Kuyerera kuyerera
Zviri mukati
Tekinoroji yemazuva ano iri kuchinja mota aerodynamics
Low air resistance inobatsira kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta. Panyaya iyi, zvakadaro, kune mikana mikuru yekusimudzira. Parizvino, hongu, nyanzvi dzeaerodynamics dzinobvumirana nemafungiro evakagadziri.
"Aerodynamics Kune Avo Vasingagone Kuita Midhudhudhu." Aya mazwi akataurwa naEnzo Ferrari muma60s uye anoratidza zvakajeka mafungire evazhinji vagadziri venguva kune ino tekinoroji yemota. Zvisinei, makore gumi chete gare gare ndipo pakauya dambudziko rekutanga remafuta uye maitiro avo ese ehunhu akachinja zvakanyanya. Nguva apo masimba ese ekuramba mukufamba kwemotokari, uye kunyanya ayo anomuka semhedzisiro yekupfuura nemumatanho emhepo, anokundwa nehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa mhinduro, sekuwedzera kusimuka uye simba reinjini, zvisinei nehuwandu hwemafuta anodyiwa, vanoenda, uye mainjiniya anotanga. tsvaga dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda dzekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvako.
Parizvino, iyo tekinoroji chinhu cheaerodynamics chakafukidzwa nehuremu hwakakora hweguruva rekukanganwa, asi hazvisi zvitsva zvachose kune vanogadzira Nhoroondo yetekinoroji inoratidza kuti kunyangwe mumakore makumi maviri, epamberi uye epfungwa dzakangwara senge wechiGerman Edmund Rumpler uye wechiHungary Paul Jaray (uyo akagadzira chinamato cheTatra T77) akaumbiridza nzvimbo dzakarongedzwa uye akaisa hwaro hwenzvimbo yekumhanya-mhanya kune dhizaini yemota. Ivo vakateverwa neyechipiri wave yeaerodynamic nyanzvi dzakadai saBaron Reinhard von Kenich-Faxenfeld naWunibald Kam, vakagadzira mazano avo muma1930.
Zviri pachena kune wese kuti nekuwedzera kukurumidza kunouya muganhu, pamusoro peiyo kupokana kwemhepo kunova chinhu chakakosha pakutyaira mota. Kusikwa kweaerodynamically optimized shapes kunogona kushandura muganho uyu kumusoro zvakanyanya uye inoratidzwa neinonzi kuyerera coefficient Cx, sezvo kukosha kwe1,05 ine cube inverted perpendicular kumhepo inoyerera (kana ichitenderedzwa 45 degrees pamwe neaxis yayo, kuitira kuti mupendero wayo wekumusoro wakaderedzwa kusvika 0,80). Nekudaro, iyi coefficient inongova chikamu chimwe chete cheiyo air resistance equation - saizi yemota yekumberi (A) inofanira kuwedzerwa sechinhu chakakosha. Yokutanga yemabasa e-aerodynamicists ndeyekugadzira nzvimbo dzakachena, aerodynamically inobudirira (zvinhu izvo, sezvatichaona, kune zvakawanda mumotokari), izvo zvinozoita kuti kuderera kwekuyerera kwekofi. Kuyera iyo yekupedzisira, panodiwa mugero wemhepo, inova nzvimbo inodhura uye yakaoma zvakanyanya - muenzaniso weiyi BMW's 2009 miriyoni euro tunnel yakagadzwa muna 170. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mairi hachisi feni huru, iyo inopedza magetsi akawanda zvokuti inoda chiteshi chekushandura chakasiyana, asi chigadziko chakarurama che roller chinoyera masimba ose uye nguva iyo ndege yemhepo inobata pamotokari. Basa rake nderekuongorora kupindirana kwese kwemota nekuyerera kwemhepo uye kubatsira nyanzvi kuti dzidzidze zvese uye nekuzvishandura nenzira yekuti kwete kungoita kuti ishande mukuyerera kwemhepo, asiwo zvinoenderana nezvido zvevagadziri. . Chaizvoizvo, iwo mahombe ekudhonza anosangana nemotokari anobva kana mhepo iri pamberi payo inomanikidza uye inochinja uye - chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kukosha - kubva kune yakanyanya mhirizhonga kuseri kwayo kumashure. Ikoko, nzvimbo yakaderera yekumanikidzika inoumbwa iyo inowanzoita kudhonza motokari, iyo inosanganiswa nechisimba chakasimba chevortex, iyo aerodynamicists inodanawo "kufara kufara". Nezvikonzero zvine musoro, kuseri kwemamodheru edzimba, nhanho yekuderedzwa yakaderedzwa yakakwira, semhedzisiro yekuti kuyerera kwekofi kunowedzera.
Aerodynamic dhonza zvinhu
Iyo yekupedzisira inotsamira kwete chete pazvinhu zvakaita seyese chimiro chemota, asiwo pane chaiwo zvikamu uye nzvimbo. Mukuita, chimiro chese uye chiyero chemota dzemazuva ano chine chikamu che40 muzana chekuramba kwemhepo, chikamu chimwe muzvina chinotemerwa nechinhu chepamusoro chimiro uye maficha akadai semagirazi, marambi, rezinesi ndiro, uye antenna. 10% yekudzivirira kwemhepo kunokonzerwa nekuyerera nemumakomba kune mabhureki, injini uye gearbox. 20% ndiyo mhedzisiro yevortex munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi uye kuturika zvimiro, ndiko kuti, zvese zvinoitika pasi pemotokari. Uye chinhu chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti kusvika ku30% yekudzivirira kwemhepo kunokonzerwa nemavortices akagadzirwa kumativi emavhiri nemapapiro. Kuratidzira kunoshanda kwechiitiko ichi kunopa chiratidzo chakajeka cheizvi - iyo coefficient yekushandisa kubva ku0,28 pamotokari inoderera kusvika 0,18 kana mavhiri abviswa uye maburi mumapapiro akafukidzwa nekupedzwa kwechimiro chemotokari. Hazvina tsanga kuti mota dzese dzinoshamisa dzakaderera mileage, senge yekutanga Honda Insight uye GM's EV1 mota yemagetsi, dzakavanza kumashure mafender. Iyo yakazara aerodynamic chimiro uye yakavharwa kumberi kwekupedzisira, nekuda kwekuti mota yemagetsi haidi kuwanda kwemhepo inotonhorera, yakabvumira vagadziri veGM kuti vagadzire iyo EV1 modhi ine inoyerera coefficient ye 0,195 chete. Tesla modhi 3 ine Cx 0,21. Kuderedza vortex yakakomberedza mavhiri mumotokari dzine injini dzinopisa mukati, dzinonzi. "Maketeni emhepo" muchimiro chemhepo yakaonda yakatwasuka inotungamirwa kubva pakuvhura pamberi pebhampa, ichivhuvhuta ichitenderedza mavhiri uye kudzikamisa mavhuvhu. Kuyerera kune injini kunogumira neaerodynamic shutters, uye pasi yakavharwa zvachose.
Kudzikisa masimba akayerwa neroller stand, kuderera kweCx. Zvinoenderana nechiyero, inoyerwa nekumhanya kwe140 km / h - kukosha kwe0,30, semuenzaniso, zvinoreva kuti 30 muzana yemhepo iyo motokari inopfuura nayo inomhanyisa kumhanya kwayo. Kana iri nzvimbo yepamberi, kuverenga kwayo kunoda nzira yakareruka - kune izvi, nerubatsiro rwelaser, iyo yekunze contours yemotokari inotsanangurwa kana ichitariswa kubva kumberi, uye nzvimbo yakavharwa mumamita mita inoverengwa. Iyo inozowedzerwa neiyo inoyerera chinhu kuti iwane iyo yakazara mhepo inopikisa mumotokari masikweya mita.
Tichidzokera kune nhoroondo yetsanangudzo yedu yeaerodynamic, tinoona kuti kusikwa kweiyo yakajairwa kuyera kushandiswa kwemafuta kutenderera (NEFZ) muna 1996 kwakanyatso kuita basa rakashata mukushanduka kweaerodynamic kwemotokari (iyo yakakwira zvakanyanya muma1980s). ) nekuti iyo aerodynamic factor haina mhedzisiro nekuda kwenguva pfupi yekumhanya-mhanya. Kunyange zvazvo kuyerera kwekombi kunoderera nekufamba kwenguva, kuwedzera ukuru hwemotokari mukirasi imwe neimwe kunoguma nekuwedzera munzvimbo yakatarisana uye naizvozvo kuwedzera kwekudzivirira kwemhepo. Mota dzakaita seVW Gorofu, Opel Astra neBMW 7 Series dzaive nepamusoro pemhepo inopikisa kupfuura dzakadzitangira kuma1990s. Maitiro aya anofambiswa neboka remhando dzeSUV dzinonakidza dzine nzvimbo yadzo yakakura yekumberi uye kuderera kwetraffic. Mhando yemotokari iyi yakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwehuremu hwayo hukuru, asi mukuita ichi chinhu chinotora kukosha kwakaderera nekuwedzera kumhanya - nepo uchityaira kunze kweguta nekumhanya kweanenge 90 km / h, chikamu chekupikisa mhepo inenge 50 muzana, pakumhanya kwemugwagwa mukuru, inowedzera kusvika pa80 muzana yekukweva kwese kunosangana nemotokari.
Aerodynamic tube
Mumwe muenzaniso webasa rekushomeka kwemhepo mukuita kwemotokari ndiyo yakajairika Smart guta modhi. Imotokari inogara vanhu vaviri inogona kuve yakashongedzwa uye inokwenenzvera mumigwagwa yeguta, asi muviri mupfupi uye wakaringana wakaringana haushandi zvakanyanya kubva pakuona kwemhepo. Nechuremu hwayo hushoma, kuramba mweya kuri kuve chinhu chinonyanya kukosha, uye neiyo Smart inotanga kuve nesimba rakasimba pakumhanya kwe50 km / h. Hazvishamise kuti yakawira pasi pane zvaitarisirwa pamutengo wakaderera kunyangwe paine dhizaini yakareruka.
Zvisinei nekukanganisa kwaSmart, zvakadaro, nzira yevabereki yeMercedes kune aerodynamics inoratidza nzira, inowirirana uye inomhanyisa maitiro ekugadzira maumbirwo anoshanda. Zvinogona kukakavara kuti mhedzisiro yekudyara mumatanho emhepo uye kushanda nesimba munzvimbo ino zvinonyanya kuoneka mukambani iyi. Muenzaniso unonyanya kushamisa wekuita kwemaitiro aya inyaya yekuti ikozvino S-Kirasi (Cx 0,24) ine kushomeka kwemhepo kupikisa pane Golf VII (0,28). Mukuita kutsvaga imwe nzvimbo yemukati, chimiro cheiyo compact modhi yakawana nzvimbo yakakura yepamberi, uye iyo inoyerera coefficient yakaipisisa kupfuura iyo yeS-kirasi nekuda kwehurefu hupfupi, iyo isingabvumire kureba yakakwenenzverwa nzvimbo. uye kunyanya nekuda kwekuchinja kwakapinza kumashure, kukurudzira kuumbwa kwemavortices. VW yakanga yakatsunga kuti chizvarwa chitsva cheGorofu chaizova nemhepo shoma shoma uye chimiro chakaderera uye chakanyatsorongeka, asi pasinei nekugadzirwa kutsva uye kukwanisa kuedza, izvi zvakaratidza zvakaoma zvikuru kumotokari. nefomati iyi. Nekudaro, nechinhu che 0,275, iyi ndiyo yakanyanya aerodynamic Gorofu yakambogadzirwa. Iyo yakaderera yakarekodhwa mafuta ekushandisa reshiyo ye0,22 pamotokari ine injini inopisa yemukati ndeyeMercedes CLA 180 BlueEfficiency.
Kubatsira kwemotokari dzemagetsi
Mumwe muenzaniso wekukosha kwechimiro cheaerodynamic kutarisana neshure kwehuremu ndeemhando dzemazuva ano dzakauchikwa uye kunyanya mota dzemagetsi. Panyaya yaPrius, semuenzaniso, kudiwa kwechimiro chakanyanya kusimudzira mweya kunotaurwazve nenyaya yekuti sezvo kumhanya kuchikwira, kugona kweiyo hybrid powertrain kunodzikira. Muchiitiko chemotokari dzemagetsi, chero chinhu chine chekuita nekuwedzera mileage mune yemagetsi modhi chakanyanya kukosha. Sekureva kwenyanzvi, kurasikirwa uremu hwemazana makirogiramu kuchawedzera mamaira emota nemakiromita mashoma, asi kune rimwe divi, aerodynamics ndiyo yakanyanya kukosha kumotokari yemagetsi. Chekutanga, nekuti hombe yemota idzi dzinovatendera kuti vadzore rimwe simba rinoshandiswa nekupora, uye chechipiri, nekuti torque yepamusoro yemagetsi mota inobvumira iyo kubhadhara zvinokonzerwa nehuremu panguva yekutanga, uye kushanda kwayo kunodzikira pakumhanya kwakanyanya uye kumhanya kwakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, magetsi emagetsi nemota yemagetsi zvinoda kutonhodza mweya, izvo zvinobvumidza kuvhurwa kudiki kumberi kwemotokari, izvo, sezvatakacherekedza, ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekudzikira kwemuviri. Chimwe chinhu chekukurudzira vagadziri kuti vagadzire mafomati anoshanda zvakanaka mumazuvano plug-in hybrid mamodheru ndiyo yekumhanyisa-yemagetsi-chete dhiraivha modhi, kana izvo zvinonzi. kufamba nechikepe. Kusiyana nezvikepe, apo izwi rinoshandiswa uye nemhepo inofanirwa kufambisa chikepe, mumotokari, mileage yemagetsi yaizowanda dai mota yanga iine mweya mushoma. Kugadzira aerodynamically optimized chimiro ndiyo inodhura nzira inoshanda yekudzora peturu kushandiswa.
Iko kunwiwa kwekushandisa kweimwe mota dzakakurumbira:
Mercedes Simplex
Kugadzira 1904, Cx = 1,05
Rumpler inodonhedza ngoro
Kugadzira 1921, Cx = 0,28
Ford Muenzaniso T
Kugadzira 1927, Cx = 0,70
Kama yekuyedza modhi
Yakagadzirwa muna 1938, Cx = 0,36.
Mota rekodhi yeMercedes
Kugadzira 1938, Cx = 0,12
VW Bhazi
Kugadzira 1950, Cx = 0,44
Volkswagen "Turtle"
Kugadzira 1951, Cx = 0,40
Panhard Dina
Yakagadzirwa muna 1954, Cx = 0,26.
Porsche 356 A
Yakagadzirwa muna 1957, Cx = 0,36.
MG EX 181
1957 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,15
Citroen DS 19
Kugadzira 1963, Cx = 0,33
NSU Sport Muchinda
Kugadzira 1966, Cx = 0,38
Mercedes S 111
Kugadzira 1970, Cx = 0,29
Volvo 245 Estate
Kugadzira 1975, Cx = 0,47
Audi 100
Kugadzira 1983, Cx = 0,31
Mercedes W 124
Kugadzira 1985, Cx = 0,29
Lamborghini countach
Kugadzira 1990, Cx = 0,40
Toyota Prius 1
Kugadzira 1997, Cx = 0,29
