Injini crank mashini: mudziyo, chinangwa, mashandiro ayo

In injini dzemukati dzemoto, pane nzira mbiri dzinoita kuti zvikwanise kufambisa mota. Iko kugovera gasi uye crank. Ngatitarisei pane chinangwa cheKShM uye chimiro chayo.

Chii chinonzi injini crank mashandiro

Pasi peKShM zvinoreva seti yezvipenga zvikamu izvo zvinoumba imwechete unit. Mariri, musanganiswa wemafuta nemhepo mune chimwe chikamu chinopisa uye chinoburitsa simba. Iyo michina ine maviri mapoka ezvikamu zvinofamba:

• Kuita mutsetse kufamba - iyo pisitoni inokwira kumusoro / pasi musilinda;
• Kuita kutenderera mafambiro - crankshaft uye zvikamu zvakaiswa pairi.

Pfundo rinobatanidza mhando mbiri dzezvikamu rinokwanisa kushandura imwe mhando yesimba kuita imwe. Kana mota ichishanda yakazvimiririra, kugoverwa kwemauto kunoenda kubva mukati meinjini yekutsva kuenda kune chassis. Dzimwe mota dzinobvumira simba kuti riendeswe kumashure kubva kumavhiri kuenda kumota. Kudiwa kweizvi kungamuka, semuenzaniso, kana zvisingaiti kutanga injini kubva kubhatiri. Mechanical transmission inokubvumira kuti utange motokari kubva kune pusher.

Chii chinonzi injini crank mashandiro?

KShM inoisa dzimwe nzira, pasina iyo zvingaite kuti mota iende. Mune mota dzemagetsi, mota yemagetsi, nekuda kwesimba raanowana kubva kubhatiri, anobva agadzira kutenderera kunoenda kune yekufambisa shaft.

Iko kusakosha kwemagetsi emagetsi ndechekuti vane diki magetsi chengetedzo. Kunyangwe ivo vanogadzira vanogadzira mota dzemagetsi vakakwidza bhawa iyi kusvika mazana mazana emakiromita, ruzhinji rwevatyairi havana mukana wekutenga mota dzakadai nekuda kwemutengo wavo wakakwira.

Mhinduro yakachipa chete, nekuda kwekuti zvinokwanisika kufamba nzendo refu uye nekumhanya, imota ine injini yemoto yemukati. Iyo inoshandisa simba rekuputika (kana kuti zvirinani kuwedzera shure kwayo) kumisikidza zvikamu zveiyo cylinder-piston boka.

Chinangwa cheKShM ndechekuona yunifomu kutenderera kweye crankshaft panguva yeanodzokororwa kufamba kwepiston. Kutenderera kwakakodzera hakusati kwaitika, asi pane shanduko kune maitikiro anoderedza majegi anokonzerwa nekukasira kwepiston. 12-humburumbira injini ndiwo muenzaniso izvi. Iyo yekumusoro yekumisikidzwa kweiyo cranks mavari ishoma, uye iko kuita kweboka rese rezvigadziri kunogoverwa pamusoro pehuwandu hukuru hwenguva.

Nheyo yekushanda kweiyo crank mashandiro

Kana iwe ukatsanangura musimboti wekushanda kweiyi michina, saka unogona kufananidzwa nemaitiro anoitika kana uchichovha bhasikoro. Mutyairi wemabhasikoro anotsimbirira pamabatiro, achifambisa dhiraivha kutenderera.

Kufamba kwakatsetseka kwepistoni kunopihwa nekupisa kweBTC musilinda. Munguva yekukwirisa (iyo HTS yakamanikidzwa kwazvo panguva iyo spark yacho yaiswa, nekudaro pfumo rakapinza rinoumbwa), magasi anowedzera, achisundira chikamu kunzvimbo yepasi.

Iyo yekubatanidza tsvimbo yakabatana kune yakasarudzika crank pane iyo crankshaft. Inertia, pamwe neyakafanana maitiro mune akapoteredza masirinda, inova nechokwadi chekuti crankshaft inotenderera. Iyo pisitoni haina kuoma nechokumusoro kwakanyanyisa uye epamusoro mapoinzi.

Iyo inotenderera crankshaft yakabatana neye flywheel iyo iyo yekupararira yekukweshera pamusoro yakabatana.

Mushure mekupera kwesitiroko, iyo pisitoni yatomisikidzwa nekuda kwekuchinja kweiyo shaft yekuita mamwe maronda emota. Izvo zvinokwanisika nekuda kwekurohwa kwesitiroko yekushanda sitiroko mune iri padyo masilinda. Kuti kuderedze kubhururuka, iwo mapepanhau akakwenenzverwa ane hukama kune mumwe nemumwe (pane zvigadziriso zvine zvinyorwa zvemutsetse).

KShM chishandiso

Iyo crank michina inosanganisira yakawanda nhamba yezvikamu. Nenzira, vanogona kuiswa muzvikamu zviviri: avo vanoita kufamba uye avo vanoramba vakagadzika munzvimbo imwechete nguva dzese. Vamwe vanoita mhando dzakasiyana dzekufamba (kuturikira kana kutenderera), nepo vamwe vachishanda senzira yekuunganidzwa kwesimba rinodiwa kana rutsigiro rwezvinhu izvi.

Aya ndiwo mabasa anoitwa neese maficha eiyo crank mashini.

Bvisa crankcase

Bhokisi rakakandwa kubva kune yakasimba simbi (mune bhajeti mota - simbi, uye mune dzinodhura mota - aluminium kana imwe alloy). Makomba anodiwa uye migero inoitwa mairi. Inotonhora uye oiri yeinjini inotenderera kuburikidza nemikana. Unyanzvi maburi anotendera akakosha maficha emota kuti abatanidzwe muchimiro chimwe.

Makomba mahombe ndiwo mapombi pachawo. Pistoni dzinoiswa mavari. Zvakare, iyo dhizaini dhizaini ine inotsigira yeiyo crankshaft yekutsigira mabheyari. Iyo gasi yekuparadzira mashandiro iri mumusoro we cylinder.

Iko kushandiswa kwesimbi yesimbi kana aluminium alloy kunokonzerwa nekuti chinhu ichi chinofanira kumira yakakwira michina uye inotonhora mitoro.

Pazasi pekrankcase pane sump umo mafuta anounganidza mushure mekunge zvese zvinhu zvazorwa mafuta. Kudzivirira yakawandisa gasi kumanikidza kubva pakuvaka mune iyo mhango, chimiro chine mweya mweya.

Kune mota dzine sutu yakanyorova kana yakaoma. Muchiitiko chekutanga, mafuta anounganidzwa musump uye anoramba ari mairi. Ichi chinhu idura rekutora nekuchengetedza girisi. Panyaya yechipiri, oiri inoyerera ichipinda musump, asi iyo pombi inoipomba ichipinda mutangi rakasiyana. Dhizaini iyi inodzivirira kurasikirwa kwakazara kwemafuta panguva yekuparara kwesump - chikamu chidiki chete chemafuta chinodonha mushure mekunge injini yadzimwa.

Silinda

Iyo humburumbira ndechimwe chinhu chakamisikidzwa chemota. Muchokwadi, iri igomba rine geometry yakasimba (iyo pisitoni inofanirwa kukwana zvakakwana mairi). Ivo zvakare ndeyesilinda-pisitoni boka. Nekudaro, mune crank mashandiro, iwo masirinda anoita sevatungamiriri. Ivo vanopa yakanyatso simbisa kufamba kwepiston.

Izvo zviyero zvechinhu ichi zvinoenderana nemhando dzemota uye saizi yemapistoni. Iwo madziro ari pamusoro pechimiro akatarisana nekupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kuitika muinjini. Zvakare, mune inonzi kamuri yekutsva (pamusoro penzvimbo yepiston), kuwedzera kwakaipisisa kwemagasi kunoitika mushure mekutsvaira kweVTS.

Kudzivirira kupfeka kwakanyanyisa kwemasilinda pamadziro pakakwirira tembiricha (mune zvimwe zviitiko inogona kukwira zvakanyanya kusvika kumazana maviri nemazana mashanu emadhigirii) uye kumanikidza kwakanyanya. Firimu rakatetepa remafuta mafomu pakati peO-zvindori nesirinda yekudzivirira simbi-kune-simbi kusangana. Kuti kuderedze kupesana kwesimba, iyo yemukati yepamusoro yesirinda inorapwa nekomboni yakakoswa uye yakabwinyiswa kusvika padanho rakakodzera (saka, iyo nzvimbo inonzi girazi).

Kune mhando mbiri dzesirinda:

• Yakaoma mhando. Aya ma cylinders anonyanya kushandiswa mumashini. Ivo chikamu chebato uye vanoita kunge maburi akagadzirwa mune iyo kesi. Kutonhodza simbi, migero inoitwa kunze kwemasirinda ekutenderera kwechinhu chinotonhorera (chemukati injini yemoto bhachi);
• Wet mhando. Mune ino kesi, masirinda anozove akapatsanurwa akagadzirwa maoko anoiswa mumaburi ebato. Dzakavharwa zvakavimbika kuitira kuti mamwe maungira asaumbwe panguva yekushanda kwechikwata, nekuda kwekuti zvikamu zveKShM zvinokundikana nekukurumidza. Liners dzakadaro dziri kusangana nechitonhodza kubva kunze. Dhizaini yakafanana yemota iri nyore kugadziriswa (semuenzaniso, kana kukwenya kwakadzika kuchigadzirwa, ruoko rwunongochinjwa, uye harunofinhwa uye maburi edziviriro anokwenenzverwa panguva yemotokari capitalization).

Muinjini dzakaumbwa neV, ma cylinders kazhinji haamisirane zvine hukama. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti tsvimbo imwe yekubatanidza inoshanda imwe humburumbira, uye ine nzvimbo yakatsaukana pane crankshaft. Nekudaro, kune zvakare kugadziridzwa nemaviri ekubatanidza matanda pane imwe yekubatanidza tsvimbo magazini.

Cylinder block

Ichi chikamu chakakura pane dhizaini dhizaini. Pamusoro pechinhu ichi, humburumbira musoro wakaiswa, uye pakati pavo pane gasket (nei richidikanwa uye maitiro ekuona kushanda kwayo, verenga mune imwe wongororo).

Zororo rakagadzirwa mumusoro we cylinder, unoumba mhango chaiyo. Mariri, iyo yakamanikidzwa mweya-musanganiswa wemafuta unopiswa (unowanzonzi kamuri remoto). Kugadziridzwa kumota-akatonhorera mota, achave akagadzirwa nemusoro une nzira dzekutenderera kwemvura.

Engine marangwanda

Ese zvikamu zvakagadziriswa zveKShM, zvakabatana mune chimwe chimiro, zvinonzi mafupa. Ichi chikamu chinoona chikuru simba mutoro panguva yekushanda kwezvinofamba zvikamu zvemushini. Zvichienderana nekuti injini yakaiswa sei muchikamu cheinjini, mafupa anotorawo mitoro kubva mumuviri kana furemu. Mukufamba kwekufamba, chikamu ichi chinobonderana neicho simba rekutapurirana uye chassis yemuchina.

Kudzivirira injini yemoto yemukati kuti isafambe panguva yekumhanyisa, braking kana kufambisa, furemu rakasungwa zvakasimba kuchikamu chinotsigira chemotokari. Kubvisa kudedera pajoinhi, injini dzinogadzirwa nerabha dzinoshandiswa. Maumbirwo avo anoenderana nekushandurwa kweinjini.

Kana muchina uchityairwa mumugwagwa usina kukwana, muviri unoiswa kunetseka kwepashure. Kudzivirira mota kuti isatore mitoro yakadaro, inowanzosungirirwa pamapoinzi matatu.

Dzese zvimwe zvikamu zvemuchina zvinofambiswa.

Pisitoni

Icho chikamu cheKShM pisitoni boka. Maumbirwo emapiston anogona zvakare kusiyana, asi chakakosha pfungwa ndechekuti akagadzirwa nenzira yegirazi. Kumusoro kwepiston kunonzi musoro uye pasi kunzi siketi.

Musoro wepiston ndiyo chikamu chakakora kwazvo, sezvo zvichitora pane kupisa uye kusimba kwemagetsi kana mafuta atsva. Chiso chekupedzisira chechinhu icho (pasi) chinogona kuve nechimiro chakasiyana - chakatsetseka, convex kana concave. Ichi chikamu chinoumba zviyero zvemukati wemoto. Kugadziriswa pamwe nekuratidzwa kwemaumbirwo akasiyana siyana kunowanzo sangana. Ese aya marudzi ezvikamu anoenderana neICI modhi, musimboti wekugovera mafuta, nezvimwe.

Grooves inogadzirwa pamativi epistoni yekumisikidzwa kweO-zvindori. Pazasi peaya maburi pane zvivharo zvemafuta emafuta kubva muchikamu. Iyo siketi inowanzo kuve yakaumbwa muchimiro, uye chikamu chayo chikuru igiraidhi inodzivirira iyo pisitoni kubva pakuroora semhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwekushisa.

Kubhadhara simba re inertia, mapistoni akagadzirwa nemwenje wechiedza chiwanikwa. Nekuda kweizvi, ivo vakareruka. Pazasi pechikamu, pamwe nemadziro emakamuri ekupisa, anosangana netembiricha yakanyanya. Nekudaro, chikamu ichi hachizorodzwe nekutenderera chinotonhorera mujekete. Nekuda kweizvi, chinhu chealuminium chinoiswa mukuwedzera kwakasimba.

Iyo pisitoni mafuta anotonhorera kudzivirira kubatwa. Mune akawanda mamodheru emota, lubrication inopihwa zvakasikwa - mhute yemafuta inogadzikana pamusoro uye inoyerera ichidzokera musump. Zvisinei, kune injini umo mafuta anowanikwa pasi pekumanikidzwa, achipa zvirinani kupisa kupisa kubva panopisa pamusoro.

Pisitoni mhete

Iyo mhete yepiston inoita basa rayo zvichienderana nechikamu chipi chemusoro wepiston iyo yawakaiswa mu:

• Kudzvinyirira - yepamusoro soro. Ivo vanopa chisimbiso pakati pechisirinda uye pisitoni madziro. Chinangwa chavo ndechekudzivirira magasi kubva munzvimbo yepiston kuti isapinda mu crankcase. Kufambisa kuiswa kwechikamu, kucheka kunoitwa mukati mayo;
• Mafuta anotsvaira - simbisa kubviswa kwemafuta akawandisa kubva kumasirinda madziro, uye zvakare kudzivirira kupinda kwemafuta munzvimbo yepamusoro-pisitoni. Aya mhete ane akakosha ma grooves ekurerutsa mafuta drainage kune iyo piston drain grooves.

Dhayamita yemaringi anogara akakura kupfuura hupamhi hwesilinda. Nekuda kweizvi, ivo vanopa chisimbiso muboka re silinda-pisitoni. Kudzivirira magasi uye mafuta kubva mukusvetuka kuburikidza nekiyi, zvindori zvinoiswa munzvimbo dzazvo zvine slots offset inoenderana.

Izvo zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kugadzira mhete zvinoenderana nekushandisa kwavo. Nekudaro, zvinhu zvekumanikidza zvinowanzo gadzirwa nesimba rakakanda simbi uye hushoma hwehunhu, uye mafuta anotsvedza zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi yepamusoro.

Pisitoni pini

Ichi chikamu chinobvumira kuti pisitoni ibatanidzwe padanda rekubatanidza. Inotaridzika kunge pombi isina humbo, inoiswa pasi pemusoro wepiston mumaboss uye panguva imwechete kuburikidza neburi mumusoro wetsvimbo unobatanidza. Kudzivirira munwe kuti usafambe, unogadziriswa nemhete dzekuchengetedza pamativi ese.

Iko kusungirirwa kunotendera pini kutenderera zvakasununguka, izvo zvinoderedza kushorwa kwepiston kufamba. Izvi zvakare zvinodzivirira kuumbwa kwekurovedza muviri chete panzvimbo yekubatanidza mu pisitoni kana tsvimbo yekubatanidza, iyo inowedzera hupenyu hwekushanda kwechikamu.

Kudzivirira kupfeka nekuda kwesimba rekukakavadzana, chikamu chacho chakagadzirwa nesimbi. Uye nekuda kwekurwisa kwakanyanya kune kupisa kwemhepo, inotanga kuomeswa.

Kubatanidza tsvimbo

Tsvimbo yekubatanidza idanda gobvu rine mbabvu dzinoomesa. Kune rimwe divi, rine musoro wepiston (iro gomba rinowisirwa pini yepiston), uye kune rimwe - musoro wakarukwa. Chinhu chechipiri chinodonha kuitira kuti chikamu chigone kubviswa kana kuiswa pane crankshaft crank magazini. Iine chifukidziro chakasungirirwa kumusoro nemabhaudhi, uye kudzivirira kusati kwasvika kusakara kwezvikamu, chipenga chine maburi ekuzora chinoiswa mukati mayo.

Musoro wepasi webhushi unonzi tsvimbo inobatanidza inobereka. Iyo inogadzirwa nemaplate maviri esimbi ane akakombama tendrils yekugadzirisa mumusoro.

Kuti kuderedze simba rekukonana kwechikamu chemukati chemusoro wepamusoro, bhushi bhingi rinomanikidzwa mukati maro. Kana yasakara, tsvimbo yese yekubatanidza haidi kuzotsiviwa. Iyo bushing ine maburi ekuwanikwa kwemafuta kune pini.

Kune akati wandei nadzurudzo dzekubatanidza matanda:

• Injini dze peturu dzinowanzo kuve dzakagadzirwa netambo dzekubatanidza nemusoro unobatanidza pamakona kurudyi kune yekubatanidza tsvimbo axis;
• Diesel enjini dzinotsva dzemukati dzine matanda ekubatanidza ne oblique musoro chinobatanidza;
• V-injini dzinowanzo kuve nemapatya ekubatanidza matanda. Iyo yechipiri yekubatanidza tsvimbo yemutsara wechipiri yakasungirirwa kune yakakosha nepini zvichienderana nemusimboti mumwechete nepisitoni.

Crankshaft

Ichi chinhu chine makirangi akati wandei ane kurongeka kwekubatanidza tsvimbo dzemagazini dzakanangana neiyo axis yemagazini makuru. Kune atove marudzi akasiyana e crankshafts uye kwavo maficha akaparadzanisa ongororo.

Chinangwa chechikamu ichi kushandura iko kushandurwa kwekufamba kubva pisitoni kuita kutenderera. Iyo pini yakagwinha yakabatana kune yepazasi yekubatanidza tsvimbo musoro. Kune akakura mabheyaringi munzvimbo mbiri kana dzinopfuura pane crankshaft yekudzivirira vibration nekuda kwekusaenzana kutenderera kwemakwenzi.

Mazhinji crankshafts akashongedzerwa nema counterweights kuti atore masimba ecentrifugal anoshanda pane akakura mabheyaringi. Chikamu chinoitwa nekukanda kana kutenderedzwa pane lathes kubva kune imwechete isina chinhu.

Puru yakasungirirwa kune chigunwe che crankshaft, iyo inotyaira nzira yekuparadzira gasi nemimwe michina, senge pombi, jenareta nemhepo inotonhodza mweya. Kune flange pane iyo shank. Nhunzi inosungirirwa pairi.

Flywheel

Dhiza-rakaumbwa chikamu. Mafomu uye mhando dzema flywheels akasiyana uye misiyano yavo inozvipirawo kune Chitsauko chakaparadzana... Izvo zvinodikanwa kukunda kumanikidza kwekumanikidza muma cylinders apo pisitoni inoita yekumanikidza sitiroko. Izvi zvinokonzerwa ne inertia yeiyo inotenderera cast iron disc.

Rimu giya rakagadzika panoperera chikamu. Iyo Starter bendix giya yakabatana nayo panguva iyo injini painotanga. Padivi rakatarisana neflange, iyo flywheel pamusoro iri kusangana ne clutch disc yebhasiketi yekufambisa. Iyo yakanyanya kukakavara simba pakati pezvinhu izvi inovimbisa kutapurirana kwetoriki kune gearbox shaft.

Sezvauri kuona, iyo crank mashandiro ine yakaoma mamiriro, nekuda kwekuti iko kugadziriswa kwechikwata kunofanira kuitwa chete nehunyanzvi. Kuti uwedzere hupenyu hweinjini, zvakanyanyisa kukosha kutevedzera kurongeka kwemota.

Pamusoro pezvo, tarisa ongororo yevhidhiyo nezve KShM:

Crank mashandiro (KShM). Zvinokosha

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Ndezvipi zvikamu zvinosanganisirwa mune crank mechanism? Zvikamu zvekumira: cylinder block, block head, silinda liner, liner uye main bearings. Zvikamu zvinofamba: piston ine zvindori, piston pin, yekubatanidza tsvimbo, crankshaft uye flywheel.

Zita rechikamu ichi cheKShM chii? Iyi ndiyo crank mechanism. Inoshandura mafambiro anodzokedzana emapiston ari mumasilinda kuita mafambiro ekutenderera e crankshaft.

Ndeipi basa rezvikamu zvakagadziriswa zveKShM? Izvi zvikamu zvine basa rekunyatso kutungamira zvikamu zvinofamba (semuenzaniso, vertical movement yepistons) nekuzvigadzirisa zvakachengeteka kuti zvitenderere (semuenzaniso, main bearings).