Chigadzirwa uye musimboti wekushanda kwegearbox

Kuti mota ifambe mumugwagwa, hazvina kukwana kuti uve neinjini ine simba uye inoshanda pasi pehodhi. Iyo torque kubva kune crankshaft inofanira neimwe nzira kuendeswa kune anotyaira mavhiri emota.

Nechinangwa ichi, yakasarudzika mashandiro - giya bhokisi. Chimbofunga chimiro chayo uye chinangwa, pamwe nekusiyana kwakasiyana kweKP.

Chinangwa chegearbox

Muchidimbu, giya rakagadzirirwa kuendesa torque kubva kuchikamu chemagetsi kuenda kumavhiri ekutyaira. Kufambisa kwacho kunoshandurawo crankshaft kumhanya kuitira kuti mutyairi akwanise kumhanyisa mota asinga cranking injini kusvika pazere rpm.

Iyi nzira inoenderana nematanho einjini yemukati yemoto kuitira kuti iwedzere zviwanikwa zvese zveinjini pasina kukuvara kunhengo dzayo. Kutenda nekutapurirana, muchina unogona kufamba zvese kumberi uye kumashure.

Mota dzese dzazvino uno dzinofambiswa iyo inobvumidza iwe kudzima kwenguva pfupi kuomarara kweiyo crankshaft nemavhiri ekufambisa. Izvi zvinoita kuti mota ishande, semuenzaniso, zvinyoro-nyoro ichisvika parobhoti. Iyi nzira inobvumidzawo kuti usadzime injini kana mota yamira. Izvi zvinodikanwa kuti uwedzere bhatiri uye kushandisa zvimwe zvekushandisa, senge mhepo inogadzirisa.

Chikumbiro chega chega chebhizimusi chinofanirwa kuzadzisa zvinotevera zvinodiwa:

• Ipa traction yemotokari uye mari yekushandisa mafuta, zvinoenderana nesimba uye huwandu hweinjini;
• Kurerukirwa kwekushandisa (mutyairi haafanire kutsauswa kubva munzira kana achichinja mota kumhanya);
• Usaite ruzha panguva yekushanda;
• Kuvimbika kwakanyanya uye kugona;
• Minimum dimensions (zvakanyanya sezvazvinogona mune mota dzine simba).

Gearbox mudziyo

Munhoroondo yese yeindasitiri yemotokari, iyi michina yakagara ichigadziridzwa, nekuda kwekuti nhasi kune akasiyana mafirosheni ane zvakawanda zvakasiyana misiyano.

Mudziyo wechero gearbox unosanganisira:

• Dzimba. Iine zvese zvakakosha zvikamu zvinovimbisa kubatanidza mota kune iyo shaft shaft, kubva iko kutenderera kunopihwa kumavhiri.
• Dura remafuta. Sezvo mune ino mashini zvikamu zvinosangana pamwe chete pasi pemutoro unorema, iyo lubrication inovimbisa kutonhorera kwavo uye inogadzira oiri firimu inodzivirira pakukurumidza kupfeka pamagiye.
• Yekumhanyisa yekufambisa mashandiro. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwebhokisi, iyo mashini inogona kusanganisira shafts, seti yemagiya, bhokisi regeareti, torque converter, kukweshera discs, mabhandi uye pulleys.

KP kupatsanura

Pane akati wandei ma parameter ayo ese mabhokisi akarongedzwa. Pane zviratidzo zvitanhatu zvakadaro. Mune imwe neimwe yadzo, torque inopihwa kune vhiri rekutyaira zvinoenderana nemutemo wayo uye ine imwe nzira yekusarudza magiya.

Nenzira yekufambisa kwesimba kuyerera

Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira zvinotevera KPs:

• Zvokuimba gearbox. Mune nadzurudzo iyi, simba rekutora rinoitwa neiyo gear transmission.
• Gearbox ine coaxial shafts. Kutenderera kunofambiswawo kuburikidza neiyo giya chitima, ayo chete maumbirwo anoitwa mune conical kana cylindrical chimiro.
• Mapuraneti. Kutenderera kunofambiswa kuburikidza neyeplaneti giya seti, ayo magiya ayo ari mune imwe ndege.
• Hydromechanical. Mukutapurirana kwakadai, chinja chinogadzirwa (kunyanya mapuraneti mhando) chinoshandiswa pamwe chete nechinoshandura torque kana kubatanidza kwemvura.
• CVT. Urwu ndirwo rudzi rwegearbox isingashandisi nhanho yekufambisa. Kakawanda, mashandiro akadaro anoshanda pamwe nekubatana kwemvura uye nekubatana kwebhandi.

Nehuwandu hwemakona makuru ane magiya

Paunenge uchiisa mabhokisi emagetsi nenhamba yemiseve, iwo anozivikanwa:

• Nemiseve miviri uye imwechete-danho gearing ye ekisero. Iko hakuna kutapurirana kwakananga mune idzi transmissions. Kakawanda, nadzurudzo dzakadaro dzinogona kuwanikwa pamberi-nemavhiri nemotokari. Mimwe mamodheru ane mahure-akakwira mota ane zvakare rakafanana bhokisi.
• Nematanda matatu uye maviri-danho ekisero gearing. Muchikamu ichi, pane maBhaibheri ane coaxial uye asiri-coaxial shafts. Muchiitiko chekutanga, pane kuendesa chaiko. Muchikamu chemuchinjikwa, ine zvidimbu zvidiki, uye yakati kurei zvishoma pakureba. Mabhokisi akadaro anoshandiswa mumotokari dzemashure-mavhiri. Chikamu chechipiri hachina chinongedzo chakananga. Zvikurukuru, nadzurudzo iyi inoshandiswa mune ese-mavhiri mota nematarakita anofamba.
• Nemiseve yakawanda. Muchikamu chino chegearbox, shafiti dzinogona kuve nenhamba dzakateedzana kana dzisingateedzerane dzekuita. Aya magiya anonyanya kushandiswa mumatirakita nemuchina maturusi. Izvi zvinobvumira mamwe magiya.
• Pasina miseve. Nzvimbo dzekutarisa dzakadai hadzishandiswe mukutakura zvakajairika. Pakati peaya mamodheru pane macaxial uye asiri-akapindirana vhezheni. Ivo anonyanya kushandiswa mumatangi.

Kupatsanura kwemapuraneti gearboxes

Mapuraneti magiya mabhokisi akapatsanurwa zvinoenderana nematanho anotevera:

• Maviri, matatu, mana kana anopfuura madhigirii erusununguko kana zvese zvinokamukana zvabviswa;
• Mhando yemapuraneti giya anoshandiswa muchimisikidzo ndeye epicyclic (iyo korona huru ine yemukati kana yekunze kurongedzwa kwemazino).

Nemaitiro ekudzora

Muchikamu ichi, pane mabhokisi akadaro:

• Chinyorwa. Mumhando dzakadai mutyairi anosarudza giya raunoda. Kune mhando mbiri dzekutapa manyore: kuchinjika kunoitwa nekuedza kwemutyairi kana kuburikidza neservo Muzviitiko zvese izvi, kutonga kunoitwa nemunhu, chete chikamu chechipiri chegearbox chine servo kifaa. Iyo inogamuchira chiratidzo kubva kumutyairi, uye wozoisa iyo yakasarudzwa giya. Iyo michina kazhinji inoshandisa hydraulic servo drive.
• Otomatiki. Iyo yemagetsi control unit inosarudza akati wandei zvinhu (iyo degree yekutsikirira iyo yekuwedzera, mutoro unouya kubva kumavhiri, iyo crankshaft kumhanya, nezvimwewo) uye pahwaro hweizvi inozvisarudzira pachayo nguva yekuita kumusoro kana pasi giya.
• Robhoti. Iri bhokisi remagetsi. Mariri, magiya anovhurwa otomatiki modhi, chete chishandiso chayo chakafanana nechavo vanamakanika. Kana kufambisa robhoti kuri kushanda, mutyairi haatore chikamu mukuchinja kwegiya. Iyo control unit pachayo inosarudza kuti ndeipi giya yekuita. Muchiitiko ichi, kushanduka kunoitika zvisingaite.

Nehuwandu hwemagiya

Kurongwa uku ndiko kupusa. Mariri, mabhokisi ese akapatsanurwa nenhamba yemagiya, semuenzaniso, mana, mashanu neshanu, zvichingodaro. Ichi chikamu hachisanganisi chete echinyorwa asiwo otomatiki mhando.

Mhando dzekutapurirana

Chikamu chakakurumbira ndeche mhando yebhokisi pacharo:

• Makanika. Mune aya mamodheru, kusarudzwa kwegear uye kuchinja kunoitwa zvizere nemutyairi. Chaizvoizvo iri gearbox ine shafts dzinoverengeka, dzinoshanda kuburikidza negear chitima.
• Muchina. Iyi kufambisa inoshanda mune otomatiki maitiro. Kusarudzwa kweiyo yakakodzera giya kunoitwa zvichibva pamatanho anoyerwa neiyo giya bhokisi.
• Robhoti rudzi rwemakaniki gearbox. Dhizaini yekushandurwa iyi haina kana musiyano neyakajairika mechanics: ine batira, uye magiya ari kuita kuburikidza nekubatana kweanowirirana giya pane inotyairwa shaft. Chete giya sarudzo yekudzora inodzorwa nekombuta, kwete mutyairi. Kubatsira kwekutapurirana kwakadai ndiko kutsetseka kwakachinja.

Dhizaini-yakatarisana nemabhokisi emagetsi

Pamusoro pekufambiswa kunozivikanwa, akasiyana mashanduko anogona zvakare kushandiswa mumotokari. Aya marudzi emabhokisi ane dhizaini yakasarudzika, uye iine yavo yavo yekushandisa musimboti.

Bezvalnaya KP

Transmissions isingashandise pre-assembled shafts inonzi shaft. Mukugadzirwa kwavo, vane mitsara yakati wandei yemagiya ari mumatemo maviri akafanana. Iyo magiya akabatana nekukiya matanda.

Iyo magiya ari pane maviri masimbi. Maviri acho akasungirirwa zvakasimba: pamutungamiriri iyo yakaiswa mumutsara wekutanga, uye pamuranda - mune yekupedzisira. Iwo epakati magiya ari paari anogona kutamba chinzvimbo chinotungamira kana chinotyairwa, zvichienderana neyakagadzirwa giya reshiyo.

Iyi nadzurudzo inobvumira kufambisa kuti kuwedzere mumativi ese. Imwe mukana wekutapurirana kwakadaro ihwo huwandu hwesimba hwebhokisi. Chimwe chezvipingamupinyi zvakakomba ndiko kuvapo kwekumanikidza kweanobatsira otomatiki system, nerubatsiro rwekuti shanduko dzegiya dzinoitwa sei.

Bhokisi regiya risina kuenderana

Imwe mhando yemabhokisi akasarudzika ndeye isina kuenderana kana imwe isina macomputer mukugadzirwa kwayo. Izvi zvinogona kuve zvechigarire mesh mhando kana slip giya mhando.

Kuti uchinje magiya mubhokisi rakadai, mutyairi anofanirwa kuve nehunyanzvi. Anofanirwa kukwanisa kuzvimiririra zvakasununguka kutenderera kwemagiya uye kubatanidza, achiona nguva yekuchinja kubva kumagiya kuenda kumagiya, pamwe nekuenzanisa kumhanya kwekutenderera kweichi crankshaft neakawedzera. Nyanzvi dzinoreva maitiro aya sekudzosera kana kupwanya kaviri batira.

Kuti uite shanduko inotsvedzerera, mutyairi anofanira kuve neruzivo mukushandisa nzira dzakadai. Rudzi rwakafanana rwekutapurirana rwunoiswa mumatirakita eAmerica, midhudhudhu, dzimwe nguva mumatarakita nemotokari dzemitambo. Mukufambisa kwazvino kusingaenderane, batira inogona kusiiwa.

Cam gearbox

Cam mabhokisi rudzi rwemhando isina kuenderana. Musiyano chimiro chemazino echando. Kuti kuwedzere kushanda kwegearbox, rectangular chimiro kana cam chimiro yemeno inoshandiswa.

Mabhokisi akadaro ane ruzha rwakanyanya, saka anoshandiswa mumotokari dzakareruka kunyanya pamotokari dzinomhanya. Panguva yemakwikwi, chinhu ichi hachina kubhadharwa, asi mumotokari yakajairika kufambisa kwakadai hakuzopa mukana wekunakidzwa nekutasva.

Sequential KP

Inoteedzana gearbox imhando yekutapurirana umo iyo yekudzikisa pasi kana kusimudza inoitwa chete nedanho rimwe chete. Kuti uite izvi, mubato kana chinja tsoka (pamidhudhudhu) zvinoshandiswa, izvo zvinokutendera iwe kufambisa giya mudengu chinzvimbo chimwe chete panguva.

Kutenderera otomatiki senge Tiptronic ine maitiro akafanana ekushanda, asi inongoteedzera zvinoitwa nekutapurirana uku. Iyo yakasarudzika inoteedzana gearbox yakaiswa mune F-1 mota. Kuchinja kumhanya mukati mavo kunoitwa uchishandisa mapedhi shifters.

