Kutambudzwa kwaRudolf Diesel
Iye akazvarwa muna Kurume 1858 uye akagadzira imwe yeakasika indasitiri.
PaZuva raValentine, Kukadzi 14, 1898, mwanakomana wemuSweden, Emanuel Nobel, akasvika paBristol Hotel muBerlin. Pashure porufu rwababa vake, Ludwig Nobel, akagara nhaka kambani yake yeoiri, yakanga iri hurusa muRussia panguva iyoyo. Emanuel arikunetsekana nekushushikana nekuti dhiri raave kuda kuita rinenge rakakosha kwaari. Mushure mekunge babamunini vake Alfred vafunga kupa nhaka yavo hombe, iyo yaisanganisira kambani hombe inoputika uye chikamu chikuru mukambani yemafuta yeNobel Foundation yaakagadzira, wekupedzisira akatanga kusangana nematambudziko akakura emari, uye akatsvaga marudzi ese emhinduro. . Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, akasarudza kuzivana nomumwe murume akanga atozivikanwa panguva iyoyo ainzi Rudolf Diesel. Nobel anoda kutenga kubva kwaari kodzero dzepatent yekugadzira muRussia ichangobva kugadzirwa yeGerman ichangoburwa injini yekupisa yemukati yeGerman. Emanuel Nobel akagadzirira 800 mamaki egoridhe nekuda kwechinangwa ichi, asi achiri kufunga kuti anogona kutaurirana kuderedzwa kwemutengo.
Zuva rakabatikana zvikuru nokuda kweDiesel - achadya kudya kwemangwanani naFriedrich Alfred Krupp, ipapo achava nemusangano nemubhengi weSweden Markus Wallenberg, uye masikati achazvitsaurira kuna Emanuel Nobel. Zuva rakatevera chairo, mubhengi uye mugadziri aishambadzira vakasaina chibvumirano chakatungamira pakusikwa kwekambani itsva yeSweden injini yedhiziri. Zvisinei, nhaurirano naNobel dzakanyanya kuoma, pasinei nekutaura kwaDiesel kuti weSwede "anonyanya kuda injini yake" kupfuura iye. Kusavimbika kwaEmanuel hakunei neramangwana reinjini - se technocrat haapokane nazvo, asi semuzvinabhizinesi anotenda kuti injini yedhiziri ichawedzera kushandiswa kwese kwemafuta epetroleum. Izvo chete zvigadzirwa zvemafuta zvinogadzirwa nemakambani eNobel. Anongoda kugadzirisa zvinhu.
Nekudaro, Rudolph aisada kumirira uye asingazivikanwe akaudza Nobel kuti kana weSweden akasatambira marongero ake, Diesel aizotengesa patent yake kumukwikwidzi wake John Rockefeller. Chii chinobvumira uyu mainjiniya ane chinzvimbo akatendeuka muzvinabhizimusi kuti atore mubayiro weNobel mubudiriro uye nekuzvishingisa kumira munzira yevanhu vaviri vane simba pasi pano? Hapana imwe yeinjini dzake inogona kumhanya zvakavimbika izvozvi, uye achangobva kusaina kontrakiti nemugadziri wedoro Adolphus Busch yekodzero dzekugadzira chete muUnited States. Zvisinei, kubiridzira kwake kwakabhadhara, uye chibvumirano naNobel chakarohwa.
Makore gumi nemashanu gare gare ...
Nyamavhuvhu 29, 1913. Zuva rematsutso. Paive nemhute gobvu pamuromo weScheldt muNetherlands, uye injini dzemhepo dzechikepe cheDresden dzakapopota nepakati penzvimbo dzavaitakura vachiyambuka English Channel kuenda kuEngland. Ari mubhodhi ndiRudolf Diesel mumwe chete, uyo akatumira mukadzi wake teregiyamu ine tarisiro nguva pfupi isati yasvika yekuti rwendo runouya rwuchabudirira. Zvinoita sezvakadaro. Panenge nguva dzegumi manheru, iye nevamwe vaaishanda navo, George Carels naAlfred Luckmann, vakafunga kuti yaive nguva yekurara, vakakwazisana maoko uye vachidzungaira mumakamuri avo. Mangwanani, hapana anokwanisa kuwana VaDieseri, uye kana vashandi vake vanonetseka vakamutsvaga mukamuri, mubhedha uri mumba make hauna kugadzikana. Gare gare, mutyairi, uyo akazove hama yemutungamiri weIndia, Jawaharlal Nehru, anozorangarira kuti nhanho dzemurume uyu dzakanangiswa sei kunjanji yechikepe. Wemasimbaose chete ndiye anonyatsoziva zvakazoitika. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti pane peji raSeptember 29 mune diary raRudolf Diesel, muchinjikwa mudiki wakanyatso nyorwa mupenzura ...
Mazuva gumi nerimwe gare gare, vafambisi veDutch vakawana mutumbi wemurume anyura. Nekuda kwechitarisiko chayo chinotyisa, kaputeni anochinjisira kunaka kwegungwa, achichengetedza chaanowana mariri. Mazuva mashoma gare gare, mumwe wevanakomana vaRudolf, Eugen Diesel, akavaziva sevana vababa vake.
Murima rakadzika remhute rinopedzisa basa rinovimbisa remusiki wechisikwa chakajeka, chakatumidzwa zita rake "dizeli injini". Nekudaro, kana tikatarisa zvakadzama mukati mechimiro chemuimbi, tinomuwana akatsemurwa mupfungwa nekupokana uye kusava nechokwadi, izvo zvinopa chikonzero chakanaka chekuziva seane chiremera kwete chete tsananguro yekuti angave akabatwa nevashandi veGerman vanoda kudzivirira. kutengesa patents. Humambo hweBritish pamberi pehondo isingadzivisiki, asi Diesel akazviuraya. Kutambudza kwakadzama chinhu chakakosha chenyika yemukati yemugadziri akangwara.
Rudolph akaberekwa muna Kurume 18, 1858 muFrance guta guru Paris. Kuwedzera kwemanzwiro echauvinist muFrance panguva yehondo yeFranco-Prussian yakamanikidza mhuri yake kuenda kuEngland. Nekudaro, mari yavo haina kukwana zvakanyanya, uye baba vake vanomanikidzwa kutumira Rudolph mudiki kune mukoma wemukadzi wake, asiri munhu anongoitika netsaona. Babamunini vaDiesel panguva iyoyo vaive purofesa ane mukurumbira Barnikel, uye nerutsigiro rwake akapedza kudzidza paUniversity School (yainzi Technical School, yava Yunivhesiti yeApplied Sayenzi) muAugsburg, uyezve neUniversity University yeMunich, achigamuchira dhipuroma nerukudzo. ... Kubudirira kwetarenda rechidiki kunoshamisa, uye kushingirira kwaanotungamira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvake kunongokatyamadza vamwe. Diesel inorota yekugadzira yakakwana kupisa injini, asi zvinosemesa, inoguma iri mufiriji fekitori. Muna 1881, akadzokera kuParis nekukoka kwaaimbova chipangamazano wake, Muzvinafundo Karl von Linde, muvambi wemugadziri wechando akatumidzwa zita rake, uye akaisa hwaro hwenzvimbo yanhasi yekutonhodza Linde. Ikoko Rudolph akagadzwa maneja wemuti. Panguva iyoyo, injini dze peturu dzaive dzichangotanga, uye panguva iyi, imwe injini yekupisa yakasikwa. Iyo turbine yemhepo, ichangobva kugadzirwa neFrench Swede De Leval uye muChirungu Parsons, uye iri rakakwirira zvakanyanya mukugona kune injini yemhepo.
Mukufanana nekusimudzirwa kwaDaimler neBenz nemamwe masayendisiti, ivo vari kuyedza kuvaka injini dzinofambiswa neparafini. Panguva iyoyo, vanga vasati vanyatsoziva chimiro chemafuta uye maitiro ayo ekudonhedza (kuputika kwemoto pasi pemamwe mamiriro). Dhiziri anonyatsoongorora zviitiko izvi uye anogamuchira ruzivo nezvezviitiko izvi uye mushure mekuwongorora kwakawanda kunoona kuti chimwe chinhu chakakosha chiri kushayikwa muzvirongwa zvese. Akauya nezano idzva raive rakasiyana zvakanyanya neinowanikwa enjini dzeOtto.
Injini yakanaka yekupisa
“Muinjini yangu, mhepo ichava yakakora zvikuru uye ipapo, panguva yokupedzisira, mafuta achabaiwa,” anodaro injiniya wokuGermany. "Kupisa kwekushisa kuchaita kuti mafuta azvipise, uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hunoita kuti mafuta awedzere." Kwapera gore mushure mekugamuchira patent yepfungwa yake, Diesel akaburitsa bhurocha rine zita rine ruzha uye rinoshoreka "Dzidziso uye kusikwa kweinjini yekupisa inonzwisisika, iyo inofanira kutsiva injini yemhepo uye injini dzinopisa dzemukati zvino dzava kuzivikanwa."
Mapurojekiti aRudolf Diesel akavakirwa panheyo dze thermodynamics. Zvisinei, dzidziso chimwe chinhu uye kuita kwakatosiyana. Diesel harina ruzivo rwekuti richave hunhu hwemafuta ayo ichapinza mumasirinda einjini dzayo. Kutanga, akasarudza kuedza parafini, iyo yaishandiswa zvikuru panguva iyoyo. Nekudaro, iyo yekupedzisira haisiriyo mhinduro kudambudziko - pakuedza kwekutanga, injini yekuyedza yakagadzirwa paAugsburg muchina chirimwa (yava kunzi MAN heavy truck plant) yakabvarurwa, uye imwe pressure geji yakapotsa yauraya mugadziri wacho. kubhururuka masendimita. kubva mumusoro make. Mushure mekuedza kwakawanda kwakakundikana, Diesel achiri kukwanisa kuita kuti muchina wekuyedza ushande, asi mushure mekuita shanduko yekugadzira uye chete paakachinja kushandisa chikamu chinorema chemafuta, chakazonzi "mafuta edhiziri" mushure make.
Vanamuzvinabhizimusi vazhinji vari kutanga kutora hanya nezviwanikwa zveDiesel, uye mapurojekiti ake ave kuda kushandura nyika yeinjini dzinopisa, nekuti injini yake inozonyanya kuita mari.
Uchapupu hweizvi hwakaratidzwa mune imwecheteyo 1898 iyo nhoroondo yedu yakatanga, muMunich, uko Michina Exhibition yakavhurwa, iyo yakava ibwe rekona rekuwedzera kubudirira kweDiesel nemainjini ayo. Kune injini kubva kuAugsburg, pamwe ne20 hp injini. chirimwa Otto-Deutz, iyo inotyaira muchina kunyungudutsa mhepo. Kunyanya kufarira mudhudhudhu inogadzirwa kumafekitori eKrupp - ine 35 hp. uye inotenderedza hydraulic pump shaft, ichigadzira jet yemvura kureba mamita 40. Injini iyi inoshanda pamusimboti weinjini yedhiziri, uye mushure mekuratidzira, makambani eGerman nevekunze anotenga marezinesi ayo, kusanganisira Nobel, anogamuchira kodzero dzekugadzira. injini muRussia. .
Sezvo zvingaita sezvisina musoro, pakutanga injini yedhiziri yakasangana nekupikisa kukuru munyika yayo. Zvikonzero zveizvi zvakaoma, asi zvine hukama nekuti nyika ine akakosha marasha ekuchengetedza uye anenge asina mafuta. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti panguva ino injini yepeturu inoonekwa semotokari huru yemotokari, iyo isina imwe nzira, mafuta edhiziri anozoshandiswa zvakanyanya kumaindasitiri, izvo zvinogona kuitwa zvakare nemarasha-anopfuta marasha. Sezvo anotarisana nevakawanda uye vanoshora muGermany, Diesel inomanikidzwa kusangana nevagadziri vakawanda muFrance, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Russia neAmerica. MuRussia, Nobel, pamwe chete nekambani yeSweden ASEA, vakabudirira kuvaka zvikepe zvevatengesi zvekutanga uye matangi ane injini yedhiziri, uye pakutanga kwezana remakore, yekutanga yeRussia dhiziri yepasi pemvura Minoga uye Shark yakaonekwa. Mumakore akatevera Diesel akaita nhanho huru mukuvandudza injini yake, uye hapana chinogona kumisa nzira yekukunda yezvisikwa zvake - kunyangwe kufa kwemusiki wake. Ichashandura zvifambiso uye chimwe kugadzirwa kwenguva iyo yaisagona kushanda pasina zvigadzirwa zvepetroleum.
Diesel Yakadzikama
Asi, sezvatakambotaura, kune akawanda kupokana kuseri kweiyi façade inoyevedza. Kune rumwe rutivi, izvi ndizvo zvinhu zvenguva iyo zviitiko zvinoitika, uye kune rumwe rutivi, iyo chaiyo chaiyo yaRudolf Diesel. Pasinei nokubudirira kwake, murwendo rwacho muna 1913 akazviwana ava kutotadza kubhadhara zvachose. Kune ruzhinji rwevanhu, Diesel mugadziri ane hungwaru uye anokatyamadza anga atove miriyoni, asi mukuita haagone kuvimba nevimbiso dzebhangi kupedzisa kutengeserana. Pasinei nekubudirira kwake, mugadziri akawira mukuora mwoyo kwakadzika, kana izwi rakadaro raivapo panguva iyoyo. Mutengo waakabhadhara nokuda kwechisiko chake wakakura, uye ari kuwedzera kutambudzwa nepfungwa yokuti vanhu vanohuda here. Panzvimbo pokugadzirira mharidzo dzake, anobatikana nepfungwa dziripo uye anoverenga “basa rakaoma asi rinogutsa kusingaperi” (mumashoko ake pachake). Muimba yake yaiva mungarava inonzi Dresden, mawanwa bhuku rouyu muzivi, umo tepi yokumaka yesirika yakaiswa pamapeji apo mashoko anotevera aigona kuwanwa: “Vanhu vakaberekerwa muurombo, asi nemhaka yetarenda ravo, pakupedzisira chinzvimbo chavanowana, vanenge vanogara vachiuya kuzvifungira kuti tarenda ndiyo musimboti usingapindiki wemari yavo, uye zvinhu zvenyama zvinongori chikamu chinosungirwa. Vanhu vamwe chete ava vanowanzo pedzisira vave muhurombo hwakanyanya. ” …
Dieseri rinoziva here hupenyu hwake mupfungwa yemazwi aya? Vana vake Eugen naRudolf pavakavhura homwe yemhuri pamba muBogenhausen, vakawana mamaki zviuru makumi maviri chete mairi. Zvimwe zvese zvinodyiwa neanopenga hupenyu hwemhuri. Mari yegore negore yepamusoro ye90 Reichmark inoenda kuimba hombe. Zvikamu mumakambani akasiyana hazviunze mubairo, uye kudyara muminda yemafuta yeGalician kunozova mabharoni.
Vairarama panguva imwe chete naDiesel vakazobvuma kuti pfuma yake yakanyangarika nokukurumidza sezvazvairatidzika, kuti akanga akachenjera sezvaaizvikudza uye ane udyire, kuti haana kufunga kuti zvakakodzera kukurukura nyaya nevapi vezvemari. . Kuzviremekedza kwake kwakanyanyisa kubvunza chero munhu. Diesel inototora chikamu mukutengeserana kwekufungidzira, uye izvi zvinotungamira mukurasikirwa kukuru. Uduku hwake, uye kunyanya baba vasingazivikanwi vanoita basa rekufamba muzvinhu zviduku zvakasiyana-siyana, asi vanoonekwa semumiririri wemamwe marudzi emasimba evatorwa, zvichida zvakanyanya kukanganisa unhu hwake. Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Diesel pachake, uyo akazova kupesana kwemaitiro aya (zvikonzero zvemaitiro akadaro zviri mumunda we psychoanalysis), akati: "Handichina chokwadi kana pane bhenefiti kubva pane zvandakawana. muhupenyu hwangu. Handizivi kana mota dzangu dzaita kuti hupenyu hwevanhu huve nani. Ini handina chokwadi nezve chero chinhu. ”…
Iyo pedantic odhi yeGerman injinjini haigone kuronga zvisingatsanangurike kutenderera nekutambudzika mumweya wake. Kana injini yayo ikapisa donhwe rega, mugadziri wayo anopisa ...
Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev
