Mhando dzemafuta emvura
Mafuta emvura anowanzo kuwanikwa kubva pakunatswa kwemafuta asina kuchena kana (kusvika padiki) kubva kumarasha akaomarara uye lignite. Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa kutyaira mukati meinjini yekupisa uye, kusvika padiki, kutanga mabhoilers emhepo, yekudziya uye tekinoroji zvinangwa.
Mafuta anonyanya kukosha emvura ndeaya: peturu, dhiziri, mafuta emafuta, parafini, mafuta ekugadzira.
Gesi
Musanganiswa wemvura hydrocarbons, imwe yemhando huru dzemafuta anoshandiswa muinjini dzemotokari, ndege uye zvimwe zvishandiso. Inoshandiswawo se solvent. Kubva pakuona kwemakemikari, zvikamu zvikuru zvepeturu ialiphatic hydrocarbons ine nhamba yeatomu yekabhoni kubva pa5 kusvika ku12. Panewo zviratidzo zveunsaturated uye anonhuwirira hydrocarbons.
Peturu inopa simba kunjini kuburikidza nekupisa, ndiko kuti, neokisijeni kubva mumhepo. Sezvo ichitsva mumapfupi mafupi, maitiro aya anofanira kunge achikurumidza uye akafanana sezvinobvira mukati mevhoriyamu yese yemasilinda ejini. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekusanganisa peturu nemhepo isati yapinda mumasilinda, kugadzira iyo inonzi mafuta-air musanganiswa, i.e. kuturika (fog) yemadonhwe madiki epeturu mumhepo. Gasoline inogadzirwa ne distillation ye crude oil. Kuumbwa kwayo kunoenderana nekutanga kuumbwa kwemafuta uye kugadzirisa mamiriro. Kuti uvandudze zvinhu zvepetroli sehuni, zvishoma (pasi pe1%) emakemikari akasarudzwa anowedzerwa kune injini, inonzi antiknock agents (kudzivisa detonation, kureva, kusingadzorwi uye kusina kukwana kupisa).
Dienjini injini
Iyo mafuta akagadzirirwa compression ignition dizeli injini. Musanganiswa weparafini, naphthenic uye anonhuwirira ma hydrocarbons anoburitswa kubva mumafuta asina kuchena panguva yekuita distillation. Diesel distillates ane poindi yekubikira yakakwira zvakanyanya (180-350°C) pane peturu distillates. Sezvo ivo vaine sarufa yakawanda, zvinova zvakafanira kuibvisa ne hydrogen kurapwa (hydrotreating).
Diesel oiri zvakare zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa kubva muzvikamu zvakasara mushure mekudirwa, asi nekuda kweizvi zvinodikanwa kuita zvinokonzeresa decomposition process (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking). Kuumbwa uye kuwirirana kwema hydrocarbons ari mumafuta edhiziri anosiyana zvichienderana nemhando yemafuta ari kugadzirwa uye maitiro etekinoroji anoshandiswa mukugadzira kwavo.
Kutenda kune nzira yekupisa yemafuta-mhepo musanganiswa muinjini - isina kupenya, asi tembiricha (self-ignition) - hapana dambudziko rekupisa kwe detonation. Naizvozvo, hazvina musoro kuratidza nhamba yeoctane yemafuta. Iyo yakakosha parameter yemafuta aya ndiko kukwanisa kukurumidza kuzvipisa pakupisa kwakanyanya, chiyero cheiyo nhamba yecetane.
Mafuta emafuta, mafuta emafuta
Mvura ine mafuta inosara mushure mekunyungudutswa kwemafuta epasi-giredhi pasi pemamiriro ekunze pane tembiricha ye250-350 ° C. Iyo ine yakakwira molecular uremu mahydrocarbons. Nekuda kwemutengo wayo wakaderera, inoshandiswa sehuni yeinjini dzinodzokororwa dzemugungwa, mabhaira emvura emugungwa uye kutanga mabhoilers emagetsi emagetsi, peturu yemaboilers ehutsi mune mamwe ma locomotives, mafuta echoto cheindasitiri (semuenzaniso, mukugadzira gypsum). ), feedstock yevacuum distillation, yekugadzirwa kwemafuta ekuzora (mafuta ekuzora) nemafuta akasimba (semuenzaniso, vaseline), uye sechinhu chinoputika chekugadzira mafuta emafuta nepeturu.
Oiri
Chikamu chemvura chemafuta asina kuchena, ari kuvira muhuwandu hwe170-250 ° C, ane density ye 0,78-0,81 g/cm³. Mvura inopfuta yeyero ine hunhu hwemunhuwi, inova musanganiswa wemahydrocarbon, mamorekuru ayo ane 12-15 carbon atomu. Inoshandiswa ese ari maviri (pasi pezita rekuti "kerosene" kana "parafini yendege") seanonyungudutsa uye nezvinangwa zvekuzora.
Mafuta ekugadzira
Mafuta akagadzirwa nemakemikari anogona kuve imwe nzira yepeturu kana dhiziri. Zvichienderana neyakagadzirwa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa, tekinoroji inotevera inosiyaniswa:
- (GTL) - mafuta kubva gasi rechisikigo;
- (CTL) - kubva kabhoni;
- (BTL) - kubva kubiomass.
Parizvino, matekinoroji maviri ekutanga ndiwo akagadziridzwa zvakanyanya. Mafuta ekugadzira marasha akashandiswa muHondo Yenyika II uye ave kushandiswa zvakanyanya muSouth Africa. Kugadzirwa kwemafuta ekugadzira akavakirwa pabiomass achiri padanho rekuyedza, asi anogona kuwana mukurumbira nekuda kwekusimudzirwa kwemhinduro dzakanakira zvakatipoteredza (biofuels dziri kufambira mberi mukurwisa kupisa kwepasi). Mhando huru yekubatanidza inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemafuta ekugadzira ndeye Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