Preselective CP

Mune yechinyakare vhezheni, preselective giya bhokisi raida sarudzo yekutanga yeinotevera giya pamberi pebhokisi remagetsi kuti riende kwariri. Kazhinji zvaitaridzika seizvi. Mota ichifamba, mutyairi akaisa giya rinotevera pasarudzo. Iyo michina yaigadzirira kusuduruka, asi yakaita saizvozvo pakuraira, semuenzaniso, mushure mekutsikirira batira.

Pakutanga, mabhokisi egiya akadaro aishandiswa mune zvekushandisa zvechiuto nekutakura kusingachinjiki, kusingagumi kana kupuraneti. Aya mabhokisi ekugadzirisa akaita kuti zvive nyore kushandisa michina yakaoma kudzamara akawiriridzwa meaniki uye otomatiki mabhokisi akagadzirwa.

Parizvino bhokisi rekutanga rinoshandiswa, asi rinonyanya kunzi dhijitari rekutapurirana. Mune ino kesi, komputa pachayo inogadzirira shanduko kuenda kune yaunoda kumhanya nekubatanidza yakakodzera shaft ine giya rakabatanidzwa kune isina kuvhurwa diski pamberi. Rimwe zita rerudzi urwu mukugadzirwa kwazvino irobhoti.

Sarudzo yegearbox. Chii chiri nani?

Mazhinji emabhokisi egiya akanyorwa anoshandiswa chete pane yakakosha michina kana mumashini maturusi. Iwo makuru magiya mabhokisi ayo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutakura kwechiedza ndeaya:

• Chinyorwa Chekutumira. Iyi ndiyo mhando yakapusa yekufambisa. Kuitira kuti kufamba kwekutenderera kutapurirwe kubva kuchikamu chemagetsi kuenda kugiya regearbox, bhasikiti rekiki rinoshandiswa. Nekudzvanya chitiviri, mutyairi anodimbura dhiraivha rebhokisi kubva mumota, izvo zvinomutendera kuti asarudze giya rinokodzera kumhanya kwakapihwa pasina kukuvadza kune iyo mashini.
• Otomatiki hutachiwana. Iyo torque kubva kumota inopihwa kuburikidza ne hydraulic transmission (torque converter kana hydraulic clutch). Iyo inoshandira mvura inoshanda seyaka batwa mune mashini. Inotyaira, sekutonga, gearbox yemapuraneti. Iyo sisitimu yese inodzorwa neyemagetsi control unit inoongorora data kubva kune akawanda ma sensors uye inosarudza giya reshiyo nenzira. Pakati pe otomatiki mabhokisi, pane zvakawanda zvinogadziriswa zvinoshandisa akasiyana masystem ekushandira (zvinoenderana nemugadziri). Kune mamwe otomatiki mamodheru ane echinyorwa kutonga.
• Robotic kufambisa. Aya maKP anewo mhando dzawo. Iko kune emagetsi, hydraulic uye akasanganiswa mhando. Dhizaini yerobhoti yakangofanana neyakajairwa kutapurirana, chete nekaviri kirasiki. Chekutanga chinopa torque kubva kumota kusvika kumavhiri ekutyaira, uye yechipiri inogadzirira otomatiki mashandiro ekubatisa rinotevera giya.
• CVT kufambisa. Mune vhezheni yakajairika, iyo variator ine mapuleti maviri, ayo akasunganidzwa nebhandi (rimwe kana kupfuura). Nheyo yekushanda inotevera. Iyo pulley inofamba ichiparadzana kana kuveura, zvichikonzera kuti bhanhire riende kune yakakura kana diki dhayamita chinhu. Kubva pane izvi, iro giya reshiyo inochinja.

Heino tafura yekufananidza yemhando yega yega yebhokisi ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira.

