Yedza Dhiraivha Iyo Nhoroondo yeMotokari Transmissions - Chikamu 1

Munhevedzano yezvinyorwa isu tichakuudza nezve nhoroondo yekufambiswa kwemotokari nemarori - pamwe seanogutsurira chiitiko chemakore makumi manomwe neshanu ekusikwa kwekutanga otomatiki kutapurirana.

1993 Panguva yekuyedzwa kusati kwaitwa mujaho kuSilverstone, Williams bvunzo mutyairi David Coulthard akasiya njanji yebvunzo inotevera muWilliam FW 15C itsva. Pamugwagwa wakanyorova, mota inopfachuka kwese kwese, asi zvakadaro munhu wese anogona kunzwa kusinganzwisisike kusinganzwisisike kwakakwira-kumhanya kweinjini yegumi-cylinder. Zviripachena, Frank William anoshandisa imwe mhando yekutapurirana. Zvakajeka kune vakavhenekerwa kuti ichi hachisi chinhu kunze kwekuenderera kushanduka kuchinjika kwakagadzirirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zveFormula injini 1. Gare gare zvakazoitika kuti yakagadzirwa nerubatsiro rwevanowanikwa vese Van Doorn nyanzvi. kutapurirwa kwehutachiona. Makambani maviri ekurangana akadira huinjiniya hombe uye zviwanikwa zvemari muchirongwa ichi mumakore mana apfuura kugadzira prototype inoshanda zvakakwana inogona kunyora zvakare mitemo yemasimba mumambokadzi wemitambo. Muvhidhiyo yeYouTube nhasi unogona kuona miedzo yemuenzaniso uyu, uye Coulthard pachake anotaura kuti anofarira basa rake - kunyanya mukona, uko pasina chikonzero chekuparadza nguva yekudzikisa - zvinhu zvose zvinotarisirwa nemagetsi. Zvinosuruvarisa, munhu wose akashanda mubasa racho akarasikirwa nezvibereko zvekushanda kwavo. Magweta akakurumidza kurambidza kushandiswa kwemapasiro akadaro muFormula, zvichinzi nekuda kwe "zvisina kunaka". Mitemo yakachinjwa uye V-belt CVT kana CVT transmissions yaiva nhoroondo ine chitarisiko chipfupi ichi chete. Mhosva yacho yakavharwa uye Williams anofanirwa kudzokera kune semi-otomatiki transmissions, iyo ichiri yakajairwa muFormula 1 uye iyo, zvakare, yakave shanduko mukupera kwema80s. Nenzira, kumashure muna 1965, DAF neVariomatic transmission yakaedza kupinda mumotorport track, asi panguva iyoyo nzira yacho yakanga yakakura zvokuti kunyange pasina kupindira kwezvinhu zvakatarisana, yaizokundikana. Asi iyo imwe nyaya.

Isu takadzokorora kutaura mienzaniso yekuti yakawanda sei innovation muindasitiri yemazuva ano yemotokari mhedzisiro yepfungwa dzekare dzakazvarwa mumisoro yevanhu vane zvipo zvakanyanya uye vanonzwisisa. Nekuda kwemaitiro avo emuchina, magiya mabhokisi ndeimwe yemhando yepamusoro yemabatiro avanogona kuitwa kana nguva yakwana. Mazuva ano, kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvepamberi uye maitiro ekugadzira uye e-hurumende yakagadzira mukana wemhinduro dzinoshanda zvinoshamisa mumhando dzese dzekutapurirana. Mafambiro akananga kune yakaderera kushandiswa kune rumwe rutivi uye kujeka kweinjini nyowani dzine akaderedzwa zviyero (semuenzaniso, kudiwa kwekukurumidza kukunda turbo gomba) inotungamira kune kudiwa kwekugadzira otomatiki kutumira nehupamhi hwegiya reshiyo uye, saizvozvo, nhamba huru yegiya. Dzimwe nzira dzadzo dzinokwanisika iCVTs dzemota diki, dzinowanzo shandiswa nemaJapan automaker, uye otomatiki manyorerwo ekufambisa akadai seEasytronic. Opel (uyewo yemotokari diki). Matanho eanoenderana mahybrid masisitimu akananga, uye sechikamu chekuedza kudzikisa emission, dhiraivha yemagetsi inoitika chaizvo mukufambiswa.

Injini haigone kuita pasina gearbox

Parizvino, vanhu havasati vaumba imwe nzira yehunyanzvi yekufambisa kwega kwega kweanogadzira simba (kunze kweizvozvo, hydraulic michina uye masystem emagetsi masystem) pane nzira dzinoshandisa mabhandi, ngetani nemagiya. Ehezve, pane misiyano isingaverengeke pamusoro penyaya iyi, uye iwe unogona kunyatsonzwisisa hunhu hwavo nekunyora zvakanyanyisa kuitika munzvimbo ino mumakore apfuura.

Iyo pfungwa yekuchinja yemagetsi, kana yemagetsi isina kunanga yekubatanidza dhizaini kugiya bhokisi, iri kure nekuchema kwekupedzisira, nekuti muna 1916 kambani yePullman yePennsylvania yakagadzira bhokisi regiya rinoshandura magiya emagetsi. Kushandisa iyo imwechete yekushanda musimboti mune yakagadziridzwa fomu, makore makumi maviri gare gare yakaiswa muavant-garde Cord 812 - imwe yeakanyanya futuristic uye inoshamisa mota kwete chete muna 1936, payakasikwa. Izvo zvakakosha zvakakwana kuti tambo iyi inogona kuwanikwa pabutiro rebhuku nezve zvakabudirira zvekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. Kufambisa kwayo kunofambisa torque kubva muinjini kuenda kune yekumberi axle (!), uye iyo gearshift yakananga filigree yekumiririra iyo inomiririra mbiru inotungamira, iyo inomisa yakakosha magetsi emagetsi anomisa yakaoma sisitimu yemagetsi emagetsi ane vacuum diaphragms, kusanganisira magiya. Cord vagadziri vakakwanisa kusanganisa zvese izvi zvinobudirira, uye zvinoshanda zvikuru kwete mudzidziso chete, asiwo mukuita. Yakanga iri nhamo chaiyo yekumisikidza kuwiriranisa pakati pekuchinja kwegiya uye kushanda kweclutch, uye, maererano nehumbowo hwenguva iyoyo, zvaive zvichikwanisika kutumira mechanic kuchipatara chepfungwa. Nekudaro, iyo Cord yaive mota yeumbozha, uye varidzi vayo vaisakwanisa kuwana hunhu hwevazhinji vagadziri vemazuva ano kune chokwadi cheichi chiitiko - mukuita, akawanda otomatiki (anowanzonzi marobhoti kana semi-otomatiki) kufambisa kushanduka nekunonoka kwehunhu, uye kazhinji mafashama.

Hapana ari kutaura kuti kuwiriranisa ibasa rakanyanya nyore neakareruka uye akapararira manyorerwo ekufambisa nhasi, nekuti mubvunzo "Sei zvakakosha kushandisa mudziyo wakadaro zvachose?" Ane hunhu hwakakosha. Chikonzero chechiitiko chakaoma ichi, asi zvakare kuvhura bhizinesi niche yemabhirioni, iri mune chaicho injini yemoto. Kusiyana, semuenzaniso, injini yemhepo, uko kumanikidzwa kwemhepo inopiwa kumasilinda kunogona kuchinja nyore nyore, uye kudzvinyirira kwayo kunogona kuchinja panguva yekutanga-up uye yakajairika kushanda, kana kubva kune motokari yemagetsi, umo simba rakasimba rinotyaira magineti. iripowo pazero speed. paminiti (chaizvoizvo, zvino ndiyo yepamusoro-soro, uye nekuda kwekuderera kwekushanda kwemamota emagetsi nekuwedzera kukurumidza, vese vanogadzira mafambisirwo emotokari dzemagetsi vari kugadzira sarudzo dzematanho maviri) yemukati. injini yekupisa ine hunhu hunoita kuti simba repamusoro rinowanikwa nekumhanya padhuze nepamusoro, uye iyo torque yakakura - mune imwe diki diki yekumhanya, umo yakanyanya kunaka maitiro ekupisa anoitika. Izvo zvinofanirwawo kucherechedzwa kuti muhupenyu chaihwo, injini haiwanzoshandiswa pane yakanyanya torque curve (zvichiteerana, pane yakanyanya simba simba rekusimudzira curve). Nehurombo, torque iri pazasi revs ishoma, uye kana iko kutapurirana kwakabatana zvakabatana, kunyangwe iine batira rinoregedza uye rinobvumidza kutanga-mota, mota haizombokwanisa kuita zviitiko zvakaita sekutanga, kumhanyisa uye kutyaira pane yakakura spidhi renji. Heino muenzaniso wakapfava - kana injini ichiendesa kumhanya kwayo 1: 1, uye saizi yetairi iri 195/55 R 15 (parizvino, kubvisa kubva pakuvapo kwegiya guru), saka zvinoti mota inofanira kufamba nekumhanya 320 km. / h pa 3000 crankshaft shanduko paminiti. Ehezve, mota dzine akananga kana kuvhara magiya uye kunyange anokambaira magiya, mune iyo kesi iyo yekupedzisira dhiraivha zvakare inouya mune iyo equation uye inofanirwa kutariswa. Nekudaro, kana isu tikapfuurira nepakutanga pfungwa yekufunga nezvekutyaira neyakajairika kumhanya kwe60 km / h muguta, injini ichangoda 560 rpm chete. Ehe, hapana mota inokwanisa kuita twine yakadaro. Pane imwezve ruzivo - nekuti, panyama chete, simba rakanangana ne torque uye kumhanya (formula yaro inogona zvakare kutsanangurwa sekumhanya x torque / imwe coefficient), uye kukurumidza kwemuviri wenyama kunoenderana nesimba rinoshandiswa pairi. . , nzwisisa, mune ino kesi, simba, zvine musoro kuti kukurumidza kumhanyisa iwe uchazoda kumhanya kwakanyanya uye mutoro wakakura (i.e. torque). Zvinonzwika zvakaoma, asi mukuita izvi zvinoreva zvinotevera: mutyairi wese, kunyangwe uya asinganzwisise chero chinhu muhunyanzvi, anoziva kuti kuti ukwanise kumhanyisa mota, unofanirwa kutamisa rimwe kana kunyange maviri magiya ezasi. Nekudaro, iri pamwe neiyo gearbox iyo iyo iyo pakarepo inonunura yakakwira revs uye nekudaro rakawedzera simba rechinangwa ichi neiyo yakafanana degree reiyo pedal kumanikidza. Iri ndiro basa remudziyo uyu - uchifunga nezve hunhu hweinjini yekupisa mukati, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwayo mune yakanyanya mode. Kutyaira mune yekutanga giya kumhanya kwe100 km / h ichave isina huremu, uye mune yechitanhatu, yakakodzera nzira, hazvibviri kuenda munzira. Hazvina kuitika kuti kutyaira kwehupfumi kunoda magearhifts ekutanga uye injini inomhanya yakazara (kureva kuti kutyaira zvishoma pazasi peiyo torque curve). Nyanzvi dzinoshandisa izwi rekuti "yakaderera yakatarwa simba rekushandisa", iri pakati rev rev uye padhuze nemutoro wepamusoro. Ipapo vharuvhu yeinjini yemafuta epeturu inovhura yakafara uye inoderedza kupomha kurasikirwa, inowedzera humburumbira kumanikidza uye nekudaro inovandudza mhando yemakemikari maitiro. Kumhanya kwepazasi kunodzora kukakavara uye kubvumira imwe nguva kuzadza zvizere. Mujaho mota dzinogara dzichimhanya nekumhanyisa uye dziine huwandu hukuru hwegiya (sere muFormula 1), iyo inobvumidza kudzikiswa kumhanya kana ichichinja uye ichiganhurira shanduko kuenda kunzvimbo dzine simba shoma.

Muchokwadi, inogona kuita isina yakasarudzika gearbox, asi ...

Iyo nyaya yemahybrid masisitimu uye kunyanya mahybrid masisitimu akadai seToyota Prius. Mota iyi haina kutapurirana chero kwemhando dzakanyorwa. Iyo inenge isina gearbox! Izvi zvinogoneka nekuti zvikanganiso zvataurwa zvinotsiviwa nehurongwa hwemagetsi. Kutumira kunotsiviwa neinonzi simba splitter, giya repuraneti rinobatanidza injini inopisa mukati uye maviri emagetsi emagetsi. Kune vanhu vasina kuverenga tsananguro yakasarudzika yekushanda kwayo mumabhuku eiyo hybrid masisitimu uye kunyanya pakusikwa kwePrius (iyo yekupedzisira inowanikwa pane online vhezheni yesaiti yedu ams.bg), isu tinongotaura kuti iyo nzira inobvumira. chikamu chemagetsi emagetsi einjini yekupisa yemukati kuti ifambiswe zvakananga, zvemagetsi uye zvishoma, ishandurwe kuita magetsi (nerubatsiro rwemuchina mumwe sejenareta) uye zvakare kuita mechaniki (nerubatsiro rwemumwe muchina semagetsi emagetsi) . Hungwaru hwekusikwa uku neToyota (iyo pfungwa yepakutanga yaive kambani yeAmerica TRW kubva kuma60s) ndeyekupa yakakwira yekutanga torque, iyo inodzivirira kudiwa kwemagiya akaderera uye inobvumira injini kuti ishande mumamodhi anoshanda. pakuremerwa kukuru, kutevedzera giya repamusoro rinobvira, nemagetsi sisitimu inogara ichiita sebuffer. Kana simulation yekumhanyisa uye downshift ichidikanwa, kumhanya kweinjini kunowedzerwa nekudzora jenareta uye, zvinoenderana, nekumhanya kwayo uchishandisa yakaomesesa yemagetsi ikozvino kutonga system. Paunenge uchitevedzera magiya akakwira, kunyangwe mota mbiri dzinofanirwa kushandura nhanho kudzikamisa kumhanya kweinjini. Panguva ino, sisitimu inopinda mu "simba rekutenderera" modhi uye kushanda kwayo kwakadzikira zvakanyanya, izvo zvinotsanangura kuratidzwa kwakapinza kwemafuta emhando iyi yemotokari dzakasanganiswa nekumhanya kwakanyanya. Nekudaro, tekinoroji iyi iri mukuita yekukanganisika yakanakira traffic yemumaguta, sezvo zviri pachena kuti magetsi haakwanise kubhadhara zvizere kusavapo kwegiya regiya. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, mainjiniya eHonda ari kushandisa mhinduro yakapusa asi ine hungwaru mune yavo itsva sophisticated hybrid hybrid system kukwikwidza neToyota - vanongowedzera yechitanhatu yekufambisa yemanyorero inobata pachinzvimbo cheyepamusoro-speed hybrid mechanism. Zvese izvi zvinogona kunge zvichigutsa zvakakwana kuratidza kudiwa kwegiya bhokisi. Ehe, kana zvichibvira nenhamba huru yegiya - chokwadi ndechekuti nekutonga kwemanyorero hazvizove zvakasununguka kuti mutyairi ave nenhamba huru, uye mutengo uchawedzera. Panguva ino, 7-speed manual transmissions seaya anowanikwa muPorsche (yakavakirwa paDSG) uye Chevrolet Corvettes haawanzoitiki.

Izvo zvese zvinotanga nemaketani nemabhanhire

Nekudaro, akasiyana mamiriro anoda humwe hunhu hwesimba rinodiwa zvichienderana nekumhanya uye torque. Uye mune ino equation, kudiwa kwekushanda kweinjini kushanda uye kudzikiswa kwemafuta, kuwedzera kune yazvino injini tekinoroji, kutapurirana kuri kuramba kuchikwira kunonetsa.

Nomuzvarirwo, dambudziko rekutanga rinomuka riri kutanga - mumotokari dzevatakuri dzekutanga, iyo yakajairika fomu yegiya bhokisi yaive cheni drive, yakakweretwa kubva bhasikoro, kana bhandi dhiraivha ichiita pamabhandi pulleys akasiyana madhayamita. Mukuita, pakanga pasina kushamisika kusingafadzi mubhanhire dhiraivha. Haisi chete yaingoita ruzha sevanodyidzana nayo cheni, asi zvakare yaisakwanisa kutyora mazino, ayo aizivikanwa kubva kumagiya echinyakare ayo vatyairi panguva yainzi "transmission lettuce". Kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore, zviedzo zvave zvichiitwa neinonzi "friction wheel drive", iyo isina clutch kana magiya, uye inoshandisa Nissan neMazda mune yavo toroidal gearboxes (iyo ichakurukurwa gare gare). Zvisinei, dzimwe nzira dzemavhiri egiya dzakange dziine zvipingamupinyi zvakakomba - mabhanhire aisakwanisa kumira mitoro yakareba uye kuwedzera kukurumidza, akakurumidza kusunungurwa uye kubvaruka, uye "mapedhi" emavhiri ekuputika akaiswa pasi pekupfeka kwakakurumidza. Chero zvazvingaitika, nguva pfupi mushure mekutanga kweindasitiri yemotokari, magiya akave madikanwa uye akaramba ari sarudzo chete panguva ino yekufambisa torque kwenguva yakareba.

Kuberekwa kwekutenderera kwemuchina

Leonardo da Vinci akagadzira uye akagadzira mavhiri emagetsi emaitiro ake, asi kugadzirwa kwemavhiri akasimba, ane musoro uye anogara akasimba kwakagoneka chete muna 1880 nekuda kwekuvapo kweakakodzera matekinoroji ekugadzira simbi dzemhando yepamusoro nemichina yesimbi. kunyatsoita basa. Kurasikirwa kwefriction mumagiya kunoderedzwa kusvika pa2 muzana chete! Iyi ndiyo nguva yavakave yakakosha sechikamu chegiya bhokisi, asi dambudziko rakaramba riri nekubatana kwavo uye kuiswa mune yakajairika michina. Muenzaniso wemhinduro itsva ndeye Daimler Phoenix ye1897, umo magiya ehukuru hwakasiyana "akaunganidzwa" kuita chaiwo, maererano nenzwisiso yanhasi, bhokisi regiya, iro, mukuwedzera kune mana kumhanya, zvakare rine reverse giya. Makore maviri gare gare, Packard yakava kambani yekutanga kushandisa nzvimbo inozivikanwa yegiya lever pamagumo etsamba "H". Mumakumi emakore akatevera, magiya akange asisipo, asi michina yakaramba ichivandudzwa muzita rebasa riri nyore. Carl Benz, akashongedza mota dzake dzekutanga dzekugadzira negiya bhokisi repasi, akakwanisa kurarama nekuonekwa kwemabhokisi ekutanga akawiriraniswa akagadzirwa naCadillac naLa Salle muna 1929. Makore maviri gare gare, masinanisi akanga atoshandiswa naMercedes, Mathis, Maybach naHorch, uyezve imwe Vauxhall, Ford naRolls-Royce. Imwe tsananguro - yese yaive isina kuwiriraniswa yekutanga giya, iyo yakatsamwisa zvakanyanya vatyairi uye yaida hunyanzvi hunyanzvi. Yekutanga yakanyatso kuwiriraniswa gearbox yakashandiswa neChirungu Alvis Speed ​​​​Twenty muna Gumiguru 1933 uye yakagadzirwa nekambani inozivikanwa yeGerman, iyo ichine zita rekuti "Gear Factory" ZF, yatinowanzo taura nezvayo munyaya yedu. Yakanga isiri kusvika pakati pemakore ekuma30 apo masynchronizer akatanga kuiswa pane mamwe mabhureki, asi mumotokari dzinodhura nemarori, vatyairi vakaramba vachinetseka negiya regiya kuti vafambe uye vachichinja magiya. Muchokwadi, mhinduro kudambudziko rerudzi urwu rwekusagadzikana yakatsvakwa kare nerubatsiro rweakasiyana ekutapurirana zvimiro, zvakare akanangana nekugara achibatanidza magiya mapeya uye nekuabatanidza kune shaft - munguva kubva 1899 kusvika 1910, De Dion Bouton. yakagadzira kutapurirana kunonakidza umo magiya anogara akabatanidzwa, uye kubatana kwavo kune yechipiri shaft kunoitwa uchishandisa madiki madiki. Panhard-Levasseur aive nekukura kwakafanana, asi mukukura kwavo, magiya akabatanidzwa zvachose aive akabatana zvakasimba kune shaft vachishandisa mapini. Vagadziri, hongu, havana kurega kufunga nezvekuti vangaita sei kuti zvive nyore kune vatyairi uye kudzivirira mota kubva mukukuvadzwa kusingakoshi. Muna 1914, mainjiniya eCadillac vakafunga kuti vaigona kushandisa simba reinjini dzavo hombe uye kugadzirira mota dzine chinogadzirika chekupedzisira dhiraivha yaigona kushandura magetsi uye kuchinja giya reshiyo kubva 4,04: kusvika 2,5: 1.

20s uye 30s yaive nguva yezvigadzirwa zvinoshamisa izvo zviri chikamu chekugara kuunganidzwa kweruzivo mumakore. Semuenzaniso, muna 1931, kambani yeFrance yeCotal yakagadzira dhizaini yakachinjika yemagetsi inodzorwa negiya diki pavhiri redhiraivha, iro, iro zvakare, rakasanganiswa nediki risingashande rakaiswa pasi. Isu tinotaura ekupedzisira ficha nekuti inoita kuti mota ive nemagiya mazhinji emberi sezvo paine magiya mana ekumashure. Panguva iyoyo, mabhureki ane mukurumbira akadai saDelage, Delahaye, Salmson naVoisin vaifarira kugadzirwa kwaKotal. Pamusoro peiyo yambotaurwa isinganzwisisike uye yakakanganwa "yakanakira" yeakawanda emazuva ano mavhiri ekutyaira magiya, iyi inoshamisa giya bhokisi zvakare ine kugona "kupindirana" neFleschel otomatiki shifter inochinja magiya sekudonha kunodonha nekuda kwekuremerwa kweinjini uye ichokwadi. imwe yekutanga kuyedza kuita otomatiki maitiro.

Mota zhinji kubva kuma40s nema50 dzaive nemagiya matatu nekuti injini hadzina kukura kupfuura 4000 rpm. Nekuwedzera kwema revs, torque uye magetsi curves, iwo matatu magiya haasisina kufukidza rev rev range. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive yekusagadzikana kufamba ine hunhu "hunoshamisa" kutapurirana kana uchisimudza nekunyanyisa kumanikidza kana uchichinjira kune wezasi. Mhinduro inonzwisisika yedambudziko iri yaive yekuchinja kwakakura kuenda kumagiya mana-anomhanyisa muma60, uye ekutanga-mashanu-anomhanyisa magiya muma 70s yaive nhanho yakakosha yevagadziri, avo vaidada nekuona kuvepo kwebhokisi rakadaro pamwe nemufananidzo wemota pamota. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, muridzi weiyo yekare Opel Commodore akandiudza kuti paakatenga mota, yaive mumavhiri matatu uye yakaenzana 3 l / 20 km. Paakachinja gearbox kuita giya-rekumhanyisa-giya, kushandiswa kwaive 100 l / 15 km, uye mushure mekunge awana mashanu-ekumhanyisa, yekupedzisira akadonha kusvika gumi litita.

Nhasi, pane angangoita hapana mota ane asingasviki mashanu magiya, uye matanhatu ekumhanya ave kuita zvakajairika mushanduro dzakakwira dzemakomputa emhando. Pfungwa yechitanhatu muzviitiko zvakawanda kudzikisira kwakasimba mukumhanya kwakanyanya revs, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko, kana isina kureba uye kudzikiswa kwemadonhwe ekumhanya kana uchichinja. Mitambo-nhanho yekuparadzira ine hunyanzvi hwekuita injini dzedhiziri, zvikamu zvadzo zvine torque yakakura, asi yakanyanya kuderedzwa mashandiro ekushandisa nekuda kwechimiro cheinjini yedhiziri.

(kutevera)

Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev