Piston mhete: mhando, mashandiro, chaiwo matambudziko

Zvechokwadi injini dzinopisa dzomukati dzinoshanda nekuda kwekufamba kwepistons, iyo inobatwa nesimba rekupisa, uye pakupedzisira tinowana magetsi emagetsi. Zvindori zvepiston chinhu chakakosha muboka re-cylinder-piston, mamiriro ayo anosarudza kushanda kwakagadzikana kweinjini yekupisa kwemukati, kushandiswa kwemafuta, kuchengetedza huwandu hwemafuta, nezvimwe. Zvadaro, tichaona kuti sei piston mhete dzinodiwa, marudzi uye matambudziko api anomuka nawo panguva yekushanda.

Chii chinonzi mhete dzepiston

Pisitoni mhete zvikamu zvakaiswa pamapiston, kazhinji zvichishandisa maviri ekumanikidza zvindori uye imwe yemafuta yakakwenya mhete. Chimiro chemhete chinoitwa muchimiro che denderedzwa, uye pakusimudza pisitoni, kucheka kunoshandiswa, uko kunodzikira kana iwo mapistoni akaiswa muzvirongo. Kana injini pisitoni dzaive dzisina kuiswa nemhete, saka injini yaisazomboshanda nekuda kwekushomeka kwekumanikidza, pamwe nekuzadza kwesirinda nemafuta uye nekukurumidza kwayo marara.

Chinangwa chikuru chezvindori zvepiston ndechekupa zvakajairwa kudzvanywa mucylinder nekutsikirira pamadziro ecylinder, uye zvakare kudzivirira mafuta kuti asatsva, achibvumira kuti apinde musump. Mhete dzinochengetawo crankcase magasi, asi chete kana hapana kupfeka kweboka re-cylinder-piston.

Mhando dzepiston mhete

Nhasi kune maviri marudzi emapistoni mhete akaiswa pane pisitoni:

• kudzvinyirira;
• mafuta anokwenenzvera.

 Nhasi, mhete dzepistoni dzinoitwa kubva kukanda simbi, uye molybdenum, ine yakanyanya kumanikidza chivakwa, inowedzerwa pakuvimbika uye nekuwedzera hupenyu hwebasa. Mhete dzeChannel dzinogadzirwa chinguva chidiki, dzinenge dzakachipa, asi zvakare dzine anti-kubata zvinhu, kunyange zvisina kusiyana muhupenyu hwakareba hwebasa. Ngatinyatso tarisei pane yega yega mhete.

Compression zvindori

Kumanikidza mhete kunoiswa pamusoro pemafuta anokwenenzvera, muhuwandu hwezvikamu zviviri. Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti iyi haisi chete mhete yesimbi iyo yakagadzirirwa kusimbisa kamuri yekutsva, nekuti iyo yekumanikidza mhete inosanganisirwa nekupisa kupisa pakati pepistoni uye liner, uye zvakare inobata piston kudedera nekuda kwedivi kukanda. 

Iyo yekumusoro yekumanikidza mhete inogona kuve yemhando nhatu:

• ane L-rakaumbwa bhajeti munzvimbo yekiyi;
• nenzvimbo yakati sandara;
• chikamu chakamonyoroka - migumo yese yemhete yakarereka, ichibata chete kuburitsa kune mumwe nemumwe.

Zvigadzirwa zvine chimiro chakaita seL zvinogona kuchinja kugona kwekuisa chisimbiso zvichienderana nemashandisirwo emota: kana gasi richisimuka, simba riri pamhete rinowedzera uye "rinokomberedza" humburumbira zvakanyanya, uye kana iko kudzvanywa kuchidonha, simba rinoderera, uye kukakavadzana pakati pezvigadziri, zvichiteerana. Maitiro aya anotendera iwe kuti upe zvakakodzera kudzvinyirira panguva yakakodzera, uye mune yekudyira uye yekumesa modes, kudzikisira kukwesana uye kuwedzera zviwanikwa zveiyo CPG.

Yechipiri yekumanikidza mhete ndeyechimiro chakajairwa, inongopedzisa iyo yekumusoro nekuwedzera kupa kuomarara, kudzivirira kubva kudzivirirwa uye kudzivirira mafuta kupinda mukati mekirinda nekuda kwekudzosera kumashure kukanda.

Mamwe emaringi aya anogadzirwa kuti abudise mafuta zviri nani kubva pamadziro ei liner, uye mumota dzemazuvano, mhete dzakagadzirwa zvachose pasina gwanza.

Mafuta anotsika mhete

Iyo mafuta scraper mhete yakaiswa pasi peiyo compression ring. Chinhu chemhete chiri muzita rayo - kubvisa kudarika kubva pamadziro e cylinder. Pangopfuura mhete pamusoro pepamusoro, inosiya firimu, akati wandei microns gobvu, izvo zvinodiwa kuwedzera hupenyu hweCPG uye kuchengetedza tembiricha mamiriro mukati mekushivirira. Kuti abvise mafuta, zvindori zvinogadzirwa nenzira yeradial kana axial expanders. Vamwe vanogadzira ma automaker vanoisa maviri emafuta scraper zvindori.

Pisitoni mhete inoshanda

Kubva pane zviri pamusoro, mhedzisiro inotevera inogona kutorwa:

• kumanikidza zvivakwa. Kupedzisa kupatsanurwa kwekamuri yemoto, kuverengera kumanikidza kunodikanwa mukati me humburumbira, nekuda kweiyo torque yakasimba uye mafuta akakwana ekushandisa anowanikwa;
• kuchengetedza injini yemafuta. Kutenda kumafuta anokwenenzvera mhete, inoshanda firimu inopihwa pamusoro peiri humbiso, mafuta akawandisa haatsve, asi anopinda muhombodo kuburikidza nemhete;
• kupisa kupisa. Mhete dzePiston zvinobudirira kubvisa kupisa kubva pisitoni nekuchinjisa kumakombi, ayo anotonhorera nekuda kwekubatana kwekunze neanotonhora;

kusakosha kwekusagadzikana kwekutenderera. Nekuda kwekusunga kwakaringana kwemhete, iyo pisitoni yakajeka inokwira kumusoro uye pasi.

Chii chinonzi mhete dzepiston dzakagadzirwa?

Mazuva ano, ductile iron uye simbi isina simbi inoshandiswa sezvinhu. Sezvo mota dzemazuva ano dzave diki uye dziine simba, zvichiteerana, mutoro pavari wakawedzera kakawanda pamusoro, pane kudikanwa kwekushandisa kwezvinhu zvekuvandudza. Mutungamiri pakati pezvinhu ndeye molybdenum, iyo inosiyaniswa nemidziyo yekudzivirira uye hwakawedzera hupenyu hwebasa. Nenzira, sketi dzepiston dzinogadzirwa neyakafanana nziyo.

Chaizvoizvo pisitoni mhete malfunctions

Munguva yekushanda kweinjini inopisa mukati, pistons uye zvindori zvishoma nezvishoma zvinopera, mushure mezvo zvinova zvisingagoneki. Iko kusashanda kukuru ndiko kuwedzera kwepakati pakati pemhete nemasilinda, izvo zvinokonzeresa matambudziko nekutanga injini, kushandiswa kwemafuta kunowedzera, simba rinodonha zvakanyanya, uye mafomu ekumanikidza akawandisa mune sump yemafuta. 

Kazhinji, vatyairi vanotarisana nemhedzisiro yakadai sekuitika kwezvindori. Maitiro acho anotsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti nekuda kweinjini kupisa kana kuisa mafuta, mhete dzinorasikirwa nehusimbe, zvinoreva kuti zvivakwa zvese zvezvindori zvarasika.

Kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuitika kwezvindori kunogona kugadziriswa nekuisa injini decarbonization, kudzivirira maitiro aya, shandisa inotevera mitemo:

• edza kushandisa mota kakawanda sezvinobvira, uye zvakaregeredza mitemo yekupisa injini;
• shandisa chete epamusoro-soro injini mafuta pamwe tolerances, maererano kupatsanura imwe injini (kunyanya kana ari Diesel injini ine particulate firita uye chikwata majekiseni);
• usarega injini ichipisa, nekuti mhedzisiro yeiyi inodhura, zvirinani mukushandura mafuta uye chinotonhorera, pamwe nekutsiva humburumbira musoro gasket nekukuya ndege yemusoro.

Usakanganwa kuti hunhu hwemhete hunobatawo kwete chete zviwanikwa, asiwo kupokana nematambudziko anotonhora nemitoro.

Mhedzisiro yepistoni mhete yekupfeka

Mhedzisiro yekupfekedzwa kwemhete yepiston inowanzo fananidzwa nezvimwe zvisakanaka, nekudaro, yepamusoro-soro kuongororwa kunofanirwa kuitwa nenzira yekuyera kumanikidza uye kutarisa kubuda kwemhepo mu humburumbira. 

Mune rumwe ruzivo nezve iyo mhedzisiro:

• kutanga kutonhora kwakaoma. Kana injini isina kudziyirwa, mukaha wakawedzera pakati pepiston uye humburumbira, uye inoderera chete nekuda kwekudziya, zvichiteerana, kuwedzera kwezvikamu zvekuzora. Iko kupfeka kwekutanga kwemhete kunozviratidza chete painjini isina kupisa, mushure meizvozvo injini inomhanya zvine mutsindo. Iwe unogona kucherechedza mhedzisiro nekuda kwehutsi hwebluish pane idle kumhanya;
• kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta nesimba rakaderedzwa. Kuwedzerwa kwemvumo kunoreva kurasikirwa kwezvivakwa zvekumanikidza, izvo zvinoreva kuderera - kuderera kwekushanda, izvo zvinoda mafuta akawanda kuti awane;
• katatu mota. Kudzvinyirira kwakadzika kunoenderana pamwe nekatatu, uye izvi hazvisi chete kusagadzikana kune mutyairi uye vafambi, asi zvakare nekukurumidza kupfeka kweinjini uye zvimwe zvakabatanidzwa.

Iwe unogona kutarisa mamiriro ezvindori nekuisa ruoko rwako kune pombi yekutsvaira kana pepa rakachena, uye kana ukawana tsvina yemafuta, zvinowanzoitika kuti dambudziko riri muzvindori.

Kusarudzwa uye kutsiviwa kwepistoni mhete

Ndokumbira utarise kuti zvakanyanyisa kuora moyo kuchinja mhete dzepiston zvakasiyana nemapiston kune zvinotevera zvinhu:

• panguva yekushanda, humburumbira hunosakara zvisina kuenzana, yozoita elliptical;
• mapistoni anogona zvakare kuumbika, kunyanya kana akanyanyisa kupisa. Piston mhete grooves inogona kukura yakakura, ichiita kuti zvisakwanise kuisa mhete nyowani;
• bhuroko remasilindiri rinofanirwa kupihwa kuti riongororwe, uko mushure mekuzove pachena kana humbwa huri mukati meiyo elliptical shiviriro, kana zvichidikanwa kuisa nyowani hon kana kuti inofinha kune saizi yekugadzirisa inodiwa.

Ndeapi maitiro ekusarudza piston mhete? Kana bhajeti yako isingabvumiri kugadziriswa kukuru kusvika pakakwirira, ipapo iwe unogona kuisa bhajeti pistons, asi nguva dzose mhete dzepamusoro - mazano evanofungisisa vane ruzivo. Kana zviri zvekusarudza zvinhu:

• mutengo. Iyo yakachipa zvindori, iyo yakaderera mhando ivo, uye hapana imwe nzira. Mhete dzakachipa dzakagadzirwa nemhando yakaderera yesimbi yakakandwa, iyo, yatova panguva yekuiswa, inogona kuzviratidza muchimiro chekuputsika kwemhete;
• mugadziri. Ini ndinokurudzira zvakasimba kuti iwe uteerere kune vagadziri vakaita saMahle, Kolbenschmidt, aya makambani epamusoro-soro. Kana iwe uchida kuchengetedza mari pasina kurasikirwa kwakapinza muhunhu, saka tarisa kune akadaro mugadziri seGoetze, Nural, NPR;
• kuoneka kwekavha uye mhete pachawo. Nyatso cherekedza kuti maringi akarongedzwa sei, mhando yekurongedza, kunyangwe paine hologramu, mirairo yekuisirwa, uye maringi acho pachawo akagadzirwa.

Maitiro ekutsiva mhete dzepiston

Nzira yekutsiva zvindori haina kusiyana nekugadzirisa. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti mumotokari dzemazuva ano, nzira ye "kukanda zvindori" haizoperi zvakanaka. Iwe unofanirwa kupa cylinder block yekugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kana zvikaitika kuti zvindori zvinoda kutsiviwa nekukurumidza, nepo piston uye liner zviri mukushivirira, unogona kutsiva zvindori zvakasiyana.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvakafanira kuita kuzere kugadzirisa neiyi nzira:

• disassemble the engine, defect the block, and give the cylinder head for pressure testing;
• mushure mekugamuchira dhata pamusoro pemamiriro emakirinda, tenga iyo boka repiston yeboka kana mhete zvakasiyana;
• unganidza injini uye, zvichienderana nerudzi rwemarin'i, mhanyisa injini yemukati yemoto kune imwe nhamba yemakiromita.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Chii chinonzi mafuta scraper zvindori? Dzinogona kuva dzakasimba kana dzakabatanidzwa. Simbi yakasimba haichanyanyi kuwanda. Idzo dzakaumbwa dzinosanganisira 2 zvindori zvitete zvine radial axial expander.

Ndezvipi zvindori zviripo papiston? Kudzvinyirira, mafuta scraper (yakaonda kumusoro uye pasi) zvindori zvinoiswa papiston. An axial uye radial ring expander yakaiswawo pairi (kana kupatsanurwa zvindori zvichishandiswa).

Ma compression rings ndeei? Vanopa kubatana kwakasimba pakati pepiston uye cylinder madziro. Nerubatsiro rwayo, iyo VTS inochengetwa munzvimbo yakamanikidzwa mukamuri yekupisa. Kazhinji kune zvindori zviviri zvakadaro.

Ndeipi nguva yaunoda kushandura zvindori muinjini? Kana zvindori zvapfekwa, magasi anoputika kubva muhumburumbira achipinda mucrankcase. Injini inotanga kushandisa mafuta akawanda (utsi hwebhuruu kubva papombi yepombi), simba rejini rakaderera zvakanyanya.