Mhando yebhokisi:	Ainoita	chiremera	kutadza
MKPP	Kuchinja kwemanyorerwo, kuenzanisira gearing.	Chimiro chakareruka, chakachipa kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa, chinoponesa mafuta.	Anotanga anoda kujairira mashandiro eiyo clutch uye gasi chitiviri, kunyanya kana uchitanga kukwira chikomo. Haasi munhu wese anogona kuvhura giya chairo ipapo ipapo. Inoda kushandiswa kwakatsiga kweiyo batira.
Automatic transmission	Iyo hydraulic pombi inogadzira kumanikidza kwemvura inoshanda, iyo inotyaira turbine, uye iyo inoendesa kutenderera kune iyo yemapuraneti giya.	Tyaira zvakanaka. Hazvidi kuti mutyairi apindire mugearshift maitiro. Chinja magiya, ichiita kunyatso simbisa rese reinjini. Inobvisa hunhu hwevanhu (kana mutyairi netsaona akatendeuka pane yekutanga kumhanya panzvimbo yechitatu). Inochinja magiya zvakanaka.	Yakakwira yekugadzirisa mutengo. Iko kurema kwakakura kupfuura iko kwekufambisa kwekushandisa. Zvichienzaniswa nerudzi rwemberi rwekutapurirana, urwu rwunozoguma nekuwedzera kwemafuta. Kubudirira uye simba rakadzika, kunyanya nemutambo wekutyaira wemitambo.
Robhoti	Iyo clutch mbiri inobvumidza iwe kuti ugadzirire iyo inotevera giya yekubatana uchityaira. Kazhinji kazhinji, kunyangwe kufambisa kunosungirirwa kune rimwe boka, uye zvisingaite kune rimwe. Mukati yakafanana neyakagadzirwa bhokisi.	Kunonyanyisa kutsetseka kwekuchinja. Hazvidi kuti mutyairi apindire mukuita kwebasa. Mari yekushandisa mafuta. Kubudirira kwepamusoro uye simba. Mimwe mienzaniso ine kugona kusarudza nzira yekushandisa.	Iko kuomarara kwemuchina kunotungamira mukuvimbika kwayo kwakadzika, kazhinji uye kunodhura kugadzirisa. Zvinotendera zvakaipa mamiriro emigwagwa akaoma.
Musiyano (CVT)	Iyo torque inopfuudzwa uchishandisa torque converter, semuchina wekushandisa. Kuchinja kwegear kunoitwa nekufambisa iyo shaft pulley, iyo inosundira bhanhire kunzvimbo yaunoda, kubva pairi iro giya reshiyo inowedzera kana kudzikira.	Kuchinja pasina majee, kuwedzera simba uchienzanisa neyakajairwa otomatiki. Inobvumira zvishoma kuchengetedza mafuta.	Kwete kushandiswa mune masimba emagetsi ane simba, nekuti iko kutapurirana iri bhandi. Yakakwira yekugadzirisa mutengo. Inoda kushanda kwakakodzera kwema sensors, uko kunogamuchirwa chiratidzo chekushanda kweCVT. Zvakashata zvinoshivirira mamiriro emumigwagwa akaoma uye haifarire kudhonza.

Paunenge uchifunga nezverudzi rwekutapurirana, zvakakosha kuti uenderere kwete chete kubva kune kugona kwemari, asi zvakanyanya kutarisa kuti bhokisi iri rakakodzera mota here. Izvo hazvisi zvechinhu kuti vagadziri kubva kufekitori vaviri simba rimwe nerimwe unit ine yakatarwa bhokisi.

Chinyorwa chinotapurirana chakanyanya kukodzera kune anoshanda mutyairi uyo anonzwisisa kuomarara kwekumhanyisa-kumhanya mota kudzora. Mushini uyu unokodzera zvakanyanya kune avo vanoda nyaradzo. Robhoti ichapa mafuta anonzwisisika uye inoenderana nekutyaira kwakayerwa. Kune vanoda kushanda kwakatsetseka kwemuchina, musiyano wakakodzera.

Panyaya yehunyanzvi maratidziro, hazvigoneke kunongedza kune rakakwana bhokisi. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chakanaka mumamiriro ayo uye nehunyanzvi hwekutyaira. Muneimwe kesi, zviri nyore kune anotanga kutanga nekushandisa akasiyana otomatiki kufambisa; mune imwe, zviri nani kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekushandisa mamakanika.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Iyo gearbox inoshanda sei? The manual transmission ine seti yemagiya anoumba giya reshiyo dzakasiyana. Iyo otomatiki kutapurirana inoshongedzerwa ne torque inoshandura uye inosiyana dhayamita pulleys (variator). Robhoti iyi analogue yemakanika, chete ine kaviri clutch.

Chii chiri mukati megearbox? Mukati megearbox ripi zvaro mune drive shaft uye shaft inofambiswa. Zvichienderana nemhando yebhokisi, ingave pulleys kana magiya akaiswa pamatanda.