Magetsi magetsi: 8 mibvunzo uye mhinduro nezve lithiamu

Motokari dzemagetsi dziri kupinda zvishoma nezvishoma muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, uye kuzvimiririra kunopiwa nemabhatiri avo kunoramba kuri chirevo chikuru chinozotungamirira kushandiswa kwavo kwakapararira. Uye kana kusvika zvino tanzwa - mukutevedzana kwenguva - nezve Seven Sisters, OPEC, nyika dzinogadzira oiri uye makambani emafuta ehurumende, ikozvino lithium iri kupinda zvishoma nezvishoma muhupenyu hwedu sechikamu chakakosha chemazuva ano ebhatiri tekinoroji inovimbisa kuzvitonga kukuru.

Nekudaro, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwemafuta, lithiamu iri kuwedzerwa, chinhu chechisikigo, chinhu chakasvibirira, icho mumakore anotevera chichava nenzvimbo inotungamira mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri. Ngationei kuti chii chinonzi lithiamu uye chii chatinofanira kuziva nezvazvo? 

Yakawanda sei lithiamu iyo nyika inoda?

Lithium isimbi yealkali ine musika wepasi rose unokura. Pakati pa2008 na2018 chete, kugadzirwa kwegore munyika huru dzinogadzira kwakawedzera kubva pamatani makumi mana nemazana mana nemakumi masere nemashanu. Chinhu chakakosha mukuwedzera kwekuda kushandiswa kwayo mumabhatiri emagetsi emagetsi.

Lithium yave ichishandiswa kwemakore mu laptop uye nhare mbozha mabhatiri, pamwe nemagirazi nema ceramics maindasitiri.

Ndeapi nyika iyo lithiamu yakacherwa?

Chile ine nyika huru yelithium reserves, pamatani mamiriyoni masere, mberi kweAustralia (8 mamiriyoni emamiriyoni), Argentina (matani mamiriyoni maviri) neChina (matani mamiriyoni). Zvose zvakachengetwa pasi rose zvinofungidzirwa kusvika mamiriyoni gumi nemana ematani. Izvi zvinoenderana ne2,7 nguva yekugadzirwa muna 2.

Mu2018 Australia yaive nekure yepamusoro lithium mutengesi (51 tonnes), pamberi peChile (000 tonnes), China (16 tonnes) neArgentina (000 tonnes). Izvi zvinoratidzwa mune data kubva kuUnited States Geological Survey (USGS). 

Lithium yeAustralia inobva kuindasitiri yemigodhi, nepo muChile neArgentina inobva kumafurati emunyu, anonzi masalars muchiRungu. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeaya magwenga ndiyo yakakurumbira Atacama. Kubviswa kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira kubva kumagwenga kunoitika sezvinotevera: mvura yemunyu kubva mumadziva epasi pevhu ane lithium inounzwa kumusoro uye inoputika mumakomba makuru (munyu). Mune yakasara munyu mhinduro, kugadzirisa kunoitwa mumatanho akati wandei kusvika iyo lithiamu yakakodzera kushandiswa mumabhatiri.

Iyo Volkswagen inogadzira sei lithium

Volkswagen AG yakasaina zvibvumirano zveLolkswagen zvenguva refu zve lithiamu neGanfeng izvo zvine hungwaru pakuzadzisa ramangwana remagetsi. Chibatanidzwa cheMemorandamu yeKunzwisisa pamwe neyeChinese lithiamu inogadzira ino chengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwekuwanikwa kweiyo tekinoroji yakakosha yeramangwana uye inoita mupiro wekupedzisira mukuzadzisa chinangwa cheVolkswagen chekuda kuvhura mamirioni makumi maviri nemaviri emagetsi epasi rese ne22.

Ndeapi tarisiro yenguva refu yetiyamu inoda?

Volkswagen iri kushingairira kutarisa mota dzemagetsi. Kwemakore gumi anotevera, kambani iri kuronga kuburitsa angangoita makumi manomwe mamodheru emagetsi emagetsi - kubva pamakumi mashanu anga arongwa kare. Huwandu hwemotokari dzemagetsi dzakagadzirwa mumakore gumi anotevera zvichawedzerawo kubva pamamiriyoni gumi nemashanu kusvika pamamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri.

"Zvigadzirwa zvinoramba zvakakosha mukufamba kwenguva," akadaro Stanley Whittingham, uyo akahwina mubairo weNobel, uyo anofungidzirwa kuti akaisa hwaro hwesainzi hwemabhatiri ari kushandiswa nhasi. 

"Nyaya yesarudzo yehupenyu hurefu mabhatiri ichava lithium kune inotevera 10 kusvika kumakore makumi maviri," anoenderera mberi. 

Pakupedzisira, mazhinji emidziyo inoshandiswa ichashandiswazve - kuderedza kudiwa kwe "itsva" lithium. Zvinotarisirwa kuti panosvika 2030 lithium ichashandiswa kwete chete muindasitiri yemotokari.