Ko chinoshandura mota chinoshandura chinoshanda sei?

Munguva yekushanda kweinjini yemukati yemoto, gasi rekudzimisa rinoburitswa mudenga, izvo zvisiri izvo chete zvezvikonzero zvikuru zvekusvibisa mweya, asi zvakare chimwe chezvikonzero zvezvirwere zvakawanda.

Aya magasi, ayo anobuda mumasisitimu emota, ane zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya, ndosaka mota dzemazuva ano dzakashongedzerwa neakakosha system yekuwisira, mune iyo inokonzeresa inogara iripo.

Iyo inoshandura inoshandura inoparadza mamorekuru anokuvadza mumhepo yekumesa uye inoita kuti ive yakachengeteka sezvinobvira kune vanhu uye nharaunda.

Chii chinokonzera?

Chinogadziridza chinogadziridza rudzi rwechigadzirwa chine basa rakakosha kudzikisa mweya unokuvadza kubva mukubvisa magasi kubva kuinjini dzemotokari. Chimiro chekugadzirisa chiri nyore. Ichi chigaba chesimbi chinoiswa mune yekuchenesa system yemota.

Pane pombi mbiri mutangi. "Input" yemushanduri yakabatana neinjini, uye gasi rekuzadza rinopinda mairi, uye "kubuda" kwakabatana kune resonator yeiyo mota chiutsi system.

Kana injini ichizadza gasi inopinda muchibvumirano, maitiro emakemikari anoitika. Vanoparadza magasi anokuvadza uye voaita magasi asingakuvadzi anogona kuburitswa munharaunda.

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvemuchina wekuchinja?

Kuti zviite zvinyatso kujekesa mashandiro emota chinoshandura chinoshanda, ngatitarisei kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvikuru. Pasina kuenda mune zvakadzama, isu tinonyora chete izvo zvakakosha zvinhu kubva kwainovakwa.

Substrate

Iyo substrate ndiyo yemukati chimiro cheiyo catalyst pane iyo catalyst uye masimbi anokosha akaputirwa. Kune marudzi akawanda e substrates. Musiyano wavo mukuru ndeyezvinhu zvazvinogadzirwa. Kazhinji kazhinji chinhu chine inert chinodzikamisa zvikamu zvinoshanda pamusoro payo.

Покрытие

Iyo inoshanda inokonzeresa zvinhu kazhinji ine alumina uye makomisheni akadai secerium, zirconium, nickel, barium, lanthanum nevamwe. Chinangwa chekuputira ndechekuwedzera chimiro chemuviri che substrate uye kushanda sechigadziko icho masimbi anokosha anoiswa.

Simbi dzinokosha

Masimbi anokosha aripo mune catalytic converter anoshanda kuita yakakosha zvakanyanya catalytic reaction. Inowanzo shandiswa simbi dzinokosha iplatinum, palladium uye rhodium, asi mumakore achangopfuura nhamba huru yevagadziri vakatanga kushandisa goridhe.

Housing

Imba ndiyo goko rekunze remudziyo uye rine substrate uye zvimwe zvinhu zvecatalyst. Zvinhu izvo nyaya yacho inowanzoitwa isimbi isina tsvina.

Pipes

Iwo mapaipi anobatanidza chinoshandura chinogadzirisa chemotokari kune yemagetsi system uye injini. Izvo zvakagadzirwa nesimbi isina tsvina.

Ko chinoshandura mota chinoshandura chinoshanda sei?

Nekushanda kweinjini yemukati yemoto, zvakakosha kuti mwero unopisa wekutsva wemhepo-musanganiswa wemafuta unoitika mumakomba ayo. Munguva yekuita uku, magasi anokuvadza anogadzirwa, senge carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarboni nemamwe.

Kana iyo mota isina chinoshandura chinoshandura, ese aya magasi anokuvadza zvakanyanya, mushure mekudonhedzwa mukati mehusiku hwakawanda kubva muinjini, achapfuura neiyo yekuzadza system uye opinda akananga mumhepo yatinofema.

Kana iyo mota iine chinogadzirisa chinoshandura, gasi rekudzimisa richapfuura kubva kuinjini kuenda kune isina kugadzikana kuburikidza nehuchi hweiyo substrate uye woita nesimbi yakakosha. Nekuda kwekuita kwemakemikari, zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakasarudzika, uye kungobuda chete kusingakuvadzi, uko kuri kunyanya kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, kunopinda mune zvakatipoteredza kubva kuexex system.

Tinoziva kubva muzvidzidzo zvekemikari kuti catalyst chinhu chinokonzera kana kukurumidza kuita kemikari pasina kuikanganisa. Catalysts inotora chikamu mukuita asi haisi reactants kana zvigadzirwa zvecatalytic reaction.

Kune matanho maviri kuburikidza nawo magasi anokuvadza mune chinokonzera kupfuura: kudzikisira uye oxidation. Inoshanda sei?

Kana iyo tembiricha yekushandisa ye catalyst yasvika 500 kusvika 1200 degrees Fahrenheit kana 250-300 degrees Celsius, zvinhu zviviri zvinoitika: kudzikisira, uye nekukurumidza mushure meizvozvo kuita kweiyo oxidation. Zvinonzwika kunge zvakaoma zvishoma, asi zvinoreva kuti mamorekuru echinhu ari kurasikirwa uye kuwana maerekitironi panguva imwe chete, izvo zvinoshandura chimiro chavo.

Iko kudzikisira (kukwira kweoksijeni) kunoitika mukukonzera kunoitirwa kushandura nitric oxide kuita gasi rine nharaunda.

Chishandiso chemotokari chinoshanda sei muchikamu chekudzoreredza?

Kana iyo nitrous oxide kubva mumhepo yekupisa yemota yapinda mukukonzera, iyo platinamu uye rhodium mairi inotanga kuita pane kuora kweanitrogen oxide mamorekuru, ichichinja gasi rinokuvadza kuita risina kukuvadza zvachose.

Chii chinoitika panguva yeiyo oxidation?

Chikamu chechipiri chinoitika mukaturomu chinonzi kusangana kweiyo oxidation, umo mahydrocarbon asina kupiswa anoshandurwa kuita carbon dioxide nemvura nekusanganisa ne oxygen (oxidation).

Izvo zvinoitika zvinoitika mukukanganisa zvinoshandura makemikari anoumba gasi rekudzimisa, achichinja chimiro cheatomu yavakagadzirwa. Kana mamorekuru egasi anokuvadza achipfuura kubva muinjini kuenda kuchinomutsa, anoapwanya kuita maatomu. Maatomu, zvakare, anodzokedzana kuita mamorekuru kuita zvinhu zvisina njodzi senge kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, nitrogen nemvura, uye anosunungurwa kupinda munharaunda kuburikidza neexex system.

Mhando huru dzevanoshandura vanoshandiswa mumagetsi epeturu vari vaviri: mbiri-nzira uye nzira nhatu.

Kubatana

Kaviri-yakakomberedzwa (maviri-mativi) anokonzeresa panguva imwechete anoita mabasa maviri: oxidize kabhoni monoxide kune kabhoni dhayokisaidhi uye inokonzeresa mahydrocarbon (asina kupisa kana akapiswa zvishoma mafuta) kune carbon dioxide nemvura.

Rudzi urwu rwekugadzirisa mota rwakashandiswa muinjini yedhiziri uye peturu kudzikisira mweya unokuvadza wemhydrocarbon uye carbon monoxide kusvika 1981, asi sezvo yaisakwanisa kushandura nitrogen oxides, mushure me81 yakatsiviwa neatatu-nzira zvinokonzeresa.

Nhatu-nzira redox chinogadziridza chinoshandura

Rudzi urwu rwemotokari zvinokonzeresa, sezvazvakaitika, rakaunzwa muna 1981, uye nhasi yaiswa pane dzese mota dzazvino. Iyo nzira-mitatu inobatsira inoita matatu mabasa panguva imwe chete:

• inoderedza nitric oxide kune nitrogen uye oksijeni;
• inosanganisa kabhoni monoxide kune kabhoni dhayokisaidhi;
• inosanganisa mahydrocarbon asina kupisa kune carbon dioxide nemvura.

Nekuti iyi mhando yecatalytic inoshandura inoita zvese kudzikisira uye oxidation nhanho dzecatalysis, inoita basa rayo nekusvika 98% kunyatsoshanda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana mota yako yakashongedzerwa neinoshandura inoshandura, haizosvibisa nharaunda nemhepo inokuvadza.

Mhando dzekugadzirisa muinjini dzedhiziri

Kune mota dzedhiziri, kudzamara nguva pfupi yadarika, imwe yeanonyanya kushandurwa macatalytic switches yaive iyo Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). Ichi chinokonzera chinoshandisa okisijeni murukova rwekuneta kushandura kabhoni monoxide kuita carbon dioxide uye mahydrocarbon kuita mvura uye carbon dioxide. Nehurombo, iyi mhando yekugadzirisa inongova 90% inoshanda uye inokwanisa kubvisa kunhuhwirira kwedhiziri uye kudzikisa zvinoonekwa zvidimbu, asi haishande pakuderedza NO x emissions.

Injini dzedhiziri dzinoburitsa magasi ane mwero wakakwirisa wezvinhu (sosi), iyo inowanzo kuve neakakisi kabhoni, iyo DOC catalysts isingakwanise kubata nayo, saka izvo zvimedu zvinofanirwa kubviswa pachishandiswa zvinonzi mafirita mafirita (DPF).

Anogadziriswa sei anochengetedzwa?

Kuti udzivise matambudziko nechinokonzeresa, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti:

• Hwevhareji hupenyu hwekuchinja hunenge 160000 km. Mushure mekufamba chinhambwe ichi, unofanirwa kufunga nezvekutsiva mutengesi.
• Kana iyo mota yakashongedzerwa necatalytic converter, haufanirwe kushandisa inotungamira mafuta, nekuti inoderedza kushanda kweiyo catalyst. Mafuta akakodzera chete munyaya iyi haana unleaded.

Pasina mubvunzo, mabhenefiti emidziyo iyi kune zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwedu hwakakura, asi pamusoro pekubatsirwa kwavo, ivo zvakare vane zvavari zvinokanganisa.

Imwe yekukanganisa kwavo kukuru ndeyekuti vanongoshanda kumatembiricha akakwirira. Mune mamwe mazwi, iwe paunotanga mota yako, chinogadzirisa chinoshandura hachiite chero chinhu kudzikisira chiutsi.

Izvo zvinongotanga kushanda nemazvo mushure mekudzima gasi kupisa kusvika 250-300 degrees Celsius. Ichi ndicho chikonzero vamwe vagadziri vemota vakatora matanho ekugadzirisa dambudziko iri nekufambisa chinongedzo padyo neinjini, inova nerumwe ruoko inovandudza mashandiro echishandiso asi ichipfupisa hupenyu hwayo nekuti padyo neinjini inoiisa pachena kumatembiricha akakwirira kwazvo.

Mumakore achangopfuura, zvakagadziriswa kuisa chinogadziriswa chinogadzikana pasi pechigaro chemutyairi chinhambwe chinoizobvumira kuti chishande zvakaringana pasina kuburitswa kune yakanyanya injini tembiricha.

Zvimwe zvisingabatsiri zvezvinokonzeresa kugara uchivharika uye kutsva keke. Kupisa kunowanzoitika nekuda kwemafuta asina kupiswa achipinda mu exhaust system inobatidzwa mu catalytic converter feed. Kuvharika kunowanzoitika nekuda kwehurombo kana kusakodzera peturu, kupfeka kwakajairwa uye kubvaruka, maitiro ekutyaira, nezvimwe.

Uku ndiko kukanganisika kudiki kutarisana neshure kweakakura mabhenefiti atinowana kubva pakushandisa zvinokonzeresa mota. Kutenda kune izvi zvishandiso, kusvibiswa kunokuvadza kubva mumotokari kune mashoma.

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti carbon dioxide inobudisawo inokuvadza. Vanotenda kuti catalyst haidiwi mumotokari, nokuti kubudisa kwakadaro kunowedzera greenhouse effect. Muchokwadi, kana mota isina catalytic converter uye inoburitsa kabhoni monoxide mumhepo, okisidhi iyi pachayo inoshanduka kuita kabhoni dhaikisaidhi mumhepo.

Ndiani Akaunza Iyo Catalyst?

Kunyangwe vanogadzirisa vasina kuoneka sevanhu vazhinji kusvika kunopera kwema1970, nhoroondo yavo yakatanga kare.

Baba vezvinokonzeresa vanoonekwa semuFrench kemikari injiniya Eugene Goudry, uyo muna 1954 akapa mvumo yekugadzirwa kwake pasi pezita rekuti "Exhaust Catalytic Converter".

Izvi zvisati zvagadzirwa, Goodry akagadzira chinogumbura, umo makemikari makuru akaomarara akapatsanurwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvisina kukuvadza. Ipapo akaedza nemhando dzakasiyana dzemafuta, chinangwa chake kwaive kuchichenesa.

Iko kushandiswa chaiko kwekukwiridzira mumotokari kwakaitika pakati-ma1970, apo mitemo yakasimba yekudzora hutachiona yakaunzwa ichida kubviswa kwetirosi kubva pakubuda kubva kune yakaderera-mhando peturu.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Nzira yekutarisa sei kuvapo kwechinokonzera pamotokari? Kuti uite izvi, ingotarisa pasi pemotokari. Mukuwedzera kune muffler mukuru uye muffler diki (resonator inogara pamberi peiyo exhaust system), iyo catalyst imwe girobhu.

Ndeipi catalyst mumotokari? Sezvo iyo catalyst inofanirwa kushanda mumamiriro ekupisa kwepamusoro, inowanikwa padyo neanopotera manifold sezvinobvira. Iri pamberi pe resonator.

Chii chinonzi catalyst mumotokari? Iyi inoshandura inoshandura - imwe girobhu mune exhaust system. Iyo yakazadzwa nezvinhu zveceramic, iyo muzinga weuchi iyo yakafukidzwa nesimbi inokosha.