rakasara muchikamu chekuyedza, asi ichi chatove chimwe chinhu.

Pakati pemotokari dzemasheya dzinogona kutengwa zvese muAmerica nemuEurope mune Mirai neClarity modhi kubva kuToyota neHonda, zvichiteerana. Kune mamwe makambani, kusimudzira uku kuchiri mune yekudhirowa vhezheni, kana seyisiri kushanda prototype.

toyota mirai

Honda kujeka

Yakawanda zvakadii iyo hydrogen-inofambiswa mota inodhura?

Mutengo wemotokari yehydrogen wakanaka. Chikonzero cheichi isimbi yakakosha inogadzira maelektrode emafuta emafuta (palladium kana platinum). Zvakare, mota yemazuva ano yakashongedzerwa neakawanda masystem ekuchengetedza uye kugadzikana kwekushanda kwezvinhu zvemagetsi, izvo zvinodawo zviwanikwa zvemagetsi.

Kunyangwe iyo yekuchengetedza mota yakadaro (kudzamara maseru emafuta atsiviwa) haina kunyanya kudhura kupfuura yakajairwa mota yezvizvarwa zvichangoburwa. Kune nyika dzinotsigira kugadzirwa kwehydrogen, asi kunyangwe uchifunga izvi, uchafanira kubhadhara avhareji yemadhora gumi nechidimbu nehafu pakirogiramu yegasi. Zvichienderana nerudzi rweinjini, izvi zvinogona kukwana chinhambwe chingangosvika zana remakiromita.

Nei hydrogen mota dziri nani pane mota dzemagetsi?

Kana iwe ukatora hydrogen chirimwa ine mafuta maseru, saka mota yakadai inozo fanika nemota yemagetsi yatakajaira kuona mumigwagwa. Musiyano chete ndewekuti mota yemagetsi inobhadhariswa kubva kunetiweki kana kubva kuchiteshi panzvimbo yegasi. Hydrogen yekufambisa pachayo inogadzira magetsi yega.

Nezve kudhura kwemota dzakadai, iwo anodhura. Semuenzaniso, mamodheru eTesla mune yekutanga dhizaini anodhura kubva ku45 zviuru zvemadhora. Hydrogen zvakafanana kubva kuJapan zvinogona kutengwa zviuru makumi mashanu nezvinomwe. VaBavaria, kune rimwe divi, vanotengesa mota dzavo pamafuta e "green" nemutengo wemakumi mashanu ezviuru zvemadhora.

Tichifunga nezvekuita, zviri nyore kuzadza mota negasi (zvinotora maminitsi mashanu) pane kumirira hafu yeawa (nekuchaja nekukurumidza, izvo zvisingatenderwe kumarudzi ese emabhatiri) munzvimbo yekupaka. Uku ndiko kuwedzera kwehydrogen zvirimwa.

Imwe yekuwedzera - maseru emafuta haanyatsoda kuchengetedzwa, uye hupenyu hwavo hwekushanda hwakakura kwazvo. Kana dziri mota dzemagetsi, bhatiri ravo hombe rinoda kutsiva mukati angangoita makore mashanu nekuda kwekuti iine akawanda anobhadharisa-kuburitsa macircuit. Mukutonhora kunotonhora, bhatiri riri mumagetsi emagetsi rinoburitswa nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kupfuura muzhizha. Asi iyo chinhu pane zvinoitwa nehydrogen oxidation haina kutambura kubva pane izvi uye inogadzikana inogadzira magetsi.

Ndeapi tarisiro yemota dzehydrogen uye dzinozoonekwa rini munzira?

MuEurope neUnited States, iyo hydrogen mota inogona kutowanikwa. Nekudaro, ivo vachiri muchikamu chekuda kuziva. Uye nhasi hakuna tarisiro yakawanda.

Chikonzero chikuru chekuti rudzi urwu rwekufambisa haruzokurumidza kuzadza migwagwa yenyika dzese kushomeka kwesimba rekugadzira. Kutanga, zvakafanira kusimbisa kugadzirwa kwehydrogen. Zvakare, zvinodikanwa kuti uwane chinhanho chakadai, mukuwedzera kune hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza, iri zvakare mafuta anowanikwa kune vakawanda vatyairi. Pamusoro pekugadzirwa kweiyi gasi, zvakafanira kuronga kutakurwa kwayo (kunyange hazvo uchigona kushandisa zvakanaka migwagwa inotakurwa nemethane), pamwe nekushongedza zviteshi zvakawanda zvekuzadza netemu dzakakodzera.

Chechipiri, wega wega anogadzira otomatiki achafanirwa kunyatso kugadzirisa zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira, izvo zvinoda mari yakawanda. Mune hupfumi husina kugadzikana nekuda kwekupararira kwedenda repasi rese, vashoma vachatora njodzi dzakadai.

Kana iwe ukatarisa kumhanya kwekuvandudzwa kwekufambisa kwemagetsi, maitiro ehurongwa akaitika nekukurumidza kwazvo. Nekudaro, icho chikonzero chekuzivikanwa kwemagetsi emagetsi ndiko kugona kuchengetedza pamafuta. Uye ichi kazhinji ndicho chikonzero chekutanga nei vachitengwa, uye kwete nekuda kwekuchengetedza nharaunda. Kana iri hydrogen, hazvigoneke kuchengetedza mari (zvirinani izvozvi), nekuti zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvesimba zvinoshandiswa kuzvigadzira.

Zvayakanakira uye chikuru payakaipira hydrogen injini

Saka, ngationei muchidimbu. Izvo zvakanakira hydrogen enjini injini zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

• Zvakatipoteredza zvine hushamwari emission;
• Kunyarara kushanda kwesimba remagetsi (traction yemagetsi)
• Muchiitiko chekushandisa sero remafuta, kugara uchigadzirisa hakudiwe;
• Kurumidza kuwedzera mafuta;
• Inofananidzwa nemotokari dzemagetsi, iyo yekufambisa sosi uye sosi yesimba inoshanda zvakadzikama kunyangwe mukutonhora kutonhora.

Kunyangwe kusimudzira kwacho kusingakwanise kunzi kutsva, zvakadaro, ichine zvikanganiso zvinoverengeka izvo zvinoita kuti wepakati mutyairi azvitarise nokungwarira. Heano mamwe acho:

• Kuti hydrogen ipise, inofanirwa kunge iri munzvimbo ine gasi. Izvi zvinogadzira mamwe matambudziko. Semuenzaniso, anokosha anodhura compressors anodikanwa kumanikidza mwenje magasi. Kune zvakare dambudziko nekuchengetedza kwakakodzera uye kutakurwa kwemafuta, sezvo iri inopisa zvikuru;
• Iyo humburumbira, inozoiswa pamota, inoda kuongororwa nguva nenguva. Kuti uite izvi, mutyairi anofanirwa kushanyira yakasarudzika nzvimbo, uye uyu ndiwo mumwe mutengo;
• Mumotokari yehydrogen, bhatiri hombe harishandiswe, zvisinei, kumisikidzwa kuchiri kurema zvine mutsindo, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya masimba emota;
• Hydrogen - inobatidza kana ikapenya zvishoma, saka tsaona inosanganisira mota yakadai inozoperekedzwa nekuputika kwakakomba. Tichifunga nezvekusava nehanya kwevamwe vatyairi kune kwavo kuchengetedzeka uye nehupenyu hwevamwe vashandisi vemigwagwa, mota dzakadai hadzifanirwe kuburitswa mumigwagwa.

Tichifunga nezve kufarira kwevanhu munzvimbo yakachena, zvinotarisirwa kuti budiriro ichaitwa mune yekupedzisa iyo "green" kutakura. Asi kana izvi zvikaitika, inguva chete ndiyo ichataura.

Panguva ino, tarisa ongororo yevhidhiyo paToyota Mirai:

Remangwana pahydrogen? Toyota Mirai - ZVAKAWANDA ZVAKAWANDA uye maitiro | LiveFEED®

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Nei injini yehydrogen ine njodzi? Munguva yekupisa kwehydrogen musanganiswa, injini inopisa zvakanyanya kupfuura panguva yekupisa kwepeturu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kune mukana wakakura wekupisa pistons, mavharuvhu uye kuwandisa iyo unit.

Nzira yekuwedzera sei motokari pahydrogen? Mota yakadaro inozadzwa nehydrogen mune gaseous state (liquefied kana compressed gasi). Kuchengetera mafuta, inomanikidzwa kusvika 350-700 atmospheres, uye tembiricha inogona kusvika -259 madhigirii.

Iyo hydrogen ICE inoshanda sei? Motokari ine mhando yebhatiri. Okisijeni nehaidhirojeni zvinopfuura nemumahwendefa chaiwo. Somugumisiro, kemikari inogadzirisa inoitika nekusunungurwa kwemhepo yemvura uye magetsi.