Hardtop: chii icho, zvichireva, musimboti wekushanda

Munguva yepashure-Hondo Yenyika II, vagadziri vemota zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kuvaka mota. Zvisinei, michina yakadaro yakanga isina kusiyana neyavo munguva yepamberi pehondo. Vatyairi vaifanira kufarira chimwe chinhu, nekuti wechidiki aida neimwe nzira kumira.

Zvaive zvakaoma kuita pamota dzine pontoon chimiro (kumberi neshure kwekutsvedza mukati mavo zvakabatana neumwe wepamusoro mutsara). Mota dzakadai dzatova monotonous uye dzinofinha.

Mamiriro acho akachinja pakatanga kuomarara-ekutanga mota muAmerica pakupera kwema40 ne50.

Idzo mota dzakamira kubva kune dzimwe mota uye dzaibvumira mutyairi kuti asimbise yavo yekutanga. Ngatitorei titarise zvakanyanya ichi chimiro chemuviri: ndeapi maficha, chii chakaita kuti ive yakakurumbira, uye nei dhizaini iyi yakaramba iri munhoroondo.

Chii chinonzi hardtop?

Iyo hardtop mhando yemutumbi dhizaini iyo yainakidzwa kunyanya kufarirwa kubva kuma1950 kusvika kune yekutanga hafu yema1970. Asi, iko kuchinjisa sedan, coupe kana chiteshi chengoropanzvimbo pemhando yemuviri wakaparadzana.

Chinhu chakasarudzika cheiyi dhizaini kusavapo kwepakati pambiru mbiru. Vamwe vanhu vanoreva nemota dzakaomarara, mahwindo emumativi ayo asina mafiremu akaomarara. Nekudaro, iyo yakakosha ficha ndeye chaizvo kusavapo kwechikamu, icho chinovandudza kuvonekwa uye chinopa mota kutarisa kwekutanga.

Muenzaniso wekutanga wemambakwedza eiyo hardtop ndiyo Chrysler Town & Nyika, iyo yakawana kuzivikanwa muna 1947.

Iyo inopenya yakajeka yeiyo hardtop nguva ndeye 1959 Cadillac Coupe Deville. Pamusoro pekushayikwa kwembiru yepakati yemusuwo, iyo modhi yaive nemapini epamberi epamberi (iri rakapatsanurwa dhizaini yemotokari kubva panguva imwechete yenhoroondo).

Nekunze, iyo hardtop yakafanana neinoshandurwa nedenga rakakwidzwa. Yakanga iri pfungwa iyi yakaumba hwaro hwekusikwa kweiyi shanduko yemuviri Iyi dhizaini dhizaini yakazorodza kutakura kwemavhiri mana enguva yepashure pehondo.

Kusimbisa kufanana kwezvinoshandurwa, denga remotokari raiwanzo pendwa neruvara rwakapesana nerudzi rukuru rwemuviri. Kazhinji kazhinji yaive yakapendwa chena kana nhema, asi dzimwe nguva kuita kwepakutanga kwakasanganawo.

Kusimbisa kufanana kwezvinoshandurwa, denga remamwe mamodheru rakafukidzwa nevinyl ine akasiyana masisitimu.

Kutenda nesarudzo iyi, mutengi akatenga yakasarudzika mota, yakafanana neinoshandurwa, asi pamutengo wemota yakajairwa. Vamwe vagadziri vakaita matinji akakosha padenga remotokari, izvo zvaitevedzera mbabvu dzichisunda kuburikidza nedenga rakapfava. Mumwe wevamiriri veichi dhizaini ndi1963 Pontiac Catalina.

Iyo yepamusoro yekufarirwa kwechimiro ichi inowira pamakumi matanhatu. Nekuvandudzwa kwetsika ye "Muscle mota" maAmerican automaker Ford, Chrysler, Pontiac naGeneral Motors vakatsvaga kufarira iye "asinganzwisisike" mutyairi mumamodeli ane injini dzine simba. Aya ndiwo maratidziro akaita iconic Pontiac GTO, Shelby Mustang GT60, Chevrolet Corvette Stingray, Plymouth Hemi Cuda, Dodge Charger nevamwe.

Asi dzaisave ingori injini dzine simba risingakendengi dzakakwezva kufarira mota kubva "nguva yemafuta" nguva. Kune vazhinji varidzi vemota dhizaini yemotokari yakaita basa rakakosha. Mumakore epashure pehondo, mota dzaive dzese dzinofinha uye dzisinganetsi nemhando inonetesa yepontoon.

Dhizaini dzekutanga dzakashandiswa kuunza nyowani kutsauka mukugadzirwa kwemota ina-mavhiri, uye hardtop yaive imwe yeakakurumbira. Kazhinji muviri uri muchitaira ichi uye Muscle Car kirasi yaienda zvisingaenzanisike.

Hardtop muviri dhizaini maficha

Siyanisa pakati pemasuo maviri- uye mana-masuo asina muviri muviri. Iyo yakapusa nzira yaive yekushandura iyo pfungwa kuita maviri-masuo ekugadzirisa, nekuti musuwo waisada rack - iri basa rakaitwa nechikamu chakaomarara chemuviri. Kubva pakati pe50s, mana-masuo analogo akaonekwa. Uye yekutanga chiteshi ngoro mune ino dhizaini yakaburitswa muna 1957.

Dambudziko rakakura pamatanho mana-emikova yaive yekumusuwo wekusunga. Zvekuti vagone kuvhura, pakanga pasina nzira yekuita pasina rack. Mukuona kweizvi, mazhinji emamodeli aive asina mamiriro. Mikova yekumashure yaive yakagadzikwa pambiru yakatemwa yaiperera kumusoro kwemusuwo.

Mhinduro yepakutanga yaive yekuisa musuwo paC-mbiru kuitira kuti madhiraivha emutyairi nemutakurwi avhurike munzira dzakasiyana - imwe kumberi uye imwe kumashure. Nekufamba kwenguva, iyo yekumashure-hinge gomo rakagamuchira zita rinotyisa "Suicide Door" kana "Suicide suwo" (nekumhanyisa, mhepo yekumusoro yaigona kuvhura musuwo wakavharwa zvakanaka, waive usina kuchengetedzeka kune vafambi). Iyi nzira yawana mashandisiro ayo mumota dzazvino dzemhando yepamusoro, semuenzaniso:

• Iyo Lykan Hypersport ndiyo yekutanga boxer-injini yeArab supercar kuzivikanwa muThe Fast and the Furious. pano);

• Mazda RX-8 - isina chimiro chimiro;

• Iyo Honda Element ndeimwe inomiririra yazvino isina koroni mota, iyo yakaburitswa munguva kubva 2003 kusvika 2011.

Imwe dambudziko rekugadzira ne hardtops yaive isina kusimba girazi rakavhara. Dambudziko rakafanana riripo mumota dzisina mafuremu. Bhajeti mota sarudzo dzakashongedzerwa neakagadziriswa kumashure windows.

Mune anodhura emazuva ano masystem asina kukwana, vanosimudza mawindo vanosimudza girazi nechinhu chidiki chakatwasuka, chinovabvumira kuti vanyatsovhara munzvimbo yepamusoro. Iko kusimba kwesisitimu yakadaro kunopihwa nechisimbiso chakasungwa padivi pamucheto wemahwindo ekumashure.

Zvikonzero zvekuzivikanwa

Iko kusanganiswa kwakanaka kwe hardtop modification uye inoshamisa powertrain simba yakaita mota dzeAmerica dzakasarudzika mumhando dzadzo. Vamwe vagadziri veEuropean vakaedzawo kushandisa akafanana mazano mune avo magadzirirwo. Mumwe weavo vamiriri iFrance Facel-Vega FV (1955). Nekudaro, mota dzeAmerica dzaionekwa sedzakakurumbira.

Chokumusoro-Vega FV 1955

Chikonzero chikuru chekuzivikanwa kweshanduro iyi mutengo wayo. Sezvo dhizaini yedenga isina kureva kuvapo kwenzira dzakaomarara dzinobvumira kuti dzibviswe mudhiramu, mugadziri anogona kusiya mutengo wedemokrasi wechigadzirwa chake.

Chikonzero chechipiri chekuzivikanwa kwakadai ndeyeyeesthetics yemotokari. Kunyangwe iwo anodonha-pontoon-maitiro mamodheru akataridzika zvakanyanya kukwezva kupfuura avo vemashure-vehondo. Muchokwadi, mutengi akagamuchira mota iyo yekunze yakafanana neinoshandurwa, asi iine chivimbo chemuviri chakavimbika.

Pakati akakurumbira motokari nadzurudzo vari:

• Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu SS 396 (1965г.);

• Ford Fairlane 500 Hardtop Coupe 427 R-kodhi (1966г.);

• Buick Skylark GS 400 Hardtop Coupe (1967г.);

• Chevrolet Impala Hardtop Coupe (1967g.);

• Dodge Dart GTS 440 (1969);

• Dodge Chaja 383 (1966г.)

Pamusoro pemotokari dzinomhanya-mhanya, iyo hardtop modification yaiwanzoshandiswa mune imwe kirasi yemota - mune yakawanda uye isinganzwisisike "land yachts". Heano akati wandei sarudzo dzemakina akadaro.

• Dodge Tsika 880 (1963) - 5,45-mita-ina-masuo mana sedan;

• Ford LTD (1970) - imwe sedan ine kureba kwemuviri ingangoita 5,5 metres;

• Chizvarwa chekutanga Buick Riviera ndechimwe chezviratidzo zveAmerican Luxury maitiro.

Imwe yepakutanga hardtop muviri maitiro ndiyo Mercury Commuter 2-musuwo Hardtop Station Wagon.

Nekutanga kwedambudziko remafuta, mota dzine simba dzakapinda mu "mumvuri", uye navo dzakaomarara hardtops. Mitemo yekuchengetedza yakadzikama, ichimanikidza vagadziri kuti vasiye kuwedzera dhizaini dzakakurumbira.

Chete pano neapo pakanga paine kuyedza kutevedzera iyo hardtop maitiro, asi aya aive echinyakare sedans aine akapesana nedenga kana isina magirazi girazi. Muenzaniso wemotokari yakadaro iFord LTD Pillared Hardtop Sedan.

Mugadziri wechiJapan akaedzawo kufarira vatengi vayo mukuita kwekutanga kwemota dzavo. Saka, muna 1991, Toyota Corona Exiv akapinda akateedzana.

Kusiyana nevatyairi muUnited States, vateereri veEuropean neAsia vakanga vasingadi kwazvo kugamuchira pfungwa iyi - kazhinji vanosarudza kuita nekuchengetedza mota.

Zvakanakira nekuipira kweiyo hardtop muviri

Pakati pezvakanakira ino shanduko yemamiriro pane aya:

• Chitarisiko chepakutanga chemotokari. Kunyangwe mota yakajairika ine yemazuva ano hardtop muviri yaitaridzika zvakanyanya kutaridzika kupfuura venguva yayo. Iko kuvandudzwa kwemashure-hinged mikova kuchiri kushandiswa nevamwe vagadziri vemota, izvo zvinoita kuti zvigadzirwa zvavo zvinyatsooneka kubva kumashure kweimwe analogues.

• Kufanana nekushandurwa. Iyo mota yakanga isiri yekunze chete yakafanana neiyo analogue ine yepamusoro inotendeuka. Kana ese windows ari pasi uchityaira, kufefetedza kwemhepo kunenge kwakafanana neicho chinotendeuka. Kutenda neizvi, mota dzakadai dzaive dzakakurumbira munzvimbo dzinopisa.
• Kuvandudzwa kwekuonekwa. Pasina iyo B-mbiru, mutyairi aive nemavara mashoma eupofu, uye iyo yemukati pachayo yaitaridzika kunge hombe.

Kunyangwe iko kushinga uye kwekutanga kuita, ma automaker aifanira kusiya iyo hardtop nadzurudzo. Zvikonzero zveizvi zvaive zvinotevera zvinhu:

• Nekuda kwekushomeka kwepakati pambiru, muviri wemotokari wakaramba wakaomarara. Somugumisiro wekutyaira pamusoro pemapundu, chimiro chakapera simba, izvo zvaiwanzo kutungamira kukuvadzwa kwemikova yemikova. Mushure memakore akati wandei ekutyaira asina hanya, mota yaka "svetuka" zvekuti kunyangwe zvisizvo zvidiki mumugwagwa zvaiperekedzwa nemakara anotyisa uye kupaza mukamuri rese.
• Kutyorwa kwechengetedzo zviyero. Rimwe dambudziko nema hardtops yaive yekusungwa kwemabhande epachigaro. Sezvo pakanga pasina mbiru yepakati, bhanhire raiwanzo gadzirirwa padenga, iro kazhinji kacho raisatendera kuti pfungwa yemotokari isinga zororwe izadziswe (raki rakabviswa kuitira kuti pasave nechinovhiringidza maonero, uye bhandi rakamiswa rakaparadza mufananidzo wese).

• Munguva yetsaona, hardtops yaive yakanyanya kuderera mukuchengetedzwa ichienzaniswa neyekare sedans kana coupes.
• Nekuuya kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa mhepo, kudiwa kwekusimudzirwa kwemhepo yekunze kwanyangarika.
• Mahwindo akadzikiswa mumotokari dzakadaro akakanganisa maekisesaizi emota, zvichideredza kwazvo kumhanya kwayo.

Kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri emakore, musika wemotokari wakazadzwa nemahtopt zvekuti shanduko yakadaro yakakurumidza kumira kuva kuda kuziva. Zvakangodaro, mota dzemifananidzo yenguva iyoyo dzichiri kubata ziso revano farira mota.