Injini vharuvhu. Chinangwa, mudziyo, dhizaini

Kuti iite mana-sitiroko yemukati yekutsva injini yemotokari chero ipi kuti ishande, chishandiso chayo chinosanganisira akawanda akasiyana mativi uye nzira dzinoenderana pamwe nemumwe. Pakati pemaitiro akadaro inguva. Basa rayo ndere kuona kushanda kwakakodzera kweiyo vharuvhu nguva. Izvo zvazviri zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama pano.

Muchidimbu, iyo yekuparadzira gasi mashini inovhura iyo yekudyira / yekuzadza vharuvhu panguva chaiyo yekuona nguva yekuita kana uchiita imwe sitiroko musilinda. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinotarisirwa kuti maburi ese ari maviri akavharwa, mune imwe, rimwe kana kunyange ese ari maviri akavhurika.

Ngatinyatso tarisei imwe tsananguro iyo inobvumidza iwe kudzikamisa maitiro aya. Iyi vharuvhu. Chii chakakosha nezve dhizaini yayo uye inoshanda sei?

Chii chinonzi injini vharafu

Iyo vharuvhu chikamu chesimbi chakaiswa mumusoro we cylinder. Icho chikamu chemagetsi ekuparadzira mashandiro uye inotyairwa necamshaft.

Zvichienderana nekushandurwa kwemotokari, injini ichave nenguva yakaderera kana yepamusoro. Chekutanga sarudzo ichiri kuwanikwa mune kumwe kugadziridzwa kwekare kwemasimba emagetsi. Vazhinji vagadziri vane kwenguva yakareba kubvira vachichinjira kune yechipiri mhando yedzinowanikwa gasi nzira.

Chikonzero cheichi ndechekuti mota yakadai iri nyore kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa. Kugadzirisa mavhavha, zvakaringana kubvisa vharuvhu uye hazvidi kuti ubvise yuniti yese.

Chinangwa uye maficha echigadzirwa

Iyo vharuvhu chinhu chakatakurwa muchirimo. Pakuzorora, inonyatsovhara gomba. Kana camshaft ikatendeuka, iyo cam iri pairi inosundira vharuvhu pasi, ichidzikisa. Izvi zvinovhura buri. Iyo camshaft kurongeka inotsanangurwa zvakadzama mu kumwe kuongorora.

Chikamu chega chega chinotamba chichiita basa rayo, izvo zvisingaite kuita chinhu chakafanana chiri padyo. Kune angangoita maviri mavharuvhu pasirinda. Mune mamwe anodhura mamodheru, pane mana acho. Kazhinji, zvinhu izvi zviri vaviri vaviri, uye vanovhura mapoka akasiyana emaburi: mamwe anopinza, uye mamwe anobuda.

Mavhavha ekudya anokonzeresa kutora chikamu chitsva chemusanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta musilinda, uye muinjini ine jekiseni yakananga (rudzi rwejekiseni mafuta system, inotsanangurwa pano) - huwandu hwemhepo nyowani. Maitiro aya anoitika panguva iyo pisitoni painopedzisa sitiroko yekudya (kubva kumusoro kufa nzvimbo, mushure mekubvisa chiutsi, inofamba ichidzika).

Mavharuvhu anopera ane imwecheteyo yekuvhura musimboti, chete ivo vane rakasiyana basa. Ivo vanovhura gomba rekubviswa kwezvinhu zvinotsva mumhepo yekuwandisa yakawanda.

Injini vharuvhu dhizaini

Izvo zvikamu zviri mubvunzo zvinosanganisirwa muboka revharuvhu remagetsi ekuparadzira gasi. Pamwe pamwe nezvimwe zvikamu, zvinopa shanduko inoenderana nenguva muvhavha nguva.

Funga nezvemagadzirirwo maficha emagetsi uye nezvimwe zvikamu zvinoenderana nekushanda kwavo kwakaringana.

Mavharuvhu

Iwo mavhavha ari muchimiro chetanda, kune rimwe divi iro kune musoro kana poppet chinhu, uye kune rimwe racho, chitsitsinho kana kupera. Chikamu chakatsetseka chakagadzirirwa chisimbiso chakasimba chekuvhura mumusoro we cylinder. Shanduko inotsvedzerera inoitwa pakati pesimbi nedanda, kwete nhanho. Izvi zvinobvumira vharuvhu kuti igadziriswe kuitira kuti irege kuumba kupokana nekufamba kwemvura.

Mumota imwechete, mavharuvhu ekudyiwa uye ekupedza anozosiyana. Saka, mhando dzekutanga dzezvikamu dzichava neplate yakafara kupfuura yechipiri. Chikonzero cheichi kupisa kwepamusoro uye kumanikidza kwakanyanya kana zvigadzirwa zvemoto zvabviswa nepanobuda gasi.

Kuita kuti zvikamu zvidhure, mavhavha ari muzvikamu zviviri. Izvo zvakasiyana mukuumbwa. Zvikamu zviviri izvi zvakasunganidzwa nekutenderera. Iyo chamfer yeiyo Outlet valve disc iri zvakare chinhu chakaparadzana. Iyo inoiswa kubva kune imwe mhando yesimbi, iyo ine kupisa-kusagadzikana zvivakwa, pamwe nekudzivisa kunetseka kwemakaniki. Kuwedzera kune izvi zvivakwa, yekupedzisira kumeso kweanopedza mavharuvhu haanyanyo kubatikana nekugadzira ngura. Chokwadi, chikamu ichi mumagetsi akawanda akagadzirwa nechinhu chakafanana nesimbi iyo ndiro yakaitwa.

Iwo misoro yezvinhu zvinopinda inowanzo kuve yakati sandara. Iyi dhizaini ine kuomarara kunodikanwa uye nyore kuita. Injini dzakavhurwa dzinogona kuiswa nemavhavha e concave disc. Iyi dhizaini yakareruka zvishoma pane yakaenzana shamwari, nokudaro ichideredza inertia simba.

Kana zviri zvekufananidza nevamwe, chimiro chemusoro wavo chingave chakati sandara kana kutenderera. Sarudzo yechipiri inoshanda zvakanyanya, sezvo ichipa zvirinani kubvisa magasi kubva mukamuri yemoto nekuda kweyakagadziriswa dhizaini. Uyezve, iro ndiro rakapetana rakasimba kupfuura iro rakaenzana. Kune rimwe divi, chinhu chakadai chinorema, nekuda kwekuti inertia yacho inotambura. Aya marudzi ezvikamu anoda matsime akaomarara.

Zvakare, iyo dhizaini dhizaini yerudzi urwu yemavharuvhu yakati siyanei zvishoma kubva kunhengo dzekudya. Kuti ipe zvirinani kupisa kupisa kubva kuchinhu, tsvimbo inoitwa mukobvu. Izvi zvinowedzera kupokana nekudziya kwakasimba kwechikamu. Nekudaro, mhinduro iyi ine chinetso - inogadzira kuramba kukuru kune magasi akabviswa. Kunyangwe izvi, vagadziri vachiri kushandisa dhizaini, nekuti gasi rekudzimisa rinoburitswa pasi pesimba.

Nhasi kune hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza emagetsi-akadzivirirwa mavhavha. Nadzurudzo iyi ine mhango chinoumba. Liquid sodium inoputirwa mukati mayo. Chinhu ichi chinobuda kana chapisa kwazvo (chiri padyo nemusoro). Nekuda kweichi chiitiko, gasi rinotora kupisa kubva kumadziro esimbi. Sezvo painosimuka, iyo gasi inotonhorera uye inogadzikana. Mvura inoyerera ichidzika kuzasi, uko maitiro acho anodzokororwa.

Kuti mavhavha ave nechokwadi chekusimba kweiyo interface, chamfer inosarudzwa pachigaro uye padhishi. Izvo zvinoitwawo nebhevel kubvisa nhanho. Paunenge uchiisa mavharuvhu pane mota, iwo anokwizwa pamusoro wemusoro.

Iko kusimba kwechigaro-kune-musoro kubatanidza kunokanganiswa ne flange corrosion, uye zvikamu zvekubuda zvinowanzotambura nekabhoni dhipoziti. Kuwedzera hupenyu hwevharuvhu, mamwe mainjini akagadzirwa neimwe nzira inoshandura vharuvhu zvishoma kana chiteshi chavharwa. Izvi zvinobvisa zvinokonzeresa kabhoni kuisa.

Dzimwe nguva zvinoitika kuti vharuvhu shangi inoputsika. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kuti chikamu chiwire musilinda uye nekukuvadza mota. Kukundikana, zvakakwana kuti crankshaft iite mashoma emitambo inertial. Kuti udzivise iyi mamiriro, vagadziri vevharuvhu auto vanokwanisa kushongedza chikamu neringi yekuchengetedza.

Zvishoma nezve maficha evhavha chitsitsinho. Ichi chikamu chinoiswa pasi pechisimba simba sezvo ichikanganiswa nekamshaft cam. Kuti vharuvhu ivhure, iyo cam inofanira kuisundira pasi nesimba rakaringana kumanikidza tsime. Chikwata ichi chinofanirwa kugamuchira lubrication yakakwana, uye kuti isakurumidza kupera, inoomeswa. Vamwe vagadziri vemota vanoshandisa makapeti akakosha kudzivirira kupfeka padanda, ayo akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinopesana nemitoro yakadaro.

Kudzivirira vharuvhu kuti isabatikane musle panguva yekupisa, chikamu chedzinde padhuze nekandira chinenge chakatetepa kupfuura chikamu chiri pedyo nechitsitsinho. Kugadzirisa iyo vharuvhu chitubu, maviri maburi anoitwa panopera mavharuvhu (mune zvimwe zviitiko, imwe), umo mavanotsemura rutsigiro akaisirwa (yakagadzika ndiro panowanikwa chitubu).

Valve matsime

Chitubu chinokanganisa kushanda kwevhavha. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuitira kuti musoro uye chigaro zvinopa kubatana kwakasimba, uye iyo inoshanda svikiro haipinde kuburikidza neyakaumbwa fistula. Kana chikamu ichi chakaomarara, iyo camshaft cam kana chitsitsinho chevhavha yevhavha ichakurumidza kupera. Kune rimwe divi, chitubu chisina kusimba hachikwanise kuve nechokwadi chakasimba pakati pezvinhu zviviri izvi.

Sezvo chinhu ichi chichiita pasi pemamiriro ekukurumidza kuchinja mitoro, inogona kutyoka. Vagadziri vePowertrain vanoshandisa mhando dzakasiyana dzematsime kudzivirira kuparara nekukurumidza. Mune imwe nguva, mhando mbiri dzinoiswa. Iyi nongedzo inoderedza mutoro pane chimwe chinhu, nokudaro ichiwedzera hupenyu hwayo hwekushanda.

Mune ino dhizaini, zvitubu zvichave neimwe nzira yekushanduka. Izvi zvinodzivirira zvidimbu zvechikamu chakatyoka kuti chisapinda pakati pekutendeuka kweimwe. Simbi yechirimo inoshandiswa kugadzira zvinhu izvi. Mushure mekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, inodzikamiswa.

Kumucheto, yega yega chitubu chakatsikwa kuitira kuti iyo yese yekutakura chikamu ive inosangana nemusoro wevhavha uye ndiro yepamusoro yakanamatira kune humburumbira musoro. Kudzivirira chikamu kubva pakuisa oxidizing, chakafukidzwa nechuru checadmium uye kwakakurudzira.

Pamusoro peiyo echinyakare mavharuvhu, pneumatic vharafu inogona kushandiswa mumitambo mota. Muchokwadi, ichi ndicho chinhu chimwe chete, chete icho chakamisikidzwa neicho chakakosha pneumatic mashandiro. Kutenda neizvi, iko kushanda kwakaringana kunoitwa zvekuti mota inokwanisa kusimudzira zvisingaite - kusvika zviuru makumi maviri.

Kubudirira kwakadaro kwakaonekwa kumashure muma1980. Inobatsira pakuvhura / kuvhara maburi zviri pachena, izvo zvisina tsime rinokwanisa kupa. Ino actuator inofambiswa neyakaomeswa gasi mudura pamusoro pevhavha. Kana iyo cam ikarova vharuvhu, simba rekukanganisa rinenge gumi bhaa. Vharuvhu inovhura, uye kana camshaft ichideredza zvinoitika pachitsitsinho chayo, gasi rakamanikidzwa rinokurumidza kudzosera chikamu chacho kunzvimbo yacho. Kudzivirira kumanikidzwa kudonha nekuda kwekukanganisika kunodonha, sisitimu yacho yakaiswa imwe yekuwedzera compressor, iro dura iro riri pakumanikidza kweanosvika mazana maviri bar.

James Ellison, PBM Aprilia, CRT Bvunzo Jerez Feb 2012

Iyi sisitimu inoshandiswa mumidhudhudhu yekirasi yeMotoGP. Iyi yekufambisa ine litre imwe yeinjini vhoriyamu inokwanisa kusimudzira zviuru makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nezviuru zve crankshaft revolutions. Imwe modhi ine michina yakafanana ndeimwe yemhando dzemidhudhudhu yeAprilia. Simba rayo raishamisa 20 hp. Ichokwadi, izvi zvakawandisa kune mota yemavhiri maviri.

Magaidhi evharuvhu

Basa rechikamu ichi mukushanda kwevhavha ndeyekuona kuti inofamba munzira yakatwasuka. Sleeve inobatsirawo kutonhodza tsvimbo. Chikamu ichi chinoda kugara chichiiswa mafuta. Zvikasadaro, shamhu inoiswa pasi pekushushikana kwese kupisa uye ruoko ruchakurumidza kupera.

Izvo zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa mukugadzira mabhushi akadaro zvinofanirwa kunge zvichidzivirira kupisa, zvinomira zvichipesana nekukakavara, bvisa zvakanaka kupisa kubva padyo nechikamu, uyezve unomira kupisa kwakanyanya. Izvi zvinodiwa zvinogona kusangana nepearlite grey cast iron, aluminium bronze, ceramic ine chrome kana chrome-nickel. Zvese izvi zvigadzirwa zvine porous chimiro, izvo zvinobatsira kuchengetedza mafuta pamusoro padzo.

Iyo bushing yeiyo yekuzadza vharafu ichave ine zvishoma zvishoma kubvumidzwa pakati pegomba pane iyo yekupinda yakaenzana. Icho chikonzero cheichi ndiko kukura kukuru kwekushisa kweiyo tsvina gasi kubvisa vharuvhu.

Valve zvigaro

Ichi ndicho chikamu chekubata cheiyi cylinder musoro yakatakura padhuze nechero silinda uye vharuvhu disc. Sezvo chikamu ichi chemusoro chakatarisana nema mechanical uye thermal stress, chinofanirwa kuve nekumira kwakanaka kune kwakanyanya kupisa uye kazhinji kukanganisa (kana mota ichimhanyisa kumhanya, iyo camshaft rpm yakakwira kwazvo zvekuti mavhavha anowira muchigaro.

Kana iyo cylinder block uye musoro wayo wakagadzirwa nealuminium alloy, zvigaro zvevhavha zvinofanirwa kunge zvakagadzirwa nesimbi. Simbi yekukanda yatotarisana nemitoro yakadaro, saka chigaro mukushandurwa uku kunoitwa mumusoro chaimo.

Zvigaro zvekuisira-zvinowanikwawo. Izvo zvinogadzirwa kubva kune alloy cast iron kana kupisa-kupisa simbi. Saka kuti chamfer yechinhu chacho isasakara zvakanyanya, inoitwa nekugadzika simbi isingadziye.

Chigaro chekuisa chakasungirirwa mumusoro wakabereka nenzira dzakasiyana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, inodzvanywa mukati, uye groove inogadzirwa muchikamu chepamusoro chechinhu, icho chinozadzwa nesimbi yemuviri wemusoro panguva yekuisirwa. Izvi zvinogadzira kuvimbika kwegungano kubva kune dzakasiyana simbi.

Chigaro chesimbi chakabatanidzwa nekutsvaira kumusoro mumusoro wemusoro. Iko kune macindindiri uye maconical sadza. Muchiitiko chekutanga, ivo vakaiswa kune inomira, uye yechipiri vane gumo diki rekuguma.

Kuwanda mavharuvhu ari injini

Iyo yakajairwa 4-sitiroko yekutsva injini ine camshaft imwe uye mavhavha maviri pasirinda. Mune ino vhezheni, chimwe chikamu chinokonzeresa jekiseni remusanganiswa wemhepo kana mweya chete (kana iyo peturu system iine yakananga jekiseni), uye imwe yacho inokonzeresa kubviswa kwemweya wegasi mune yakawanda yekuzadza.

More vakarongeka mashandiro ari injini nadzurudzo, umo mune mana mavharuvhu pa humburumbira - maviri nerimwe danho. Kutenda iyi dhizaini, iko kuzadzikiswa kuri nani kwekamuri nechikamu chitsva cheVTS kana mweya kunovimbiswa, pamwe nekukurumidza kubvisa gasi remhepo uye kufefetedza kweiyo humburumbira mhango. Motokari dzakatanga kuve dzakashongedzerwa nemamota akadaro kutanga mumakumi manomwe ezana ramakore rapfuura, kunyangwe hazvo kukura kwemayuniti akadaro kwakatanga muhafu yekutanga yema70.

Nhasi, kunatsiridza mashandiro emagetsi emagetsi, pane injini yekuvandudza mune mavhavha mashanu. Mbiri yekubuda, uye mitatu yekubuda. Muenzaniso wemayuniti akadaro ndeemhando dzekunetsekana kweVolkswagen-Audi. Kunyangwe musimboti wekushanda kwebhanhire renguva mumotokari yakadaro rakafanana neshanduro dzechinyakare, dhizaini yemushini iyi yakaoma, izvo zvinoita kuti hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza hubudirire.

Maitiro akafanana asina kujairika ari kutorwawo nemutengesi weMercedes-Benz. Dzimwe injini kubva kune ino otomatiki dzakashongedzwa nemagetsi matatu pairi imwe (2 kudya, 1 chiutsi). Uyezve, maplagi maviri anoiswa mukamuri yega yega yehari.

Iyo inogadzira inogadzira huwandu hwemavheji nehukuru hwekamuri umo mafuta nemhepo zvinopinda. Kuti uvandudze kuzadza kwayo, zvakakosha kuti uone kuyerera kuri nani kwechikamu chitsva cheBTC. Kuti uite izvi, unogona kuwedzera hupamhi hwegomba, uye iine saizi yeplate. Nekudaro, ichi chazvino chine miganhu yayo. Asi zvinokwanisika kuisa imwe yekuwedzera vharuvhu yekudya, saka vagadziri vemota varikugadzira yakangodaro cylinder musoro kugadzirisa. Sezvo iyo yekumhanyisa yekumhanyisa yakakosha kupfuura iyo yekuzadza (iyo yekumedza inobviswa pasi pekumanikidza kwepiston), ipapo nenhamba isingaenzanisike yemavharuvhu, pachagara paine zvakawanda zvekudya zvinhu.

Ndeapi mavhavha anogadzirwa

Sezvo mavharuvhu achishanda pasi pemamiriro ekunyanyisa tembiricha uye kunetseka kwemuchina, akagadzirwa nesimbi inopesana nezvinhu zvakadaro. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvinopisa, uye zvakare zvinosangana nekumanikidza kushushikana, iyo nzvimbo yekubatana pakati pechigaro nevhavha yevhavha. Pakumhanya kwepamusoro kweinjini, mavhavha anokurumidza kunyura muzvigaro, zvichikonzera kushamisika kumucheto kwechikamu. Zvakare, mukuita kwemusanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta, iwo matetetete emucheto weplate anoiswa pakupisa kwakapinza.

Pamusoro peiyo vharuvhu disc, sleeve dzevhavha dzinosimbiswa. Izvo zvakashata zvinhu zvinotungamira kupfeka pane izvi zvinhu hazvina kukwana lubrication uye inogara ichikwikwidza panguva yekukurumidza vharuvhu kufamba.

Nezvikonzero izvi, zvinotevera zvinodiwa zvinoiswa pamavhavha:

1. Ivo vanofanirwa kunama inlet / outlet;
2. Nekudziya kwakasimba, iyo micheto yeplate haifanire kukanganisika kubva pane zvinokanganisa pachigaro;
3. Inofanirwa kuve yakarongedzwa zvakanaka kuitira kuti pasave nemhirizhonga inogadzirwa kune inouya kana inobuda svikiro;
4. Chikamu hachifanirwe kuremerwa;
5. Iyo simbi inofanira kunge yakaoma uye yakasimba;
6. Haifanire kuve nekusimba kwakasimba (kana mota isinga fambise, micheto yemisoro haifanire ngura).

Chikamu chakavhura gomba muinjini dzedhiziri chinopisa kusvika pamadhigirii mazana manomwe, uye mune peturu analogue - kusvika 700 pamusoro zero. Mamiriro acho akaomeswa nenyaya yekuti nekupisa kwakasimba kudaro, vharafu yakavhurika haitonhore. Ivhavha yekubuditsa inogona kugadzirwa chero yakakwirira simbi yesimbi iyo inogona kumira yakasimba kupisa. Sezvambotaurwa, vharuvhu imwe inogadzirwa kubva pamhando mbiri dzakasiyana dzesimbi. Musoro unogadzirwa neakakwira tembiricha alloys uye hunde inogadzirwa nekabhoni simbi.

Kana zviri zvezvinhu zvemukati, ivo vatonhodzwa nekusangana nechigaro. Nekudaro, tembiricha yavo zvakare yakakwira - anenge madhigirii mazana matatu, saka hazvibvumidzwe kuti chikamu chakaremara kana chapiswa.

Chromium inowanzo kuverengerwa mune yakasvibirira mavharuvhu, iyo inowedzera ayo kupisa kupisa. Mukuita kwekupisa peturu, gasi kana mafuta edhiziri, zvimwe zvinhu zvinoburitswa zvinokanganisa zvikamu zvesimbi (semuenzaniso, lead oxide). Nickel, manganese uye nitrogen macomputer anogona kuverengerwa muvharuvhu zvinhu zvekudzivirira kusagadzikana kuita.

Uye pakupedzisira. Haisi chakavanzika chero kunaani kuti mune chero injini, nekufamba kwenguva, mavhavha anopisa. Heino vhidhiyo ipfupi nezve zvikonzero zveizvi:

Zvikonzero izvo mavhavha anopisa mukati MUMOTO ENGINE 95% yevatyairi HAVANA KUZIVA

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Mavharuvhu ari muinjini anoita sei? Pavanovhura, mavharuvhu ekutora anobvumira mweya mutsva (kana mweya / musanganiswa wemafuta) kuyerera mucylinder. Vhura mavharuvhu ekuburitsa anotungamira magasi ekuburitsa kune exhaust manifold.

Nzira yekunzwisisa sei kuti mavharuvhu akapiswa kunze? Chinhu chakakosha chekutsva-mavharuvhu kufamba katatu kwemota zvisinei ne rpm. Panguva imwecheteyo, simba rejini rinoderedzwa zvakanaka, uye kushandiswa kwemafuta kunowedzera.

Ndezvipi zvikamu zvinovhura uye kuvhara mavharuvhu? Irovhavha hunde yakabatana kune camshaft cams. Muinjini dzakawanda dzemazuva ano, ma hydraulic lifters akaiswawo pakati pezvikamu izvi.