Ndiani akatamisa conveyor
Mitsara yekugadzira iri kushanda zvakare, uye ichi chikonzero chekurangarira musiki wavo
Gumiguru 7, 1913 mune imwe yemahoro eiyo Highland Park mota chirimwa. Ford inotangisa mutambo wekutanga wekugadzira mota. Ichi chinyorwa kuratidza kwekuremekedza kwemaitiro ekugadzira matsva akagadzirwa naHenry Ford, uyo akachinja indasitiri yemotokari.
Sangano rekugadzirwa kwemotokari nhasi inzira yakaoma zvikuru. Gungano remotokari pafekitari i15% yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa. Chikamu che85 muzana chasara chinosanganisira kugadzirwa kwechimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvinodarika zviuru gumi uye kuungana kwavo kusati kwasvika muzvikamu zana zvezvakanyanya kukosha zvekugadzira, izvo zvino zvinotumirwa kumutsetse wekugadzira. Iyo yekupedzisira inoitwa nenhamba huru yevatengesi (semuenzaniso, zviuru makumi mana muVW) vanoita yakaomesesa uye inoshanda kwazvo yakarongeka ketani yemagadzirirwo ekugadzira, kusanganisira kuburitsa kwakaringana uye kunoenderana nenguva (iyo inonzi inongoitika-mu-nguva maitiro. ) yezvikamu uye vatengesi. nhanho yekutanga neyechipiri. Kuvandudzwa kwemuenzaniso wega wega kunongova chikamu chekuti inosvika sei kune vatengi. Huwandu hukuru hwemainjiniya vanobatanidzwa mukuronga magadzirirwo ekugadzira anoitika munzvimbo yakafanana, kusanganisira zviito kubva mukuronga kupihwa kwezvikamu kumusangano wavo wepanyama mufekitori nerubatsiro rwevanhu nemarobhoti.
Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira kunokonzerwa nemakore angangoita 110 ekushanduka-shanduka, asi Henry Ford akaita mupiro mukuru pakusikwa kwayo. Ichokwadi kuti paakagadzira sangano razvino, Ford Model T yakatanga kuiswa yakanga iri nyore kwazvo, uye zvikamu zvayo zvakada kubudiswa zvachose nekambani pachayo, asi nzvimbo imwe neimwe yesayenzi ine mapiyona ayo akaisa nheyo dzinenge dzisingaoni. . Henry Ford acharamba achidzika munhoroondo semurume akafambisa America - kare zvisati zvaitika muEurope - nekubatanidza motokari yakapfava uye yakavimbika nekugadzirwa kwakanaka kwakaderedza mari.
Piyona
Henry Ford aigara achitenda kuti kufambira mberi kwevanhu kwaizofambiswa nekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika zvichibva mukugadzirwa, uye akavenga mafomati ese ekufungidzira. Zvisingashamisi, anopikisa akadaro hupfumi hunhu huchave hukuru, uye kutsvaga kwekuita uye kugadzirwa kwetambo yekugadzira chikamu chebudiriro rake nyaya.
Mumakore ekutanga eindasitiri yemotokari, mota dzaiunganidzwa zvine hungwaru nevanyanzvi vane hunyanzvi uye kazhinji mainjiniya mumashopu emabasa ekuzvininipisa. Kusvika izvi, vanoshandisa michina inozivikanwa nanhasi yaishandiswa kuunganidza ngoro nemabhasikoro. Kazhinji, muchina uri munzvimbo yakamira, uye vashandi nezvikamu vanofamba nawo. Michina yekudhinda, mabhorosi, michina yekumonera yakarongedzwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye zvigadzirwa zvega zvakapera uye zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa pamabhenji ebasa, uyezve zvinofanirwa "kufamba" kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe uye kumota pachayo.
Zita raHenry Ford harigone kuwanikwa pakati pemapiyona eindasitiri yemotokari. Asi zvaive kuburikidza nemubatanidzwa wekugadzira waHenry Ford akasarudzika manejimendi, kuronga, uye dhizaini kugona kuti mota ikava chinhu chakakura nekumhanyisa nyika yeAmerica. Iyo ine chikwereti chinzvimbo chayo chakakosheswa kwaari uye nemazana evamwe vafambi vanofambira mberi, uye wekutanga-wezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri Model T yakapa hunhu hunobatika kuchimiro chanhasi chekuti mota inogona kuve inodikanwa, kwete hazvo humbozha. Iyo mota inotamba chinzvimbo chikuru mune iyi, iyo Model T, haina kupenya nechero chinhu chakakosha, kunze kwekureruka kunoshamisa uye simba. Nekudaro, nzira dzaHenry Ford dzekugadzira mota iyi zvakanyatsoita dzakazova hwaro hwedzidziso yechimurenga.
Pakazosvika 1900, pakanga paine makambani anodarika mazana matatu aigadzira mota dzine injini dzemoto dzepasi pasi, uye nyika dzaitungamira mubhizinesi iri dzaive USA, France, Germany, England, Italy, Belgium, Austria neSwitzerland. Panguva iyoyo, indasitiri yemafuta yakanga ichisimukira nekumhanyisa kwazvo, uye ikozvino America yanga isiri chete mugadziri mukuru wegoridhe nhema, asiwo mutungamiriri wezve tekinoroji munzvimbo ino. Nekuda kweizvozvo, alloy inokwana kudzikama inoumbwa kurasa kuvandudza kweindasitiri yeAmerica.
Vanhu veAmerica mota
Pane imwe nzvimbo mune iyi nyonganiso, zita raHenry Ford rinoonekwa. Akatarisana nekushorwa nevashandi vekambani yake yekutanga nekuda kwechido chake chekugadzira mota inoshanda, yakavimbika, yakachipa uye yekugadzira, muna 1903 akatanga kambani yake, yaakadaidza kuti Ford Motor Company. Ford akavaka mota kuhwina mujaho, akaisa bhasikoro remazuva masere kuseri kwevhiri, uye akaunganidza nyore nyore zviuru zana zvemadhora kubva kuvashambadzi vane mutsa pakutangisa kwake; hama dzeDodge dzinobvuma kumuwanisa injini. Muna 100, aive akagadzirira nemotokari yake yekutanga yekugadzira, iyo yaakatumidza kuti Ford Model A. Mushure mekutanga mhando dzinoverengeka dzinodhura, akafunga kudzokera kuzano rake rekutanga rekugadzira mota inozivikanwa. Nekutenga chikamu chemasheya evanogovana navo, anowana kukwana kwemari kugona uye zvinzvimbo mukambani kutanga yake yekugadzira.
Ford ishiri isingawanzowanikwi kunyangwe nekunzwisisa kwakasununguka kwevaAmerica. Ticklish, anoda chinzvimbo, aive nemafungiro ake nezve bhizinesi remotokari, iro panguva iyoyo raisiyana zvakanyanya nemaonero evakwikwidzi vake. Muchando cha1906, akarenda kamuri mufekitari yake yeDetroit uye akapedza makore maviri nevamwe vake vachigadzira nokuronga kugadzirwa kweModel T. Motokari yakazovapo somugumisiro webasa rakavanzika reboka reFord yakachinja. . mufananidzo weAmerica zvachose. Nemadhora mazana masere nemakumi maviri nemashanu, mutengi weModel T anogona kuwana mota inorema 825kg ine injini ine simba 550hp four-cylinder iri nyore kutyaira nekuda kwepedal-operated two-speed planetary transmission. Nyore, yakavimbika uye yakasununguka, mota diki inofadza vanhu. Iyo Model T yaivewo mota yekutanga yekuAmerica kugadzirwa kubva kune yakareruka vanadium simbi, iyo yakanga isingazivikanwe kune vamwe vanogadzira mhiri kwemakungwa panguva iyoyo. Ford yakaunza nzira iyi kubva kuEurope, uko yaishandiswa kugadzira matoyi emhando yepamusoro.
Mumakore ekutanga, Model T yakagadzirwa semamwe mota dzese. Zvisinei, kufarira kuri kuramba kuchikura uye kudiwa kuri kuwedzera kwakaita kuti Ford itange kugadzira chirimwa chitsva, pamwe nekuronga hurongwa hwekugadzira hunobudirira. Muchidimbu, haatsvage kutsvaga chikwereti, asi kuwana mari yezvaanoita kubva kumari yake. Kubudirira kwemotokari kwakamubvumira kuisa mari mukusikwa kwechirimwa chakasiyana-siyana muHighland Park, yakatumidzwa naRockefeller pachake, ane magadzirirwo emugadzirirwo wekugadzirwa kwemazuva ano "chishamiso cheindasitiri chenguva yayo." Chinangwa cheFord ndechekuita kuti mota ive nyore uye nyore sezvinobvira, uye kutenga zvikamu zvitsva zvinobatsira pane kuzvigadzirisa. Yakareruka modhi T ine injini ine giya bhokisi, yakapusa furemu uye muviri, uye maviri ekutanga axles.
7 октября 1913 г.
Mumakore ekutanga, kugadzirwa kweichi chine nhurikidzwa ina chakarongwa kubva kumusoro pasi. "Inodzika" kubva pauriri hwechina (panowanikwa furemu) kuenda kuimba yechitatu, uko vashandi vanoisa injini nemabhiriji. Mushure mekunge kutenderera kwapera pauriri hwechipiri, mota nyowani dzinokwidza rampu yekupedzisira ichipfuura mahofisi pane yepasi pekutanga. Kugadzira kwakakwira zvakanyanya mune yega yega yemakore matatu, kubva 19 muna 000 kusvika 1910 muna 34, ichisvika inoshamisa 000 mayuniti muna 1911. Uye uku kungori kutanga, nekuti Ford iri kutotyisidzira "kudzikisira mota."
Kufunga nezve maitirwo ekugadzirwa kwakanyatsoita, netsaona anopedzisira aenda kunourayirwa, kwaanotarisa nharembozha yekucheka nyama yemombe. Nyama yechitunha yakaturikwa pazvikokovonho zvinofamba munzira, uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuuraya, vabheki vanoipatsanura kusvikira pasisina chinhu.
Ipapo imwe pfungwa yakauya mumusoro make, uye Ford yakafunga kudzoreredza maitiro. Mune mamwe mazwi, izvi zvinoreva kugadzira tambo huru yekugadzira inofamba, iyo inofambiswa nemimwe mitsara yakabatana nayo nechibvumirano. Nguva ine basa - chero kunonoka mune chero chinhu cheperipheral zvinhu kunononoka iyo huru.
Pana October 7, 1913, boka reFord rakagadzira rwonzi rwakapfava rwegungano rokupedzisira muhoro huru yefekitari, kubatanidza hwindi netambo. Pazuva iri, vashandi zana nemakumi mana vakamira anenge mamita makumi mashanu emutsetse wekugadzira, uye muchina wacho wakadhonzwa pasi newinji. Pane imwe neimwe nzvimbo yekushanda, chikamu chechimiro chinowedzerwa kwairi nenzira yakanyatsotsanangurwa. Kunyangwe neichi hunyanzvi, chirongwa chekupedzisira chegungano chinoderedzwa kubva pamaawa gumi nemaviri kusvika pasi pematatu. Mainjiniya vanotora basa rekukwenenzvera musimboti weconveyor. Ivo vanoyedza nemhando dzese dzesarudzo - nezvireyi, zvigubhu, mabhandi ekutakura, kukweva chassis patambo uye kushandisa mazana emamwe mazano. Pakupedzisira, mukutanga kwaJanuary 140, Ford yakagadzira iyo inonzi isingaperi cheni conveyor, iyo chassis yakatamira kune vashandi. Mwedzi mitatu gare gare, hurongwa hwepamusoro hwemurume hwakagadzirwa, umo zvikamu zvose uye bhanhire rinotakura riri pachiuno chechiuno uye rakarongeka kuitira kuti vashandi vaite basa ravo pasina kutamisa makumbo avo.
Mhedzisiro yezano rakajeka
Somugumisiro, kare muna 1914, vashandi 13 260 veFord Motor Company vakaunganidza motokari 720 66 munhamba nemashoko. Kuenzanisa, mune yakasara indasitiri yemotokari, vashandi 350 vanogadzira 286 mota. Muna 770, Ford Motor Company yakagadzira 1912 Model Ts, 82 imwe neimwe. Muna 388, kugadzirwa kweModel T kwakawedzera kusvika pa600 uye mutengo wakaderera kusvika pamadhora mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu.
Vazhinji vanopomera Ford mhosva yekusandura vanhu kuita michina, asi kune vemaindasitiri mufananidzo wakasiyana zvachose. Kunyanya kutonga kunoshanda uye kusimudzira kunobvumira avo vanokwanisa kutora chikamu muhurongwa hwekuita, uye vashoma vakadzidza uye vasina kudzidziswa vashandi - iyo nzira pachayo. Kuti vaderedze kudzoka, Ford yakaita sarudzo yakashinga uye muna 1914 yakawedzera muhoro wayo kubva pamadhora 2,38 pazuva kusvika pamadhora 1914. Pakati pa1916 ne30, pakupera kweHondo Yenyika I, purofiti yekambani yakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri kubva pamamiriyoni makumi matanhatu emadhora kusvika kumamiriyoni makumi matanhatu emadhora, masangano evashandi akaedza kupindira munhau dzeFord, uye vashandi vayo vakava vatengi vezvigadzirwa zvavo. Zvavanotenga zvinobudirira kudzorera chikamu chemuhoro wehomwe, uye kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kunoita kuti mari yehomwe irambe yakaderera.
Kunyangwe muna 1921, Model T yakabata 60% yemusika mutsva wemotokari. Panguva iyoyo, dambudziko reFord chete raive rekugadzira mamwe emota idzi. Kuvakwa kwechirimwa chihombe chepamusoro-soro kunotanga, icho chinozounza yakatonyanya kushanda nzira yekugadzira - iyo ichangoburwa-mu-nguva maitiro. Asi iyo imwe nyaya.
Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev
