Aerodynamics Handbook

Izvo zvakakosha zvinhu zvinokanganisa kuramba kwemhepo kwemotokari

Low air resistance inobatsira kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta. Nekudaro, mune izvi, pane yakakura nzvimbo yekuvandudza. Kana, chokwadika, nyanzvi dzekugadzira zvinhu dzichibvumirana nemaonero evakagadziri.

"Aerodynamics Kune Avo Vasingagone Kuita Midhudhudhu." Aya mazwi akataurwa naEnzo Ferrari mumakore makumi matanhatu uye anonyatsoratidza mafungire evazhinji vagadziri venguva kune ino tekinoroji yemotokari. Nekudaro, akange ari makore gumi chete gare gare apo dambudziko rekutanga remafuta rakaitika, iro rakachinja zvakanyanya kukosha kwavo kwese. Nguva apo masimba ese ekuramba panguva yekufamba kwemotokari, uye kunyanya ayo anomuka kana ichipfuura nemumatanho emhepo, anokundwa nehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa mhinduro, senge kuwedzera kuwanda uye simba reinjini, zvisinei nehuwandu hwemafuta anodyiwa, vanoenda, uye mainjiniya anotanga kutarisa nzira dzinoshanda dzekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvako.

Parizvino, iyo tekinoroji chinhu cheaerodynamics chakafukidzwa nehuremu hwakakora hwekukanganwa guruva, asi kune vagadziri iyi haisi nhau. Nhoroondo yetekinoroji inoratidza kuti kunyangwe mumakore makumi manomwe nemanomwe, epamberi nepfungwa dzekufungidzira, senge wechiGerman Edmund Rumpler uye wechiHungary Paul Jarai (akagadzira iconic Tatra T77), akagadzira nzvimbo dzakarongedzwa uye akaisa hwaro hwenzvimbo yemhepo yekugadzira muviri yemota dhizaini. Vakateverwa neyechipiri wave yeaerodynamics nyanzvi dzakadai saBaron Reinhard von Könich-Faxenfeld naWunibald Kam, vakagadzira mazano avo mumaXNUMXs.

Zviri pachena kune wese kuti nekuwedzera kumhanya kunouya muganhu, pamusoro peiyo kupokana kwemhepo kunova chinhu chakakosha chekutyaira mota. Kugadzira aerodynamically optimized maumbirwo anogona kusundidzira iyi muganhu zvakanyanya uye inoratidzwa neinonzi kuyerera factor Cx, sezvo kukosha kwe1,05 ine cube inverted perpendicular kumhepo inoyerera (kana ichitenderedzwa 45 madhigirii pamwe neaxis yayo, kuitira kuti kumusoro kwerwizi. mupendero unoderera kusvika 0,80). Nekudaro, iyi coefficient inongova chikamu chimwe chete cheiyo air resistance equation - iwe unofanirwa kuwedzera saizi yenzvimbo yepamberi yemota (A) sechinhu chakakosha. Yokutanga yemabasa e-aerodynamicists ndeyekugadzira nzvimbo dzakachena, aerodynamically inobudirira (zvinhu izvo, sezvatichaona, zvakawanda mumotokari), izvo zvinozotungamirira kune yakaderera kuyerera coefficient. Kuyera iyo yekupedzisira kunoda mugero wemhepo, inodhura uye yakaomesesa chimiro - muenzaniso weiyi mugero wakapihwa muna 2009. BMW, iyo yakadhura kambani 170 miriyoni euros. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mairi haisi feni huru, iyo inopedza magetsi akawanda zvokuti inoda imwe yakasiyana-siyana ye transformer substation, asi yakanyatsorongeka inomira iyo inoyera masimba ose uye nguva iyo jeti yemhepo inoshandiswa pamotokari. Basa rake nderekuongorora kupindirana kwese kwemota nekuyerera kwemhepo uye kubatsira nyanzvi kuti dzidzidze zvese zvese nekuzvishandura kuti zvisaite chete mukuyerera kwemhepo, asiwo zvinoenderana nezvido zvevagadziri. . Chaizvoizvo, iyo mikuru yekukweva zvikamu zvinosangana nemotokari zvinobva kana mhepo iri pamberi payo inomanikidza uye inochinja, uye - zvakanyanya kukosha - kubva kune yakanyanya mhirizhonga kuseri kwayo kumashure. Kune nzvimbo yakaderera yekumanikidza iyo inowanzo dhonza mota, iyo inosanganiswa neiyo yakasimba vortex effect, iyo aerodynamicists inodana zvakare "kufa excitation". Nezvikonzero zvine musoro, mushure meiyo station wagon modhi, iyo vacuum level yakakwira, semhedzisiro iyo iyo coefficient yekushandisa inodzikira.

Aerodynamic dhonza zvinhu

Iyo yekupedzisira inotsamira kwete chete pazvinhu zvakaita seyese chimiro chemota, asiwo pane chaiwo zvikamu uye nzvimbo. Mukuita, chimiro chese uye chiyero chemota dzemazuvano chinotora makumi mana muzana ekupikisa kwemhepo, chikamu chimwe muzvina chinotemerwa nechimiro chechinhu chepamusoro uye zvinhu zvakaita semagirazi, marambi, rezinesi rezinesi, uye antenna. 40% yekupokana nemhepo imhaka yekuyerera nemavheji kuenda kumabhureki, injini uye kutapurirana. 10% ndiyo mhedzisiro yevortex mune dzakasiyana siyana pasi uye kuturika magadzirirwo, ndiko kuti, zvese zvinoitika pasi pemotokari. Uye chii chinonyanya kufadza - 20% yekudzivirira kwemhepo inokonzerwa nemavortices akagadzirwa kumativi emavhiri nemapapiro. Kuratidzira kunoshanda kwechiitiko ichi kunoratidza zvakajeka izvi - kuyerera kubva ku30 pamotokari inodonha kusvika 0,28 kana mavhiri abviswa uye fender vents yakavharwa. Hazvina tsanga kuti mota dzese dzinoshamisa dzakaderera-mileage - senge yekutanga Insight yeHonda uye GM EV0,18 mota yemagetsi - dzakavanza kumashure mafender. Iyo yakazara aerodynamic chimiro uye yakavharwa kumberi kwekupedzisira, nekuda kwekuti mota yemagetsi haidi kutonhora kwakawanda kwemhepo, yakabvumira vagadziri veGM kugadzira EV1 modhi ine kuyerera kwe 1 chete. Tesla Model 0,195 ine Cx 3. Kuderedza kubhururuka kwemavhiri mumotokari dzine injini dzinopisa mukati, iyo inonzi. "Mhepo maketeni" muchimiro chemhepo yakatetepa yakatwasuka inoyerera kubva pakuvhura pamberi pebhampa, ichivhuvhuta ichitenderedza mavhiri uye nekudzikamisa mavhiri, kuyerera kune injini kunogumira neaerodynamic shutters, uye pasi yakavharwa zvachose.

Iyo yakaderera kukosha kwemasimba akayerwa neroller stand, iyo diki Cx. Inowanzoyerwa nekumhanya kwe140 km / h - kukosha kwe0,30, somuenzaniso, zvinoreva kuti 30 muzana yemhepo iyo motokari inopfuura nayo inokurumidzira kusvika pakumhanya kwayo. Kana iri yekumberi, kuverenga kwayo kunoda maitiro akareruka - kune izvi, ekunze contours yemota inotsanangurwa nelaser kana ichionekwa kubva kumberi uye yakavharirwa nzvimbo mumamita mita inoverengerwa. Inobva yawedzerwa neiyo inoyerera kuti iwane iyo yakazara mhepo inopikisa yemota mumasquare metres.

Tichidzokera kune nhoroondo yerondedzero yedu yeaerodynamic, tinoona kuti kusikwa kweiyo yakajairwa kuyera kushandiswa kwemafuta kutenderera (NEFZ) muna 1996 kwakanyatso kuita basa rakashata mukushanduka kweaerodynamic kwemotokari (iyo yakakwira zvakanyanya muma7s). ) nekuti iyo aerodynamic factor haina mhedzisiro nekuda kwenguva pfupi yekumhanya-mhanya. Pasinei nekuderera kwehuwandu hwekushandisa kwemakore, kuwedzera kwezviyero zvemotokari yekirasi imwe neimwe kunotungamirira kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yepamberi uye, nekudaro, kuwedzera kwekudzivirira kwemhepo. Mota dzakaita seVW Gorofu, Opel The Astra neBMW 90 Series dzaive nepamusoro pemhepo inopikisa kupfuura dzakadzitangira kuma90s. Aya maitiro anofambiswa neanokatyamadza maSUV modhi nenzvimbo yavo yakakura yekumberi uye kuderera kwekugadzirisa. Mhando yemotokari iyi yakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwehuremu hwayo, asi mukuita chinhu ichi chinova chisinganyanyi kukosha nekuwedzera kumhanya - kana uchityaira kunze kweguta nekumhanya kweanenge 50 km / h, chikamu chekupokana nemhepo chiri pamusoro. 80 muzana, pakumhanya kwemugwagwa kunowedzera kusvika kuXNUMX muzana kubva pakupokana kwese kwakatarisana nemotokari.

Aerodynamic tube

Mumwe muenzaniso webasa rekupokana nemhepo mukuita kwemotokari ndiyo yakajairika Smart City modhi. Munhu ane zvigaro zviviri anogona kunge ari munyoro uye ane hunyanzvi mumigwagwa yemuguta, asi basa rayo ripfupi uye rakaenzana harina hunyanzvi kubva pakuona kwemhepo. Kurwisana nemashure ekurema kwakaderera, kupikisa kwemhepo kunova chinhu chinowedzera kukosha, uye neSmart inotanga kuva nesimba rakasimba pakumhanya kwe 50 km / h. Hazvishamisi kuti pasinei nekugadzirwa kwakareruka, hazvina kurarama maererano nezvaitarisirwa. yemutengo wakaderera.

Nekudaro, zvisinei nekukanganisa kwaSmart, maitiro evabereki kambani Mercedes kune aerodynamics muenzaniso weiyo methodical, inowirirana uye inobatika nzira yekugadzira inoshamisa maumbirwo. Zvinogona kukakavara kuti mhedzisiro yekudyara mumatanho emhepo uye kushanda nesimba munzvimbo ino zvinonyanya kuoneka mukambani iyi. Muenzaniso unonyanya kushamisa wekuita kwechiitiko ichi inyaya yekuti S-Kirasi yemazuva ano (Cx 0,24) ine kushomeka kwemhepo kupfuura iyo Golf VII (0,28). Mukutsvaga imwe nzvimbo yemukati, chimiro cheiyo compact modhi yakawana nzvimbo yakakura yepamberi, uye iyo inoyerera coefficient yakaipisisa kupfuura iyo yeS-kirasi nekuda kwehurefu hwayo hupfupi, iyo isingabvumire yakagadziridzwa nzvimbo uye yakawanda. zvimwe. - nechekare nekuda kwekuchinja kwakapinza kubva kumashure, kunobatsira pakuumbwa kwemavortices. Zvakadaro, VW yakatsunga kuti chizvarwa chinotevera Gorofu ichange iine kushomeka kwemhepo uye kuderedzwa uye kurongeka. Iyo yakaderera kurekodha kushandiswa kwemafuta chinhu che0,22 pamotokari yeICE ndiyo Mercedes CLA 180 BlueEfficiency.

Kubatsira kwemotokari dzemagetsi

Mumwe muenzaniso wekukosha kwechimiro cheaerodynamic kutarisana neshure kwehuremu ndeemhando dzemazuva ano dzakauchikwa uye kunyanya mota dzemagetsi. Panyaya yaPrius, semuenzaniso, kudikanwa kwekugadzirwa kwakanyanya kwemhepo kunotaurwazve nenyaya yekuti nekukurumidza kuchikwira, kushanda kweiyo hybrid powertrain inodonha zvakanyanya. Muchiitiko chemotokari dzemagetsi, zvese zvine chekuita nekuwedzera mileage mune yemagetsi modhi zvakakosha zvakanyanya. Sekureva kwenyanzvi, kudzikisira huremu ne100 kg kuchawedzera mamaira emota nemakiromita mashoma chete, asi kune rimwe divi, aerodynamics ndiyo yakanyanya kukosha kumotokari yemagetsi.

Chekutanga, nekuti kuwanda kwemota idzi kunovatendera kudzoreredza rimwe resimba rinoshandiswa kupora, uye kechipiri, nekuti iyo yakakwira torque yemotokari yemagetsi inobvumidza iwe kutsiva mhedzisiro yehuremu pakutanga, uye kushanda kwayo kunoderera. pakumhanya kukuru uye nekumhanya kukuru. Mukuwedzera, magetsi emagetsi uye motokari yemagetsi inoda mhepo inotonhora shoma, iyo inobvumira kuzarura kuduku pamberi pemotokari, iyo, sezvatakatoona, ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuora kwekuyerera kwemuviri. Chimwe chinhu chekurudziro yevagadziri kuti vagadzire mamwe maumbirwo anoshanda aerodynamically mune yanhasi plug-in hybrid modhi imodhi yekufamba pasina kukwidziridza chete nerubatsiro rwemota yemagetsi, kana inodaidzwa. kufamba nechikepe. Kusiyana nezvikepe zvechikepe, kunobva izwi uye uko mhepo inofanirwa kufambisa chikepe, mota dzemagetsi dzichawedzera mileage kana mota ine kushomeka kwemhepo. Kugadzira chimiro che aerodynamically optimized ndiyo yakanyanya hupfumi nzira yekudzikisa kushandiswa kwemafuta.

Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev

Iko kunwiwa kwekushandisa kweimwe mota dzakakurumbira:

Mercedes Simplex

1904 kugadzirwa, Cx = 1,05

Rumpler Tropfenwagen

1921 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,28

Ford Muenzaniso T

1927 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,70

Muenzaniso wekuyedza Kam

1938 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,36

Mota rekodhi yeMercedes

1938 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,12

VW Bhazi

1950 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,44

VW "kamba"

1951 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,40

Panhard Dina

1954 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,26

Porsche 356

1957 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,36

MG EX 181

1957 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,15

Citroen DS 19

1963 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,33

NSU Sport Muchinda

1966 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,38

Mercedes C 111

1970 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,29

Volvo 245 Van

1975 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,47

Audi 100

1983 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,31

Mercedes W 124

1985 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,29

Toyota Prius 1

1997 kugadzirwa, Cx = 0,29