Inonyanya kuzivikanwa auto mujaho munyika

Yekutanga inoshanda mota ine peturu injini yemukati yekupisa yakaonekwa muna 1886. Izvi zvaive zviitiko zvepamutemo zveGottlieb Daimler nemurume wake Karl Benz.

Makore masere chete gare gare, makwikwi ekutanga emota epasi rose akarongeka. Ose maviri matsva "enzira dzinozvifambisa" uye mamwe epamberi, anofambiswa neinjini yeutsi, vakatora chikamu mairi. Musimboti wemakwikwi uyu waive wekuona kuti mota dzakazvimiririra dzakavhara chinhambwe chemakiromita gumi nemaviri.

Vashandi vanoshanda zvakanyanya vaionekwa sevanokunda. Aifanira kusanganisa kumhanya, chengetedzo uye nyore kwemaneja. Mumakwikwi aya enhoroondo, akahwina yaive Peugeot nePanard-Levassor mota, idzo dzaive dzakashongedzwa neinjini dzeDaimler dzine simba rakakura re4 bhiza.

Pakutanga, makwikwi akadaro aingotaridzwa sevaraidzo isinganzwisisike, asi nekufamba kwenguva mota dzakabva dzawedzera simba, uye makwikwi emota akanyanya kushamisa. Vagadziri vemotokari vakaona zviitiko zvakadaro semukana mukuru wekuratidzira kugona kwezviitiko zvavo pasirese.

Parizvino, mhando dzakasiyana dzemitambo yemitambo dzakagadzirwa, mafeni ayo anova mazana ezviuru zvevateveri pasirese.

Tinounza kucherechedzo yako kumhedzisiro yemarudzi anozivikanwa anoitika munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.

Grand Prix

Pakutanga, vatambi vakapinda mumitambo yakaoma uye ine njodzi pakati pemaguta vakakwikwidza iyo "Grand Prix". Makwikwi ekutanga erudzi urwu akaitika muna 1894 muFrance. Sezvo paive netsaona zhinji panguva yemijaho yakadaro, vakaurayiwa vaive vateereri, izvo zvaidikanwa kumarudzi acho zvakamisikidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Mujaho wekutanga weFormula 1 mota muchimiro umo vateveri vemazuva ano mota vaijaira kuvaona kwakaitika muna 1950. Iwo akapfava, akavhurika-vhiri, micron-tuned mujaho mota dzinofarirwa nevaya vanokoshesa yakanaka, inomhanya-mhanya kubata. Uye mumakwikwi epamusoro-soro, mota dzinomhanyisa kusvika ku300 km / h. uye nekukurumidza (chinyorwa ndechaValtteri Botas, uyo muna 2016 akamhanyisa kusvika 372,54 km / h mumotokari yaWilliams ine injini yeMercedes.)

Zita remunhu wega wega kutenderera kwemakwikwi rinosanganisira nyika iri munzira inoitwa nhangemutange. Iwo mapoinzi emujaho wega wega akapfupikiswa, uye anokunda haasi iye anogara achiuya kumutsetse wekutanga, asi ndiye anowana mapoinzi akawanda. Heano maviri emakwikwi akakurumbira kutenderera.

Monaco Grand Prix

Izvo zvinoitika pane yakasarudzika track muMont Carlo. Pakati pevatori vechikamu chemakwikwi, chinonyanya kukundwa ndiko kukunda muMonaco. Chimwe chinhu cherudzi urwu rwemujaho ndiyo nzira, zvikamu zvacho zvinopfuura mumigwagwa yeguta. Izvi zvinobvumidza muoni kuve padyo padyo netraki.

Iyi nhanho ndiyo yakanyanya kuomarara, sezvo mukati memakiromita mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemakumi matanhatu (makiromita 260) vatasvi vanofanirwa kukunda kutendeuka kwakawandisa. Imwe yacho ndeye Grand Hotel hairpin. Iyo mota inodarika chikamu ichi nekukasira kumhanya kune ino kirasi yemotokari - 78 km / h. Nekuda kwezvikamu zvakadaro, iyo track haibvumidze kumhanyisa mota kune yayo yekumhanyisa kumhanya.

Stirling Moss akambotaura kuti kune mutasvi, mitsara yakatwasuka inovhiringidza zvikamu pakati pekutendeuka. Dunhu reMonte Carlo muedzo wehunyanzvi hwekubata mota. Iko pane kukotama kuti kwakawanda kwekunakisa kupfuuridza kunoitika, uko makwikwi akadaro anonziwo "Royal". Kuti uwane anodzvinyirira nenzira yemhando yepamusoro, unofanirwa kuve mambo chaiye wemota.

Macau Grand Prix

Iyo danho rinoitika muChina. Chinhu cheichi chiitiko kusunganidzwa kwemakwikwi akaitwa mukupera kwesvondo. Vatori vechikamu veFormula 3, FIA WTCC (mukwikwidzi wepasi rose umo Super 2000 neDiesel 2000 mota dzinotora chikamu) nemakwikwi emidhudhudhu anoedza hunyanzvi hwekutyaira panzira.

Mujaho wemujaho unomhanyawo kuburikidza nedunhu redunhu, iro rine rakareba, rakatwasuka chikamu kwaunokwanisa kutora kumhanya kwakanyanya kugadzirisa nguva dzemakumbo. Kureba kwemhete ndeye 6,2 km.

Kusiyana neiyo track iri muMonte Carlo, iyi track inoedza hunyanzvi hwevatyairi kwete nekutendeuka kazhinji, asi nehurefu hwudiki hwemugwagwa. Mune zvimwe zvikamu, anongova manomwe mamita. Kuwedzeredza pamabhendi akadaro kunova kusingachakwanise.

Vazhinji vagadziri vanoshandisa Grand Prix mujaho kuyedza kuvimbika kweinjini nyowani injini pamwe nekuyedza mitsva dhizaini chisiki... Sezvo makwikwi aya achipindwa nenhamba huru yevaoni, uyu mukana wakanaka wekushambadza brand yako, iyo inoshandiswa nemakambani akaita seFerrari, BMW, Mercedes, McLaren nevamwe.

Kutsungirira kumhanya

Nepo iyo Grand Prix yakateedzana iri ratidziro yehunyanzvi hwevatyairi, iyo 24-awa makwikwi akagadzirirwawo kuratidza kutsungirira, hupfumi uye kumhanyisa kwemotokari kubva kune akasiyana vagadziri - mhando yekusimudzira. Tichifunga nezve paramende iyi, iyo michina iyo inoshandisa yakaderera nguva yenguva mumabhokisi inofanirwa kutariswa.

Mazhinji ezvekuvandudza zvinhu zvinoratidzwa nevemotokari panguva yemumhanyi zvinobva zvashandiswa pamota dzemitambo. Iwo makirasi anotevera emota anotora chikamu mumijaho:

• LMP1;
• LMP2;
• GT Kutsungirira Pro;
• GT Kutsungirira AM.

Kazhinji kazhinji, makwikwi emotokari akadaro matanho akapatsanuka emakwikwi epasi rose. Iyi ndiyo mimwe mienzaniso yemarudzi akadaro.

Maawa makumi maviri nemana Le Mans

Mujaho wemota unonyanya kufarirwa, uyo wakatanga kurongwa muna 1923. Kusiri kure neguta reFrance reLe Mans padunhu reSarta, mota dzemitambo inotonhorera kubva kugadziri dzakasiyana dzakayedzwa. Mumarudzi ose akakurumbira, Porsche yakaverengerwa panzvimbo yekutanga munzvimbo - kakapetwa ka19.

Audi ndiyo yechipiri maererano nenhamba yekukunda - mota dzemhando iyi dzine gumi nembiri nzvimbo dzekutanga.

Iyo inozivikanwa Itari mugadziri Ferrari ari munzvimbo yechitatu pane iyi runyorwa (9 anokunda).

Ngano dzemota dzakapinda mumakwikwi anotonhorera emota munyika:

• Jaguar D-Type (3 inokunda mumutsara kubva 1955 kusvika 1957). Chinhu chakasarudzika chemotokari yaive injini ye3,5-litre inovandudza simba re265 horsepower. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa matatu carburetors, muviri wakatanga kugadzirwa muchimiro che monocoque, uye chimiro chejongwe chakakweretwa kubva kune mumwe-chigaro murwi. Iyo yemitambo mota yakakwanisa kutora zana mumasekonzi 4,7 - zvisingaite kumota enguva iyoyo. Iyo yekumhanyisa kumhanyisa yakasvika 240 km / h.

• Iyo Ferrari 250 TR ndiyo mhinduro kudambudziko reJaguar. Yakanakisa Testa Rossa yaive ne12-litre 3,0-humburumbira. V-injini ine 6 carburetors. Yekumhanyisa kumhanya kwemitambo mota yaive 270 km / h.

• Rondo M379. Imota yakasarudzika zvechokwadi iyo yakaita madhiraivho mujaho ya1980. Pfungwa yemitambo mota yakakwenenzverwa neinjini yeFord Cosworth, iyo yakagadziridzwa kuti itore mukana mumujaho weFormula 1. Kupesana nekufungidzira kwekufungidzira, mota yemutyairi uye mugadziri wechiFrench akasvika kumugumo kutanga uye haana kukuvara.

• Peugeot 905 yakatanga muna 1991 uye yaive neinjini ye650-horsepower inokwanisa kumhanyisa mota yemitambo kusvika 351 km / h. Nekudaro, vashandi vakakunda kukunda muna 1992 (1 ne3 nzvimbo) uye muna1993 (podium yese).

• Mazda 787B yakaviga mazana mana emabhiza pasi pehodhi, asi kudzikisa njodzi yekukundikana kweinjini, simba rayo rakadzikiswa kusvika 900 hp. Panguva yemujaho muna 700, matatu maMazdas akauya kumutsetse pakati pemapfumbamwe kubva makumi matatu nemasere mota. Zvakare, mugadziri akataura kuti mota yacho yaive yakavimbika zvekuti yaigona kumira imwe nhangemutange yakadaro.

• Iyo Ford GT-40 imota inoshamisa zvechokwadi yakaratidzirwa nemuzukuru wemuvambi wekambani yeAmerica kupedza kutonga kwemukwikwidzi weItari Ferrari (1960-1965). Iyo iconic yemitambo mota yakazove yakanaka kwazvo (mushure mekubvisa zvikanganiso zvakaonekwa semhedzisiro yemarudzi maviri) zvekuti vatyairi vemota iyi vakamira panhandare kubva muna 1966 kusvika 1969. Kusvikira ikozvino, akasiyana akakwidziridzwa makopi engano iyi anoramba achinyanya kushanda mumarudzi akadaro.

24 Maawa eDaytona

Imwe nhangemutange yekutsungirira, icho chinangwa ndechekusarudza iro timu rinokwanisa kutyaira kure kure pazuva. Mujaho wemujaho uyu unoumbwa pamwe neNascar Oval uye mugwagwa uri padyo. Kureba kwedenderedzwa kuri 5728 metres.

Iyi ndiyo vhezheni yeAmerican yeiyo yapfuura auto nhangemutange. Makwikwi aya akatanga muna 1962. Ivo anoitirwa mumwaka-wekusaka wemitambo yemotokari, zvinoreva kuti chiitiko ichi chine vazhinji vaoni. Iye anotsigira anopa anokunda mumujaho Rolex inoyevedza.

Chinhu chemujaho unokodzera chinodiwa chimwe chete - mota inofanira kuyambuka tambo mushure maawa makumi maviri nemana. Mutemo wakapusa wakadai unobvumidza kunyangwe idzo mota idzo dzisina kuvimbika kwazvo kutora chikamu.

Maawa makumi maviri nemana eNurburgring

Imwe analogue yemadzinza eLe Mans akaitwa kubvira 1970 kuGerman. Varongi vemakwikwi emota vakasarudza kusagadzira zvinyoro zvinodiwa kune vatori vechikamu, izvo zvinobvumidza amateurs kuyedza ruoko. Dzimwe nguva prototypes dzemitambo mota dzinoonekwa panhandare yemitambo kuitira kuti vaone kushomeka, kubviswa kwacho kungabvumidza mamodheru kuratidzwa mumakwikwi makukutu.

Mujaho wemaawa makumi maviri nemana wakafanana nemutambo kupfuura chiitiko chemitambo. Huwandu hukuru hwevateveri uye vateveri vezvakasiyana zvinowanda pachiitiko ichi. Dzimwe nguva ivo chete vatori vechikamu vanoteerera kumakwikwi ivo pachavo, nepo vamwe vese vari mubishi kupemberera.

24 maawa Spa

Uyu mutambo wezvemitambo unoverengerwa wechipiri muhukuru mushure meLe Mans Yakave ichiitwa kubva 1924. Pakutanga, muBelgian auto mujaho wakaitirwa padenderedzwa njanji, kureba kwaive makiromita gumi nemana. Muna 14 yakavakwa zvakare uye yakaderedzwa kusvika pamakiromita manomwe.

Iyi nzira nguva nenguva inopinda mumatanho emakwikwi epasirese epasi rose, kusanganisira mujaho weFormula 1. Vagadziri vane mukurumbira pasi rese vakatora chikamu mumakwikwi emaawa makumi maviri nemana, neBMW ichinyanya kukunda.

Rally

Rudzi runotevera rwemarudzi anotonhorera kwazvo pasirese ndeye rally. Vakawana mukurumbira nekuda kwevaraidzo yavo. Mazhinji emakwikwi anoitirwa mumigwagwa yeruzhinji, pamusoro payo panogona kuchinja zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso, kubva kune asphalt kuenda kugiravhu kana jecha.

Pane zvikamu zviri pakati pezvikamu zvakakosha, vatyairi vanofanirwa kutyaira zvinoenderana nemirau yese yemumigwagwa, asi vachiona nguva yakatarwa yakatarwa pachikamu chega chega chemugwagwa. Matanho akakosha akavharwa zvikamu zvemugwagwa uko mutyairi anogona kuwana zvakanyanya kubva mumotokari.

Chinokosha chemakwikwi ndechekutora kubva kunongedzo "A" kunongedza "B" nekukurumidza sezvazvinogona. Kupfuura kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe kwakatemerwa nguva. Kuti utore chikamu munhangemutange, mutyairi anofanira kunge ari ace chaiye, nekuti anofanirwa kukunda nzvimbo dzine huso hwakasiyana uye panguva dzakasiyana dzegore.

Heano mamwe emitambo inotonhorera yerally.

Dakar

Kana mudhara wemota achinzwa izwi rally, huropi hwake hunoenderera: "Paris-Dakar". Iyi ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa transcontinental auto marathon, iyo huru chikamu chayo inomhanya nemumagwenga, asina hupenyu nzvimbo.

Iyi auto mujaho inoonekwa seimwe yemakwikwi ane njodzi. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zveizvi:

• mutyairi anogona kurasika mugwenga;
• satellite navigation inogona kushandiswa chete mune emergency.
• mota inogona kuparara zvakanyanya, uye pavanenge vakamirira kubatsirwa, vashandi vanogona kutambura nezuva rinopisa;
• apo vamwe vatambi vemujaho vari kuyedza kuchera mota yakanamatira, pane mukana wakakura wekuti mumwe mutyairi anogona kusacherekedza vanhu (semuenzaniso, kumhanyisa pamberi pegomo riri kuseri kuri kuita basa rekubuda) uye kuvakuvadza;
• pane zviitiko zvinowanzoitika zvekurwiswa kwevagari vemunharaunda.

Mhando dzese dzemotokari dzinotora chikamu mumarathon: kubva kumudhudhudhu kusvika kurori.

Monte Carlo

Imwe yematanho erally inoitika munzvimbo inoyevedza kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kweFrance, pamwe nemumahombekombe azure eMonaco. Makwikwi aya akadzoka muna 1911. Izvo zvakagadzirwa kuitira kuchengetedza zvivakwa zvekushanya.

Munguva iri pakati pemitambo yeFormula 1, iyo taundi rekushomeka haina chinhu, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya bhizinesi rehotera nedzimwe nzvimbo, nekuda kwekuti nzvimbo yepasirese yevashanyi inobudirira.

Iyo nzira yeiyo nhanho ine zvisingaverengeki zvinokwira uye zasi, marefu uye akapinza kutendeuka. Nekuda kweizvi maficha, padanho remakwikwi rally, makuru uye akasimba mota dzemitambo hadzingabatsiri pamberi penzvimbo dzemotokari seMini Coopers.

Mazana echiuru

Iyi nhanho yemujaho yava kunzi "Rally Finland". Iye anoonekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa pakati pevateveri verudzi urwu rwemota. Iyo nzira inopfuura nepanzvimbo inoyevedza ine huwandu hwakawanda hwemakungwa.

Ouninpohja chikamu chakanyanya kunetsa chemugwagwa. Pakutambanuka uku, mota dzerally dzinosvika nekumhanya uye nzvimbo ine makomo inobvumira kusvetuka kunoshamisa.

Kuti uwane zvimwe zvevaraidzo, varongi vakaita mamaki parutivi kuitira kuti vateereri vanyore kureba kwekusvetuka. Saiti iyi yakabviswa kubva mukushanya muna2009 nekuda kwenjodzi dzinowanzoitika.

Chinyorwa chekusvetuka ndechaMarco Martin (svetuka kureba 57 metres kumhanya kwe171 km / h) uye Gigi Galli (kureba 58 m).

NASCAR

Chiitiko chemitambo chakakurumbira muAmerica ndeye Super Bowl (American nhabvu). Panzvimbo yechipiri maererano nevaraidzo ndiyo nhangemutange yeNascar. Rudzi urwu rwemujaho wemotokari rwakabuda muna 1948. Makwikwi aya akapatsanurwa kuita nhanho dzinoverengeka, panopera mukana weumwe neumwe wemubatanidzwa. Uyo anokunda ndiye anounganidza mapoinzi akawanda.

Muchokwadi, NASCAR isangano reAmerica iro rinoronga nhangemutange yemotokari dzemastock. Kusvika pari zvino, mota dzemumhanyi dzinongo fanana nevekunze kune vamwe. Kana zviri zve "kuzadza", aya akasiyana muchina.

Tichifunga kuti hunhu hwenhangemutange hwakatenderera pane oval track, mota dzakasangana nemitoro yakakomba iyo isingawanzo kuitika kana ichifamba mumigwagwa yeruzhinji, saka yaida kukwidziridzwa.

Mune akateedzana emarudzi, akanyanya kuzivikanwa ndeaya Daytona 500 (akaitirwa padunhu muDaytona) uye neIndy 500 (yakaitirwa kunhandare yeIndiapolis). Vatori vechikamu vanofanirwa kufamba mamaira mazana mashanu kana makiromita mazana masere nemakumi masere nemanomwe nekukurumidza sezvazvinogona.

Zvakare, mitemo hairambidze vatyairi kuti "vagadzirise zvinhu" chaipo panzira nekusunda, kubva kwazvinoitika tsaona mukati memijaho, nekuda kwekuti makwikwi emota aya akakurumbira.

Fomura E

Rudzi urwu rwekujaira mota kumhanya hwakafanana nemakwikwi eFormula 1, chete mota dzemagetsi dzine mavhiri akavhurika dzinopinda mumijaho. Kirasi iyi yakaumbwa muna 2012. Chinangwa chikuru chechero kukwikwidza kwemotokari ndechekuyedza mota pasi pemitoro yakawanda. Kune mamodheru akashongedzerwa nemagetsi emagetsi, pakanga pasina "laboratory" yakadaro kare.

Makore maviri mushure mekugadzwa kweABB FIA Fomula E Championchip kirasi, umambo hwekutanga hwakatanga. Mumwaka wekutanga, zvaive zvakarongwa kushandisa mota dzakagadzirwa zvakafanana. Iyo prototype yakagadzirwa naDallara, Renault, McLaren naWilliams. Mhedzisiro yaive Spark-Renault SRT1 inomhanya mota (yepamusoro kumhanya 225 km / h, kumhanyisa kusvika mazana - 3 masekondi). Akatenderera kumatragi emwaka mana ekutanga. Muna 2018, iyo Spark SRT05e (335 hp) yakaonekwa neinomhanya yepamusoro 280 km / h.

Inofananidzwa ne "hama hombe", iyi mhando yemijaho yakazove yakaderera-kumhanya - mota hadzigoni kumhanyisa kumhanya pasi pe300 km / h. Asi kana tichienzanisa, makwikwi akadaro akachipa kwazvo. Pakati nepakati, iyo F-1 timu inodhura pamamirioni gumi nemakumi masere emadhora kuchengetedza iyo F-115 timu, nepo magetsi analogue timu inodhura anotsigira chete mamirioni matatu. hafu yemujaho, saka pane imwe nhanho mujaho akangochinjira kumota yechipiri).

Dhonza-kumhanya

Ongororo inoguma nerumwe rudzi rwemijaho inotonhorera kwazvo pasirese - makwikwi ekumhanyisa. Basa remutyairi kuenda kuburikidza nechikamu mukati ¹/₄ mamaira (402 m), ¹/₂ mamaira (804 m), ¹/₈ mamaira (201 metres) kana maira yakazara (1609 metres) munguva ipfupi.

Makwikwi anoitirwa panzvimbo yakatwasuka uye yakanyatsogadzikana. Kumhanyisa kwakakosha mumakwikwi aya emotokari. Kazhinji pazviitiko zvakadaro iwe unogona kuona vamiriri vezvipombi zveMhasuru mota.

Varidzi vechero chero mhando yekutakura vanogona kutora chikamu mumujaho wekumhanya (dzimwe nguva makwikwi anotomboitwa pakati petarakita). Nyanzvi, kune rimwe divi, vanotora chikamu mune dzakasarudzika mota dzemujaho dzinonzi madhiragi.

Mumota dzakadai, chakanyanya kukosha isimba uye kumhanyisa kumhanyisa muchikamu chakatwasuka, saka mazhinji masisitimu ari mairi ndeechinyakare. Pane zvinopesana, mota dzakakosha. Vamwe vavo vanokwanisa zviuru gumi nemaviri emabhiza. Nesimba rakadaro, mota "inobhururuka" kota yemamaira mumasekonzi mana chete nekumhanya ingangoita 12 km / h.

Nekuvandudzwa kwemitambo yemotokari, mhando dzakasiyana dzemitambo yemotokari dzakaonekwa, idzo dzinonakidza munzira yavo. Vamwe vanoonekwa sevanonyanya kutyisa, vamwe vasinganzwisisike, uye kune vamwe vane hukasha, semuenzaniso, chikamu cheDerby.

Hazvigoneke kutsanangura zvakadzama chimwe nechimwe chazvo, asi zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti vese vanosimbisa hunhu hwemotokari, hwakashanduka kubva ku "vanozvifambisa" kuva hypercar, vachimhanyisa kumhanya kwe500 km / h.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Ndeipi mijaho yemotokari iripo? Mhete, kutsungirira, rally, mukombe, muchinjiko, slalom, muyedzo, kudhonza, derby, kudhiraivha. Mutambo wega wega une mitemo yayo uye chirango.

КZita remujaho wedunhu rinonzi chii? Mujaho wedunhu zvinoreva marudzi akasiyana emarudzi. Somuenzaniso, izvi ndezvi: Nascar, Formula 1-3, GP, GT. Ose anobatwa pamakwara akarongwa.

Zita remutyairi wechipiri mumotokari yemujaho anonzi ani? Mumwe mutyairi wendege anonzi mufambisi wengarava (zvinoreva kushandurwa kubva kuDutch, murume ndiye helm). Mufambisi wezvikepe anogona kunge aine mepu, bhuku remugwagwa kana zvinyorwa zvaanazvo.