Edzai Dhiraivha Mashiripiti Moto: Nhoroondo yeCompressor Engineering II

Chikamu chechipiri chenhevedzano: Nguva ye compressors - yapfuura uye yazvino

“Karl akaita mabhureki asingazive uye maBuick akatipfuura zvishoma nezvishoma. Mapapiro akapenya akapenya aikambaira achitipfuura. Chidembo chakasvipa hutsi hwebhuruu zvine ruzha kumeso kwedu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, Buick yakawana inosvika makumi maviri metres yemutobvu, uye ipapo, sezvataitarisira, kumeso kwemuridzi kwakabuda pahwindo, vachinyemwerera nekukunda.

Akafunga kuti akunda ... Akatipa zviratidzo kunyanya zvakadzikama, aine chivimbo mukukunda kwake. Panguva iyoyo, Karl akasvetuka. Compressor yakaputika. Uye pakarepo ruoko rwakazunguzirwa kubva pahwindo rwakanyangarika pakagamuchira Karl kukokwa ndokuuya. Akauya asingadzoreke.

1938 Erich Maria Remarque. "Makomuredhi matatu". Rudo rwakarasika, mweya wakaora mwoyo, uye kukosha kwezvinhu zvishomanana zvishoma zvinotiyeuchidza kuti tinoonga zvinhu zviri nyore chete kana zvinopera zvakanaka uye zvisingachinjiki. Inovhero nezve rombo rekugara pano uye ikozvino, kukwasva mashoma emafaro ehupenyu, nyanzvi pamusoro pehukuru hwehunhu hwevanhu uye ... Carl imota ine mwero ego, asi ine mweya usina muganhu.

Makomuredhi matatu akaburitswa panguva yakachinja munhoroondo yevanhu muna 1938. Mwedzi mishoma mushure mekuburitswa, musi waGunyana 1, 1939, zuva iro mota dzeGrand Prix dzakakwikwidza mumujaho unotyisa weYugoslav Grand Prix, matangi eGerman akayambuka muganhu akapinda muPoland uye akatungamira vanhu kukuwa kukuru kwazvo. Iri zuva rinoratidza kupera kwenguva mune indasitiri yemotokari. Iyo nguva yeacompressors iri kusvika kumagumo.

Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, izwi rakanyatso nyorwa reGerman rekuti "Kompressor" raioneka pamamodeli mazhinji eMercedes. Ehezve, zvingave zviri nyore kwazvo kushandisa chirevo chakareruka senge CDI kana CGI, asi chiperengo chekuperesa chezwi rese hachina njodzi mune ino kesi. Pasina iyo, yakawanda yekushambadzira ingadai yakarasika dai dambudziko raive rekurangarira iyo nguva ine mbiri muhupenyu hwomutengesi wemotokari, apo zvese zvaive zvakavakirwa paKompressor oder Nichts motto ("compressor kana chinhu").

Iyo acronym TSI pane yepurasitiki hood yeVW Golf GT muna 2005 yaive yakanyanya kudzorwa uye isingareve kuvaka mabhiriji kune imwe nhaka inoyevedza. Kunyanya kuzvininipisa zvirokwazvo haisi imwe yehunhu hweVW, uye mugadziri weWolfsburg aisapotsa mukana wekuyeuka zvimwe zvekubudirira kwayo, asi mune iyi nyaya, iyo TSI label yaifanira kuratidza hunyanzvi avant-garde, kwete tsika. Iyo tekinoroji fomula yakashandiswa nevainjiniya veVW yaive diki sepfungwa, yakaoma sekuita - injini diki (munyaya iyi, 1,4 malita chete) inopa yakanakisa simba rekuita uye rinokatyamadza simba re170 hp. nekuda kwetandem ye turbocharger ine simba uye diki asi inoshanda mechanicha unit inozadza "gomba" rakaparadzwa nesimba guru re turbocharger uye rinoita semhando yedope pakatarisana nekutanga injini kutadza. Uye patakafunga kuti pfungwa yacho yakanga yabudirira, mutsara mutsva wemainjini maviri-lita wakapinda munzvimbo. Volvo, iyo ine simba zvakanyanya iyo ine yakafanana refueling system ine mechanical uye turbocharger. Zvese izvi zvinotikurudzira kuti tidzokere kunhoroondo uye tiyeuke ma prototypes arikure emazuva ano einjiniya masterpieces. Hongu, hunyanzvi, nekuti kukwidziridzwa kweVolvo kwakaisa zvakare pachirongwa chinonakidza chehunyanzvi mhinduro yakashandiswa zvakabudirira mumotokari inodhura kwazvo makumi maviri apfuura. Spear Delta S4.

Sezvambotaurwa, hapana chakaomarara kana kusanzwisisika nezve pfungwa yepfungwa yeVW neVolvo injini. Isu takagara kwenguva refu kuburikidza neayo neuralgic theme yemitengo yakakwira yemafuta uye iyo yakaoma seti yematambudziko anosangana nevemagadziri emotokari emazuva ano mukuda kwavo kugadzira ese akasimba uye anoshanda mafuta powertrains.

Chamupupuri chemafaro ehunyanzvi hachina kukwanisa kupfuudza macompressors mumhando dzawo mbiri. Zvakare, nhasi turbocharger vari pakati pevatambi vepamusoro mumujaho weunyanzvi hwekuita, vachiwedzera huni hutsva kumoto wenyaya yekare yakatangira muna 1885 ...

Rudolph Diesel uye compressor michina

Pane chimwe chinhu chekunaka kwekunzwa kwekupedzisira kwezana ramakore rechi 1896 nezve yekutanga yemukati-injini mota. Zvisinei, vadziki vavo vakanga vasiri “vanoda chinzvimbo” uye vasingazivi “ma<em>alchemists” uye vanopenga vanoedza, asi kazhinji vanhu vakadzidza zvikuru vane zvigadzirwa zvakavakirwa pahwaro hwakakomba hwesayenzi. Ndiro hwaro hweruzivo hwakasimba hunomutsa mupfungwa dzaGottlieb Daimler pfungwa yekushongedza injini dzake dzepeturu neparafini nemuchina wekunze wecompressor. Zvinosuruvarisa, kuedza kwake kwekutanga munzira iyi hakuna kubudirira, uye pakupedzisira akasiya imwe budiriro. Sezviri pachena, panguva iyoyo, mikana yepre-compressing mweya mutsva inopinda mumasilinda yakanga iri duku zvikuru - zvakakwana kutaura kuti Daimler zvakare akabatanidzwa mukutsvakurudza kwakasimba munharaunda iyi mushure mekupera kweHondo Yenyika Yokutanga. Nzira yaRudolf Diesel yakafanana. Panguva imwe cheteyo yaaiedza kufambisa zvibvumirano zvake mukambani huru yemafuta uye akazopedzisira azvitengesa zvinodhura uye zvinodhura kuhama dzeSweden dzeNobel dzinoshanda muminda yemafuta yeRussia yeCaucasus, akadhirowa madhayagiramu uye akafunga nzira yekuenderera mberi. kunatsiridza kugona kwayo. Chinhu chidiki chinozivikanwa nhasi ndechekuti Diesel yakaisa precompression unit pane yayo yechipiri laboratory sample, ichishanda paMAN Development base muAugsburg, uye muna Zvita XNUMX nhevedzano yeinjini dzedhiziri dzakashongedzerwa nemacompressor dzakaonekwa.

Zvizhinji gare gare, basa remubatsiri mukuru weinjini yedhiziri richaitwa neyekuzadza turbocharger, nekuda kwekuti kugadzirwa kwaRudolf Diesel kuchakwira kusvika pachinzvimbo chayo chazvino. Yekutanga yekuyedza injini dzeRudolf Diesel dzine michina compressor yakacherekedza kuwedzera kwakatarisirwa kwesimba, asi kubva pakunyatso kuona, zvinhu zvaive zvisina kusimba kudaro. Dhiziri, iro iro iro injini yeinjini yakakosha kwazvo, inoongorora mhedzisiro yezviedzo zvaro seyakaipa. Kune akangwara mainjiniya, ivo vanova mhedziso uye isingaputsike enigma, zvinopesana nemitemo yake inozivikanwa ye thermodynamics. Achipedza kuyedza kwake munzvimbo iyi, akanyora zvinotevera mubhuku rake rezvinyorwa: Kuedza kwakaitwa muna Ndira 28, 1897, uye kuenzanisa nezvakaitwa kare musi wa12 Ndira, kwakamutsa mubvunzo wemhedzisiro yekukonzeresa. "Zviri pachena kuti izvi zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya, saka kubva zvino zvichienda mberi tinofanira kusiya pfungwa iyi toisa pfungwa painjini yechina-humburumbira ine mweya wakachena unobva mudenga muchimiro chazvino." Tenda Mwari, genesi Diesel rakakanganisa zvakanyanya pano! Gare gare zvakazoitika kuti yakanga isiri iyo pfungwa yekumanikidzwa kuzadza iyo yaive yakaipa, asi nzira yekumisikidza kwayo….

Compressor injini dzedhiziri pazvikepe

Mushure mekuedza kusina kubudirira kwaRudolf Diesel uye mhedziso dzisina kururama dzakavatevera, vagadziri kwenguva yakareba vakasiya kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa chakadaro chekumanikidzirwa kwekuwedzera kwemhepo yakachena, vachivimba chete nemhepo yakasikwa yemhepo. Iyo chete nzira yechokwadi uye yakapupurirwa yekuwana simba rakawanda panguva iyoyo yaive yekuwedzera yekutamisa uye yekumhanyisa nhanho, sezvo iyo yekupedzisira iri tekinoroji inogoneka. Iyo mhute yekunyepedzera yakagara kwemakumi maviri emakore, kudzamara tekinoroji yasvika padanho raidiwa, uye kambani yeMAN injini kubva kuguta reGerman reAugsburg yakaisa pfungwa iyi pachirongwa. Somugumisiro wekushanda kwakasimba kwekambani mukutanga kwe20s yezana remakore rapfuura, mayuniti ekutanga-akagadzirwa nedhiziri ane kumanikidzirwa kwekuwedzera mafuta achishandisa mechanical compressor akaonekwa. Muna 1924 pakanga patove nengarava dzine injini yedhiziri ye compressor, pakati payo munhu anogona kuwana inonakidza tekinoroji mhinduro umo macompressors asingafambisirwe akananga kubva ku crankshaft, asi kubva kune akanyatso gadziridzwa mota dzemagetsi (wakaona kufananidzwa neV8 yanhasi dhiziri paAudi) , semhedzisiro inowedzera simba ravo kubva pachiyero 900 kusvika 1200 hp. Ehe, muzviitiko zvese izvi tiri kutaura nezve mechanically driven units - kunyangwe pakutanga kwezana ramakore pfungwa yegasi compressor yaive patented, panguva yainozoitwa muma serial modhi, ichave nguva refu. . Iko kunonoka zvakanyanya kukura kwecompressor tekinoroji kunokonzerwa nezvikonzero zviviri zvikuru - kusaziva kusaziva kwemaitiro epeturu nehunhu hwavo hwekugogodza uye kusava nechokwadi nezvekushanda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemayuniti e compressor.

Kuzadza injini dzemafuta kwakatanga muna 1901, apo Sir Dugald Clerk (uyo aive mumwe wemapiyona emainjini maviri, nenzira) akafunga kushandisa pombi kumanikidza mweya mutsva mumakamuri emoto. injini ine hukuru hukuru. Mabharani anotora matambudziko einjini kupisa zvakanyanya uye nesainzi, uye nechishandiso ichi chinotsvaga nemaune kugadzirisa kugona kweiyo thermodynamic kweinjini. Nekudaro, pakupedzisira, iye, saDhizeri pamberi pake, akangokwanisa chete kuwedzera simba rake.

Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa Midzi compressors nhasi akavakirwa pane yekupompa chishandiso patent naFrank naPhilander Midzi yeIndiana muma1907s. Nhungamiro yekushanda kweiyo Midzi yuniti inokweretwa kubva pagiya pombi yakagadzirwa muzana ramakore zana naJohannes Kepler, uye kuyedza kwekutanga kwaGottlieb Daimler nemainjiniya wake mukuru Wilhelm Maybach kwaive kwakavakirwa paRoot compressors. Mhedzisiro inokatyamadza zvikuru yemakaniki ekuzadza kwakanaka, zvisinei, inouya kubva kuAmerican Lee Chadwick, uyo muna 100 akaisa compressor pane hofori nhanhatu-humburumbira injini yemota yake, iyo yekumhanyisa yekushanda iyo inopetwa kapfumbamwe kumhanya kweye crankshaft. Nekudaro, Chadwick yakawana kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwesimba, uye mota yake yakave yekutanga pasi rose kusvika padanho rakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo re80 mamaira paawa. Ehezve, mumazuva ekutanga eiyi tekinoroji, vagadziri vazhinji vakaedza nemamwe marudzi akasiyana emakomputa komputa senge centrifugal uye vane. Pakati pemashandisirwo epatent anogona kuwanikwa iye anotungamira iwo anotenderera episton compressor, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muXNUMX-ies yezana ramakore rapfuura nemakambani akati wandei, pamwe neane compressor naArnold Theodor Zoller.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, kumanikidzwa kuzadza kunoruramisa iyo inotarisirwa kuwedzera mumatemba emagetsi uye inoshanduka kuve chishandiso chakanakisa chekuvandudza masimba ane simba ezvikamu zvakagadzirwa kare.

Asi motokari dzakanga dzisiri ivo chete vatsigiri vayo - kare muna 1913, injini dzemotokari dzine compressor dzaive dzatovepo, uye munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, kubhadharisa kwekumanikidzirwa kwakava nzira yakanaka yekubhadhara mhepo isingawanzoitiki mundege yakakwirira.

(kutevera)

Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev