Mota yemagetsi zuro, nhasi, mangwana: chikamu 1

E-Kufambisa Ekumuka Anonetsa Matambudziko

Kuongorora kwenhamba uye kuronga kwakakosha sainzi dzakaomarara, uye mamiriro ehutano azvino, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nepasirese anoratidza izvi. Parizvino, hapana munhu anogona kutaura kuti chii chichaitika mushure mekuguma kwedenda maererano nebhizimusi remotokari, kunyanya nekuti hazvizivikanwe kuti zvichaitika riini. Ko izvo zvinodikanwa zvekubuda kwekabhoni dhayokisaidhi uye kushandiswa kwemafuta kuchachinja munyika uye kunyanya muEurope? Kuti izvi, zvinosanganiswa nemitengo yakaderera yemafuta uye kudzikira kwemari yemari, zvinokanganisa kufamba. Rubatsiro rwavo rucharamba ruchiwedzera here, kana zvinopesana zvichaitika? Ko mari ichapihwa kubatsira (kana paine) makambani emota kuti aise mari mumagetsi matema?

China, iyo iri kutopora kubva mudambudziko, icharamba ichitsvaga nzira yekuve mutungamiri mukufamba kutsva, nekuti haina kuzova vanguard tekinoroji mune yekare. Vazhinji vagadziri vemota nhasi vachiri kutengesa zvakanyanya zvakajairika mota, asi vakaisa mari zvakanyanya mukufamba mumakore apfuura, saka ivo vakagadzirira zviitiko zvakasiyana mushure medambudziko. Ehezve, kunyangwe iwo akasviba akafanofungidzirwa mamiriro haabatanidzi chimwe chinhu chakanyanya seicho chiri kuitika. Asi, sekutaura kwaNietzsche: "Izvo zvisingandiuraye zvinondisimbisa." Mashandiro anoita makambani emota nema subcontractors mafirosofi avo uye kuti hutano hwavo huchave sei zvicharamba zvichionekwa. Pachave nebasa kune vagadziri ve lithiamu-ion maseru. Uye tisati taenderera mberi neiyo tekinoroji mhinduro mumunda wemagetsi emagetsi nemabhatiri, isu tinokuyeuchidza nezve zvimwe zvikamu zveiyo nyaya uye mapuratifomu mhinduro mukati mawo.

Chimwe chinhu senge sumo ...

Mugwagwa ndiko kwaunoenda. Iyi pfungwa inoratidzika kunge yakapfava nezveLao Tzu inopa chirevo kumaitiro ane simba ari kuitika muindasitiri yemotokari panguva ino. Ichokwadi kuti nguva dzakasiyana-siyana munhoroondo yayo dzakatsanangurwawo se "simba" senge matambudziko maviri emafuta, asi chokwadi ndechekuti maitiro ekuchinja akakosha ari kuitika munzvimbo ino nhasi. Zvichida mufananidzo wakanakisa wekushushikana uchauya kubva kumadhipatimendi ekuronga, kusimudzira, kana hukama hwevatengesi. Chii chichava vhoriyamu uye chikamu chehukama chemotokari dzemagetsi mukugadzirwa kwemotokari yakazara mumakore anotevera? Maitiro ekugadzirisa kupihwa kwezvikamu zvakaita selithium-ion masero emabhatiri, uye ndiani achave mupi wezvinhu uye midziyo yekugadzira mota dzemagetsi nemagetsi emagetsi. Chengetedza mari yako mukuvandudza kana kuisa mari, tenga migove uye pinda muzvibvumirano nevamwe vatengesi vevagadziri vemagetsi emagetsi. Kana mapuratifomu emuviri matsva achizogadzirwa zvinoenderana nechaicho chedhiraivha iri mubvunzo, mapuratifomu aripo epasirese anofanira kugadziridzwa here kana kuti mapuratifomu epasi rose akagadzirwa? Nhamba huru yemibvunzo pahwaro hwekuti sarudzo dzinokurumidza kuitwa, asi pahwaro hwekuongorora kwakakomba. Nekuti zvese zvinosanganisira mutengo wakakura kumakambani uye kugadziridza, izvo zvisingambofaniri kukuvadza kugadzirwa kweinjini yekare ine injini dzinopisa dzemukati (kusanganisira injini yedhiziri). Zvisinei, pakupera kwezuva, ivo ndivo vanoita purofiti kumakambani emotokari uye vanofanira kupa zviwanikwa zvemari pakuvandudza uye kushandiswa kwemhando itsva dzemagetsi. Uye zvino dambudziko ...

Diesel mafuta

Ongororo yakavakirwa pahuwandu uye kufanotaura ibasa rakaoma. Maererano nekufungidzira kwakawanda muna 2008, mutengo wemafuta unofanirwa kudarika madhora mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu padhiramu. Ipapo kwakauya dambudziko rezvemari, uye kukurukurirana kwose kwakaparara. Dambudziko rakapera uye VW Bordeaux yakazivisa injini yedhiziri ikava mutakuri wepfungwa yedhiziri, ine zvirongwa zvinonzi "Diesel Day" kana D-Day mukufananidza neNormandy D-Day. Pfungwa dzake dzakatanga kumera pazvakazoonekwa kuti kuburitsa dhiziri hakuna kuitwa nenzira yakatendeseka uye yakachena. Zviverengero hazviverengeri zviitiko zvenhoroondo zvakadaro uye adventures, asi hapana hupenyu hweindasitiri kana hwemagariro husingabereki. Zvematongerwo enyika uye vezvenhau vakamhanyira kuti anesthetize injini yedhiziri pasina chero tekinoroji hwaro, uye Volkswagen pachayo yakadurura mafuta pamoto uye, senzira yekubhadhara, yakakandira pamoto, uye ichizvikudza yakasimudzira mureza wemagetsi kufamba mumoto.

Vazhinji vanogadzira mota vakawira mumusungo uyu nekuda kwekukurumidza kusimudzira. Chitendero chiri shure kweD-Day chakakurumidza kuva chinyengeri, chakashandurwa kuva E-Day, uye munhu wose akatanga kuzvibvunza mibvunzo iri pamusoro apa. Mumakore mana chete kubva pakunyomba kwedhiziri muna 2015 kusvika nhasi, kunyangwe ivo vanonyanya kutaura nezve electro-vanokahadzika vakasiya kuramba mota dzemagetsi ndokutanga kutsvaga nzira dzekuvaka. Kunyangwe Mazda, iyo yaizviti "pamoyo" uye Toyota yakanamatira kune yakasanganiswa mahybrids zvekuti vakaendesa mameseji asina musoro ekushambadzira se "self-charging mahybrids", ikozvino yakagadzirira neyakajairwa magetsi chikuva.

Iye zvino, pasina kusarudzika, vese vanogadzira mota vari kutanga kuisa mota dzemagetsi kana dzemagetsi mumhando yavo. Pano, isu hatisi kuzopinda mune zvakadzama kuti ndiani chaizvo mangani emagetsi uye emagetsi mamodheru achaunzwa mumakore anotevera, kwete chete nekuti nhamba dzakadaro dzinouya uye dzinoenda semashizha emumatsutso, asiwo nekuti dambudziko iri richachinja akawanda maonero. Zvirongwa zvakakosha kumadhipatimendi ekuronga kugadzirwa, asi sezvatataura pamusoro apa, "nzira ndiyo chinangwa." Kufanana nengarava inofamba pamusoro pegungwa, kuoneka kwechadenga kunochinja uye miono mitsva inozaruka shure kwayo. Mitengo yebhatiri iri kuderera, asi ndizvo zvakaitawo mitengo yemafuta. Vezvematongerwo enyika vanoita sarudzo nhasi, asi nekufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinotungamira kudzikiswa kwakanyanya kwemabasa, uye sarudzo nyowani dzinodzoreredza chimiro. Uye ipapo zvese zvinomira kamwe kamwe ...

Nekudaro, isu tiri kure nekufunga kuti kufamba kwemagetsi hakuitike. Hongu, zviri "kuitika" uye zvingangoenderera mberi. Asi sekutaura kwatakaita nezvedu pazviitiko zvakawanda mumunda wemotorsport nemitambo, ruzivo chinhu chakanyanya kukoshesa uye neano akateedzana tinoda kubatsira kuwedzera iro ruzivo.

Ndiani achaita chii - munguva pfupi iri kutevera?

Elon Musk's magnetism uye iyo induction iyo Tesla (kufanana nekambani inoshandiswa zvakanyanya induction kana induction motors) iri kukanganisa indasitiri yemotokari inoshamisa. Kusiya zvirongwa zvekambani zvekutora mari, hatingabatsire kuyemura murume akawana mukana wake muindasitiri yemotokari uye akasimudzira "kutanga" kwake pakati pemastoni. Ndinoyeuka ndichishanyira chiratidziro muDetroit muna2010, Tesla paakaratidza chikamu chealuminium chikuva chenguva yemberi Model S pane kamwe kadumba. Sezviri pachena ainetseka kuti injineri yekumira haina kukudzwa uye nehanya yakanyanya kubva kune vazhinji vezvenhau. Hazvina kana imwe yevatapi venhau venguva iyoyo yaifungidzira kuti peji diki iri munhoroondo yaTesla raizove rakakosha mukusimudzira kwayo. SaToyota, iyo yaitsvaga mhando dzese dzekugadzira uye patent yekuisa hwaro hwayo tekinoroji tekinoroji, vagadziri vaTesla vaitsvaga nzira dzakangwara dzekugadzira mota yemagetsi ine kukosha kwakaringana panguva iyoyo. Kutsvaga uku kunoshandisa mota dzeasynchronous, kubatanidza zvakajairika zvinhu zveLaptop mumabhatiri uye kuzvibata zvine hungwaru, uye kushandisa yakareruka Lotus yekuvaka chikuva sehwaro hweRoadster yekutanga. Ehe, iwo iwo muchina wakatumirwa naMusk muchadenga neFalcon Heavy.

Sezvineiwo, mune imwecheteyo 2010 mugungwa, ndakaita rombo rakanaka kuenda kune chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza chine chekuita nemotokari dzemagetsi - kuratidzwa kweBMW MegaCity Vehicle. Kunyangwe panguva yekudonha kwemitengo yemafuta uye kushaikwa kwakakwana kwechido mumotokari dzemagetsi, BMW yakaunza modhi yakagadzirwa zvachose maererano neyakajeka yemagetsi drive, ine aluminium furemu inotakura bhatiri. Kuti vagadzirise huremu hwemabhatiri, ayo muna 2010 aive nemasero aive asina simba rakaderera chete asi aidhura zvakapetwa kashanu pane zvaari kuita iye zvino, mainjiniya eBMW, pamwe neakawanda evanoshanda navo, vakagadzira kabhoni inogona kugadzirwa yakakura. uwandu.. Zvakare muna 2010, Nissan yakatanga kukanganisa kwayo kwemagetsi neLeaf uye GM yakaunza Volt/Ampera yayo. Idzi dzaive shiri dzekutanga dzekufamba kwemagetsi ...

Kudzoka munguva

Kana tikadzokera kunhoroondo yemotokari, tinoona kuti kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 kusvika pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I, motokari yemagetsi yainzi yakakwikwidzana zvakakwana nemagetsi emagetsi emukati. Ichokwadi kuti mabhatiri akanga asina kunaka panguva iyoyo, asi ichokwadiwo kuti injini yemoto yemukati yakanga ichiri mucheche. Kugadzirwa kwekutanga kwemagetsi muna 1912, kuwanikwa kweminda mikuru yemafuta muTexas zvisati zvaitika, uye kuvakwa kwemigwagwa yakawanda muUnited States, uye kugadzirwa kwemutsetse wegungano, injini inotyairwa yaive nezvakanakira zvakasiyana. pamusoro pemagetsi. Mabhatiri e "alkaline" e-alkaline aThomas Edison akaratidza kuti haana kukwana uye asina kuvimbika uye akawedzera mafuta pamoto wemotokari yemagetsi. Ese mabhenefiti akaenderera mukati menguva zhinji yezana ramakore re20, apo mota dzemagetsi dzekambani dzakavakwa kunze kwekufarira kwetekinoroji. Kunyangwe panguva yematambudziko emafuta ambotaurwa, hazvina kumboitika kune ani zvake kuti motokari yemagetsi inogona kuva imwe nzira, uye kunyange zvazvo electrochemistry yemasero e-lithium yaizivikanwa, yakanga isati "yacheneswa". Kubudirira kukuru kwekutanga mukugadzirwa kwemotokari yemazuva ano yemagetsi yaive GM EV1, yakasarudzika engineering kusikwa kwema1990s, iyo nhoroondo inotsanangurwa zvinoyevedza mukambani Ndiani Akauraya Magetsi Mota.

Kana tikadzokera kumazuva edu, tinoona kuti zvakakosha zvakatoshanduka. Mamiriro azvino neBMW mota dzemagetsi chiratidzo cheanokurumidza maitiro ari kupopota mumunda, uye kemesitiri ndiyo yave kuita simba rekufambisa mune ino maitiro. Izvo hazvichadiwe dhizaini uye kugadzira isina huremu kabhoni zvivakwa kudzimisa huremu hwemabhatiri. Parizvino ibasa re (electro) vemakemikari kubva kumakambani akaita seSamsung, LG Chem, CATL, nevamwe, vane madhipatimendi eR & D ari kutsvaga nzira dzekushandisa zvakanyanya kuita kwavo lithiamu-ion maseru maitiro. Nekuti ese ari maviri anovimbisa "graphene" uye "akasimba" mabhatiri ari chaizvo akasiyana e lithiamu-ion. Asi ngatiregei kuenda kumberi pedu.

Tesla nevamwe vese

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mubvunzurudzo, Elon Musk akataura kuti achawana kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemotokari dzemagetsi, izvo zvinoreva kuti basa rake sapiyona rekukurudzira vamwe rakapedzwa. Izvi zvinonzwika sekusada, asi ndinotenda ndizvo. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, chero zvirevo pamusoro pekugadzirwa kweakasiyana mhondi dzeTesla kana zvirevo zvakaita sekuti "tiri nani pane Tesla" hazvina zvazvinoreva uye hazvina basa. Izvo zvakakwanisa kuitwa nekambani hazvienzaniswi, uye izvi ndezvechokwadi - kunyangwe kana vagadziri vakawanda vari kutanga kupa mhando dziri nani kupfuura Tesla.

Vagadziri veGerman vari pamucheto kweshanduko diki yemagetsi, asi mhandu yekutanga yaTesla yakawira paJaguar neI-Pace yayo, inova imwe yemota shoma (dzichiripo) dzakavakirwa papuratifomu yakatsaurirwa. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa neruzivo rwemainjiniya kubva kuJaguar / Land Rover uye kambani yemubereki Tata mumunda wealuminium alloy processing tekinoroji, pamwe nenyaya yekuti mazhinji emakambani mamodheru akadaro, uye yakaderera mitezo kugadzirwa inobvumidza iwe kutora mutengo wakakwira. ,

Hatifanire kukanganwa kuti vagadziri veChinese varikugadzira mhando dzakagadzirwa nemagetsi, dzakasimudzirwa nemitero, munyika ino, asi pamwe mupiro wakakosha kumotokari inozivikanwa ichauya kubva kuVW's "mota yevanhu".

Sechikamu cheshanduko yakazara yehuzivi hwehupenyu uye ichizviparadzanisa kubva pamatambudziko edhiziri, VW iri kuvandudza chirongwa chayo chekuda chakavakirwa paMEB chimiro chechimiro icho mienzaniso mizhinji ichave yakavakirwa mumakore anotevera. Zvese izvi zviri kusimudzirwa neyakaomarara CO2021 emissions zviyero muEuropean Union, izvo zvinoda huwandu hwepakati hweCO2 mumatanho kubva kune mumwe mugadziri kudzikiswa kusvika 95 g / km na3,6. Izvi zvinoreva kuti avhareji yekushandisa 4,1 litres yedhiziri kana XNUMX litita epeturu. Nekuderera kwekudiwa kwemotokari yedhiziri uye kuwedzera kuri kudiwa kwemaSUV mamodheru, izvi hazvigone kuitwa pasina kuunzwa emhando dzemagetsi, idzo, kunyangwe dzisiri zero zvachose, dzinodzikisa zvakanyanya avhareji.