Nei injini yedhiziri ichiwedzera mari
Diesel mota dzinowanzotengwa nemapragmatists. Ava ndivo vanhu vanoda kuchengetedza kwete zvakanyanya mukugadzirisa kuitenga, asi mukushanda kwayo kwenguva refu - nekuderedza mari yemafuta. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakaenzana, mafuta edhiziri anogara achidya peturu shoma. Asi nei?
Kana tikatora mota imwechete ine peturu nedhiziri injini ine hunhu hwakafanana, iyo yekupedzisira inogara ichidya 2-3 litita, kana kutosvika pa5 (zvinoenderana nevhoriyamu nesimba) zvishoma peturu pa100 km. Hazvigoneki kuti chero munhu angakahadzika izvi (mutengo wemota pachayo uye nemitengo yekugadzirisa hazvina kutariswa). Uyu muenzaniso wakapusa.
Chii chakavanzika cheinjini yedhiziri? Kuti unzwisise nuances, iwe unofanirwa kutendeukira kune dhizaini enjini nemitemo ye thermodynamics. Iko kune akati wandei nuances uye maficha pano. Injini yedhiziri pachayo ine thermodynamic kutenderera kwakasiyana neinjini yepeturu, iri padhuze nekukwanisa kutenderera kwakaringana kweiyo French fizikisi uye mainjiniya Sadie Carnot. Kubudirira kweinjini yedhiziri kazhinji kunonyanya kukwirira.
Kupisa kwemafuta mumasilinda einjini dzedhiziri hakukonzeri nekupenya kubva kune spark plugs, asi nekuda kwekumanikidza. Kana kune akawanda peturu injini iyo compression reshiyo iri kubva 8,0 kusvika 12,0, zvino yeinjini dzedhiziri inobva pa12,0 kusvika 16,0 uye yakatokwira. Izvi zvinotevera kubva kune thermodynamics kuti iyo yakakwirira yekumanikidza reshiyo, inokwirisa kushanda kwayo. Masilinda haamanikidzire musanganiswa wemafuta emhepo, asi mweya chete. Jekiseni remafuta rinoitika pakarepo mushure mekunge piston yapfuura nzvimbo yakafa - panguva imwe chete nekupisa.
Kazhinji, dhiziri haina vharuvhu (kunyangwe paine zvisaririra, kunyanya munguva pfupi yapfuura). Izvi zvinonyanya kudzora kunonzi kurasikirwa nemweya kurasikirwa mumasirinda. Iri vharafu rinodikanwa neinjini zhinji peturu uye rinoshandisa simba panguva yekushanda. Kana iyo vharuvhu yekuvharira yakavharwa zvishoma, kumwe kuramba kumuka kunoitika mune yekupa mweya system. Injini dzedhiziri kazhinji hadzina dambudziko iri. Uye zvakare, chero injini yemazuva ano yedhiziri haifungidzike isina turbine iyo inopa yakanyanya torque padiki nepadiki.
Pakupedzisira, kushanda kweinjini dzedhiziri kunonyanya kutariswa nehunhu hwemafuta pachayo. Pakutanga, ine yakakwirira yekupisa inoshanda. Mafuta edhiziri anorema kupfuura peturu - paavhareji, anopa 15% mamwe simba kana apiswa. Diesel, kusiyana nepeturu (inoda chiyero che11: 1 kusvika 18: 1 nemhepo), inopisa munenge chero ipi zvayo nemhepo. Injini yedhiziri inopinza mafuta akawanda sezvinodiwa kukunda masimba ekukwesha eboka recylinder-piston, crankshaft uye pombi yemafuta. Mukuita, izvi zvinotungamira mukudzikira kwemafuta ekushandisa pasina basa ne2-3 nguva zvichienzaniswa nepeturu. Izvi zvinotsanangurawo kupisa kusina simba kweinjini dzedizeli panguva yekushanda. Diesel inogara isinganyanyi kushushikana, zvinoreva kuti ine hupenyu hurefu hwakajeka uye torque yakakwirira.
Chii chinowanikwa nemuridzi wedhiziri? Paavhareji, iyi 30% yakawanda mari kupfuura yayo peturu shamwari (maererano nemafuta). Yakasanganiswa neakasiyana geometry turbocharger uye yakajairika njanji system, izvi zvinoguma nemhedzisiro inoshamisa mhedzisiro. Iyo dhiziri mota inomhanyisa mushe kubva pasi revs, ichidya hushoma huwandu hwemafuta. Izvi ndizvo zvinokurudzirwa nenyanzvi kune vanhu vane pragmatic vanoda kufamba-munzira. Mune ese-mavhiri ekutyaira crossovers uye akakomba maSUV, iyi mhando yeinjini inosarudzwa.
