Test drive kuwanikwa kwaCharles Goodyear uye kutadza kwaHenry Ford
Natural rabha inoramba iri chinhu chikuru mumatairi emotokari kusvikira nhasi.
Muzvinyorwa zvevanoongorora veSouth America vakaita saEranando Cortez, unogona kuwana nyaya dzezvizvarwa zvemo vachitamba nemabhora resinisi, ayo avakashandisawo kupfeka zvikepe zvavo. Makore mazana maviri gare gare, musayendisiti wechiFrench akarondedzera muti mudunhu reEsmeralda, uhwo vanhu vepo vaiti heve. Kana zvikaitwa mukati mayo makwati, chena, mukaka-semuto muto unotanga kuyerera uchibuda maari, unova wakaoma uye wakasviba mumhepo. Aive uyu musayendisiti akaunza mabatch ekutanga eiri resini kuEurope, uko kunodaidzwa nemaIndia kuti ka-hu-chu (unoyerera muti). Pakutanga, yaingoshandiswa chete senzira yekudzima yakanyorwa mupenzura, asi zvishoma nezvishoma yakawana mamwe akawanda mashandisirwo. Nekudaro, chikuru kuwanikwa munzvimbo ino ndechaAmerican Charles Goodyear, uyo akashandisa mari yakawanda pazvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvemakemikari ekugadzirisa rabha. Nhoroondo inekuti iro basa rake gurusa, kuwanikwa kwemakemikari maitiro anonzi vulcanization, kwakaitika netsaona kare Dunlop asati atanga kugadzira mweya wekufema. Muma30s, panguva yekuyedzwa kwerabhoritari yeGoodyear, chidimbu cherabha netsaona chakadonha muchikova chesarufa yakanyungudutswa, ichipa hwema husina kujairika. Anofunga kuiferefeta zvakadzama uye obva aona kuti micheto yayo yakapiswa, asi musimboti wave nesimba uye wakasimba. Mushure memazana ezviyero, Goodyear akakwanisa kuona chiyero chakaringana chekusanganisa uye tembiricha iyo irabha inogona kuchinja hunhu hwayo isina kunyungudika kana charring. Goodyear akadhindisa michero yebasa rake papepa rerabha ndokuiputira mune rimwe rakaomarara rakagadzirwa rabha. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvakagadziriswa nenzira iyi yerabha (kana rabha, sezvatingaidaidze, kunyangwe izwi iri richishandiswawo pachigadzirwa chose) rakapinda zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwevanhu, vachishandira kugadzirwa kwepacifiers, shangu, masutu ekudzivirira uye zvichingodaro. Saka nyaya yacho inodzokera kuna Dunlop naMichelin, avo vanoona vhiri iri sechinhu chezvinhu zvavo, uye sezvatichaona, kambani yakanaka yematai ichazotumidzwa zita raGoodyear. Maziso ese ari padunhu rePutumayo, pamuganhu pakati peBrazil, Ecuador, Peru neColombia. Paive ipapo apo maIndia akareba kuchera rabha kubva kuBrazilian hevea kana hevea brasiliensis, sekudanwa kwazvinoita mumasainzi. Yakawanda yerabha reBrazil rave kukohwewa mumusha weParao kweanopfuura makore makumi mashanu, uye ndipo panoenda Michelin, Metzeler, Dunlop, Goodyear uye Firestone kunotenga huwandu hwakawanda hweichi chemashiripiti. Nekuda kweizvozvo, yakakurumidza kuwedzerwa, uye yakakosha njanji njanji makiromita mazana mana yakaunzwa kwairi. Pakarepo, hurumende yechiPortugal yekoloni yakakwanisa kuburitsa mari itsva, uye kugadzirwa kwerabha kwakave chinhu chakakosha. Nekudaro, iyo Hevea iri munzvimbo ino yemusango uye inokura zvisina kujairika, ichipararira pamusoro penzvimbo huru kwazvo. Kuti vakure ivo, zviremera zveBrazil zvakaendesa makumi ezviuru zvevaIndia kunzvimbo dzinobhadhara, zvichiparadza dzimba dzese muBrazil.
Kubva kuBrazil kuenda kuFar East
Zvishoma zverabha yemuriwo iyi zvinobva kuBelgian Congo inotsigirwa neGerman. Nekudaro, shanduko chaiyo mukucherwa kwerabha yechisikigo ibasa revaBritish, vanozotanga kurima migodhi pazvitsuwa zvakakura zvakati seBorneo neSumatra mudunhu reFar Asia-Pacific.
Izvo zvose zvakatanga semugumisiro wekushanda kwepachivande nehurumende yeumambo, iyo yakanga yakaronga kare kudyara miti yerabha mumakoloni eChirungu neDutch muSoutheast Asia, uko mamiriro okunze akafanana neaya eBrazil. Imwe nyanzvi yemiti yeChirungu yakatumirwa kuBrazil uye, nekunyepedzera kutakura maorchid akaputirwa nemoss nemashizha ebhanana, akakwanisa kutengesa kunze kwe70 mhodzi dzehevea. Nenguva isipi 000 mbeu dzakanyatsodyarwa dzakamera muimba yemichindwe paKew Gardens, uye mbesa idzi dzakatakurwa kuCeylon. Ipapo mbesa dzakakura dzakadyarwa muSoutheast Asia, uye nokudaro kurima kwerabha yepanyama kunotanga. Kusvika nanhasi, kudhirowa kuri mubvunzo kwakaiswa pano - inopfuura 3000% yerabha yechisikigo inogadzirwa muSoutheast Asia - muThailand, Malaysia neIndonesia. Zvisinei, ma<em>heve akarongwa mumitsara yakakora yevhu rinorimwa, uye kucherwa kwerabha kunokurumidza zvikuru uye kunobudirira zvikuru kupfuura muBrazil. Pakasvika 80, miti inopfuura mamiriyoni 1909 yakanga ichikura munharaunda yacho, uye kusiyana nevashandi vanodzvinyirira muBrazil, kuchera rabha muMalaya muenzaniso webhizimisi—makambani akarongwa semakambani akabatanidzwa, akarongwa paLondon Stock Exchange, uye mabhindauko akaitwa. kudzoka kwakanyanya. Mukuwedzera, kukohwa kunogona kuitwa gore rose, kusiyana neBrazil, uko ikoku kusingabviri mumwaka wokunaya kwemvura wemwedzi mitanhatu, uye vashandi vomuMalaya vanogara zvakanaka uye vanogamuchira mihoro yakati nani.
Bhizinesi rekuchera rabha rechisikigo rakada kufanana nebhizinesi rekuchera mafuta: musika unowedzera kuwedzera kushandiswa uye unopindura kune izvi nekutsvaga minda mitsva kana kudyara minda mitsva. Zvisinei, vane nguva yekupinda muhurumende, ndiko kuti, vanoda zvishoma 6-8 makore kuti vape goho rekutanga vasati vapinda mumusika uye kuderedza mitengo. Nehurombo, rabha yekugadzira, yatichakurukura pazasi, ndechimwe chezvishoma zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira kemikari isingakwanise kuwana humwe hunokosha hunhu hwepakutanga hwechisikigo uye haisiyi imwe nzira kune iyo. Parizvino, hapana akagadzira zvinhu zvakakwana kuti zvitsive 100%, uye saka misanganiswa inoshandiswa kugadzira matai akasiyana-siyana inosanganisira zviyero zvakasiyana zvechisikigo uye chekugadzira chigadzirwa. Nechikonzero ichi, vanhu vanotsamira zvachose paminda yeAsia, iyo, zvakare, isingabatike. Hevea chirimwa chisina kusimba, uye maBrazilian achiri kuyeuka nguva apo minda yavo yese yakaparadzwa nemhando yakakosha yemusoro - nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, nhasi nyika haisisiri pakati pevagadziri vakuru. Kuedza kurima zvimwe zvirimwa zvekutsiva muEurope neAmerica zvakatadza kusvika parizvino, kwete nekuda kwekurima chete, asiwo nezvikonzero zvetekinoroji - mafekitori ematayi ave kutotanga kushanda zvichiteerana nezvinorema. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, Japan yakatora nzvimbo dzinokura hevea, zvichivamanikidza kudzikisa zvakanyanya kushandisa kwavo mota, kutanga mushandirapamwe wekudzokorodza, uye kutsvaga dzimwe nzira. Chemist inokwanisa kugadzira boka remarubha ekugadzira uye kugadzirisa kushomeka, asi, sezvatakambotaura, hapana musanganiswa unogona kutsiva zvakasarudzika zvemhando yepamusoro. Nechekare mumaXNUMXs, chirongwa chekukura kwakasimba kwemhando yerabha yekugadzira muUnited States yakamiswa, uye indasitiri iyi zvakare yakatsamira pane yakasikwa rabha.
Kuedza kwaHenry Ford
Asi ngatirege kufanoona zviitiko - kumashure kwe20s yezana remakore rapfuura, maAmerica akanga akabatwa nechishuvo chekukura hevea vari voga uye vakanga vasingadi kuramba vachivimba nezvido zveBritish neDutch. Muzvinabhizimisi Harvey Firestone akaedza kurima zvirimwa zverabha zvisina kubudirira mukurudziro yaHenry Ford, uye Thomas Edison akapedza yakawanda yepfuma yake achitsvaga zvimwe zvinomera zvinogona kukura muNorth America. Zvisinei, Henry Ford pachake akatambura zvakanyanya munharaunda iyi. Muna 1927, vakapa mari chirongwa chemamiriyoni akawanda emadhora kuBrazil chinonzi Fordland, uko muRungu Henry Wickman akabudirira kudzura mhodzi dzehevea dzakaunza indasitiri yerabha yekuAsia. Ford yakavaka guta rose rine migwagwa nedzimba, mafekitari, zvikoro nemachechi. Nzvimbo huru dzevhu dzakadyarwa nemamiriyoni embeu dzekutanga dzakaunzwa kubva kuDutch East Indies. Muna 1934, zvose zvakavimbisa kubudirira kwebasa racho. Uye zvino izvo zvisingagadzirisiki zvinoitika - chinhu chikuru ndechekucheka zvirimwa. Sedenda, mugore rimwe chete rinoparadza minda yose. Henry Ford haana kukanda mapfumo pasi uye akaedza kechipiri, pamwero wakatokura, kuvaka guta rakatokura uye kudyara zvimwe zvirimwa.
Mhedzisiro yacho yakafanana, uye hutongi hweFar East semugadziri muhombe wemarabha chaiwo.
Ipapo kwakauya Hondo Yenyika II. MaJapan akatora nzvimbo iyi uye akatyisidzira kuvapo kwese kweAmerican rubber industry. Hurumende iri kuparura chirongwa chihombe chekugadzirisa zvakare zvinhu, asi nyika ichiri kutarisana nekushomeka kwakanyanya kwezvigadzirwa zverabha, zvinosanganisira zvekugadzira. America yakaponeswa nezvibvumirano zvakasarudzika zvenyika uye kushamwaridzana pamusoro pepfungwa yekukurumidza kugadzira indasitiri yekugadzira - pakupera kwehondo, inopfuura 85% yekugadzirwa kwerabha yaive yepakutanga. Panguva iyoyo, chirongwa ichi chakadyira hurumende yeUS mari inosvika mazana manomwe emamiriyoni emadhora uye yaive imwe yebudiriro huru dzeinjiniya dzenguva yedu.
(kutevera)
Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev
