Nikola Tesla mota yemagetsi

Magetsi emagetsi anoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura enjini dzemukati dzemoto. Sei uye riini

Ichokwadi chinokosha ndechokuti matambudziko emotokari yemagetsi ane chokuita nemasimba emagetsi, asi anogona kuonekwa kubva kune imwe nzira. Kufanana nezvinhu zvakawanda muhupenyu zvatinotora sezvisingakoshi, mota yemagetsi uye control system mumotokari dzemagetsi inoonekwa seyakanyanya kushanda uye yakavimbika mudziyo mumotokari idzi. Zvisinei, kuti vabudirire mamiriro ezvinhu aya, vakabva kure mukushanduka-shanduka-kubva pakuwana hukama huripo pakati pemagetsi nemagnetism kune kushanduka kwayo kunobudirira kuita simba remagetsi. Ichi chinyorwa chinowanzo kuregererwa mumamiriro ekutaura pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yeinjini yekupisa mukati, asi zviri kuramba zvichidikanwa kutaura zvakawanda nezvemuchina unonzi mota yemagetsi.

Imwe kana maviri mota

Kana iwe ukatarisa girafu rekuita remota yemagetsi, zvisinei nerudzi rwayo, uchaona kuti inopfuura 85 muzana inoshanda, kazhinji inopfuura 90 muzana, uye kuti ndiyo inonyanya kushanda payakatenderedza 75 muzana mutoro. maximum. Sezvo simba uye saizi yemota yemagetsi ichiwedzera, huwandu hwehunyanzvi hunowedzera zvinoenderana, kwahunogona kusvika pahupamhi hwayo kunyangwe kare - dzimwe nguva pa20 muzana mutoro. Nekudaro, kune rimwe divi kune iyo coin - kunyangwe yakawedzera huwandu hwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro, kushandiswa kwemamota ane simba kwazvo ane mutoro wakaderera kunogona zvakare kutungamira mukupinda kazhinji munzvimbo yakaderera inoshanda. Nokudaro, zvisarudzo zvine chokuita nehukuru, simba, nhamba (imwe kana mbiri) uye kushandiswa (imwe kana maviri zvichienderana nemutoro) wemagetsi emagetsi maitiro ari chikamu chebasa rekugadzira mukuvaka kwemotokari. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, zvinonzwisisika kuti nei zviri nani kuva nemotokari mbiri panzvimbo yeimwe ine simba kwazvo, iyo kuitira kuti isawanzopinda munzvimbo dzekushanda kwakaderera, uye nekuda kwekugona kuivhara pamitoro yakaderera. Saka, pamutoro wechikamu, semuenzaniso, muTesla Model 3 Performance, chete injini yekumashure ndiyo inoshandiswa. Mune shanduro dzisina simba shoma, ndiyo yega, uye mune mamwe mashanduro ane simba, iyo asynchronous yakabatana kune ekisero yekumberi. Iyi ndiyo imwe mukana wemotokari dzemagetsi - simba rinogona kuwedzerwa nyore nyore, modhi dzinoshandiswa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, uye maviri powertrains anobatsira mhedzisiro. Nekudaro, iyo yakaderera kunyatsoshanda pamutoro wakaderera haidziviriri chokwadi chekuti, kusiyana neinjini yekupisa yemukati, mota yemagetsi inogadzira kumhanyisa pazero kumhanya nekuda kweiyo musimboti wakasiyana wekushanda uye kudyidzana pakati pemagineti kunyange pasi pemamiriro akadaro. Chokwadi chambotaurwa chekushanda chiri pamwoyo weinjini dhizaini uye nzira dzekushandisa - sezvatataura, injini yakakura inoramba ichimhanya yakaderera ingave isingashande.

Nekukurumidza kukura kwekufamba kwemagetsi, kusiyana-siyana maererano nekugadzirwa kwemotokari kuri kuwedzera. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda uye zvirongwa zviri kugadzirwa, apo vamwe vagadziri vakaita seBMW neVW vanogadzira nekugadzira mota dzavo, vamwe vanotenga migove mumakambani ane chekuita nebhizinesi iri, uye vamwewo vanopa kune vatengesi vakaita seBosch. Kazhinji, kana iwe ukaverenga zvakatemwa zvemagetsi emagetsi modhi, uchaona kuti mota yayo ndeye "AC inogara magineti synchronous". Nekudaro, iyo Tesla piyona anoshandisa dzimwe mhinduro munzira iyi - asynchronous motors mune ese apfuura mamodheru uye musanganiswa weasynchronous uye inodaidzwa. “Resistance switching mota seyekumashure axle drive mu3 Performance modhi. Mumavhezheni akachipa ane rear-wheel drive chete, ndiyo yega. Audi iri kushandisawo induction motors eiyo q-tron modhi uye musanganiswa weasynchronous uye asynchronous mota kune iri kuuya e-tron Q4. Inyaya yei chaizvo?

Nikola Tesla mota yemagetsi

Icho chokwadi chekuti Nikola Tesla akagadzira iyo asynchronous kana, mune mamwe mazwi, iyo "asynchronous" mota yemagetsi (kumashure mukupera kwezana ramakore re19th) haina hukama chaihwo kune chokwadi chekuti Tesla Motors mamodheru ndeimwe yemota shoma dzinofambiswa nemuchina wakadai. . ... Muchokwadi, iyo yekushandisa musimboti weTesla mota yakave yakanyanya kufarirwa muma60s, apo semiconductor michina yaibuda zvishoma nezvishoma pasi pezuva, uye muinjiniya wekuAmerican Alan Coconi akagadzira inotakurika semiconductor inverters iyo inogona kushandura yakananga yazvino (DC) mabhatiri kuita mamwe maazvino (AC ) sezvinodikanwa kune mota induction, uye zvinopesana (mukuita kupora). Iko kusanganisa kweiyo inverter (inozivikanwawo seinjiniya inoshandura) uye mota yemagetsi yakagadzirwa naCoconi yakava hwaro hweiyo yakaipa EV EV1 uye, mune imwe yakanatswa fomu, iyo yemitambo tZERO. Zvakafanana nekutsvaga mainjiniya eJapan kubva kuToyota mukugadzira Prius uye kuvhura iyo TRW patent, vagadziri vaTesla vakawana mota yeTZERO. Pakupedzisira, vakatenga rezenisi reTZero ndokuishandisa kuvaka roadster.
Kubatsira kukuru kweiyo induction mota ndeyekuti haishandisi magineti ekugara uye haidi simbi dzinodhura kana dzisingawanzo, idzo dzinowanzo dimburwa mumamiriro ezvinhu anogadzira dambudziko rehutsika kune vatengi. Nekudaro, ese asynchronous uye asingagumi magineti anowirirana mota anoshandisa zvizere kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji mune semiconductor zvishandiso, pamwe nekugadzirwa kweMOSFETs ine munda mhedzisiro transistors uye zvichangoburwa bipolar isolation transistors (IGBTs). Ndiko kufambira mberi uku kunoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira izvo zvataurwa zvemagetsi inverter zvishandiso uye mune zvese magetsi emagetsi mumagetsi emagetsi. Zvinogona kutaridzika kunge zvidiki kuti kugona kunyatso shandura DC kuita matatu-chikamu AC mabhatiri uye zvinopesana zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekufambira mberi mukudzora tekinoroji, asi zvinofanirwa kutorwa mupfungwa kuti izvozvi musimba remagetsi zvinosvika pamatanho akawanda zvakapetwa kupfuura zvakajairwa mumba. network yemagetsi, uye kazhinji kukosha kunopfuura ma150 amperes. Izvi zvinogadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwekupisa hunofanirwa kugadziriswa nemagetsi emagetsi.

Asi kudzokera kune nyaya yemagetsi emagetsi. Kunge injini dzemukati dzemoto, dzinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana, uye "nguva" ndeimwe yacho. Muchokwadi, izvi mhedzisiro yeakanyanya kukosha akasiyana maitiro ekuvaka maererano nezera uye kudyidzana kwemagineti minda. Kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti sosi yemagetsi iri mumunhu webhatiri ndeyechizvino, vagadziri vemasystem emagetsi havatombofunga nezvekushandisa DC mota. Kunyangwe kutora kurasikirwa kwekushandurwa kuve account, AC zvikamu uye kunyanya zvinowirirana zviyero zvinopfuura kukwikwidza neDC zvinhu. Saka zvinorevei mota inowirirana kana asynchronous?

Magetsi mota mota kambani

Ese ari maviri ma synchronous uye asynchronous mota ndeemhando yerudzi rwekutenderera remagineti yemagetsi michina ine yakakwira simba kuwanda. Kazhinji, induction rotor ine yakapfava stack yemashiti akasimba, aluminium kana yemhangura simbi tsvimbo (inowedzera kushandiswa munguva dzichangopfuura) nemakoiri mune yakavharwa chiuno. Ikozvino kuyerera mune iyo stator windings mune akatarisana maviri, neazvino kubva kune chimwe chezvikamu zvitatu zvinoyerera mune rimwe nerimwe peya. Sezvo mune imwe neimwe yadzo inoshandurwa muchikamu nemadhigirii makumi maviri zvichienzaniswa neimwe, iyo inonzi inotenderera magineti. Kupindirana kweiyo rotor mhepo ine mitsara yemagineti kubva kumunda wakagadzirwa ne stator kunotungamira mukuyerera kwazvino mu rotor, yakafanana nekubatana pane shanduko.
Iyo inoguma yemagineti inopindirana ne "kutenderera" mu stator, iyo inotungamira mukubata kwemaoko kweiyo rotor uye inotevera kutenderera. Nekudaro, nerudzi urwu rwemagetsi emagetsi, iyo rotor inogara ichingosarira kuseri kwemunda, nekuti kana pasina kufamba kune hukama pakati penzvimbo neiyo rotor, hapana magineti munda anozofarirwa mune iyo rotor. Nekudaro, iyo yekumhanyisa yekumhanyisa nhanho inotsanangurwa nekuwanda kweanopa iyezvino uye mutoro. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekukwirira kwepamusoro kwema mota anowirirana, vazhinji vagadziri vanoomerera pavari, asi nekuda kwezvimwe zvezvikonzero zviri pamusoro, Tesla anoramba ari mutsigiri wemota dzeasynchronous.

Ehe, michina iyi yakachipa, asi ine yainodzika, uye vanhu vese vakaedza akawanda anoteedzana kukwidziridza neModel S vanokuudza kuti kuita kunodonha zvakanyanya sei nekudzokororwa kwega kwega. Maitiro ekupinza uye kuyerera kwezvino kutungamirira kupisa, uye kana muchina usina kunyoroveswa pasi pemutoro wakakwira, kupisa kunowedzera uye kugona kwayo kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya. Nezvinangwa zvekudzivirira, zvemagetsi zvinoderedza huwandu hwezvino uye kukurumidza kuita kwakaderedzwa. Uye chimwezve chinhu - kuti ishandiswe sejenareta, iyo induction mota inofanirwa kunge ine magnetized - ndiko kuti, "kupfuudza" yekutanga ikozvino kuburikidza ne stator, iyo inoburitsa munda uye ikozvino mu rotor kutanga hurongwa. Ipapo anogona kuzvidyisa.

Asynchronous kana ma synchronous mota

Synchronous diyuniti ane zvakanyanya kuwedzera kushanda uye masimba masimba. Musiyano wakakura pakati peye induction mota ndeyekuti iyo magnetic field mune rotor haina kukonzereswa nekubatana neiyo stator, asi imhedzisiro yazvino kuyerera kuburikidza neakawedzera mavhiri akaiswamo, kana magineti anogara aripo. Nekudaro, iyo munda mune iyo rotor uye munda mune stator zvinowirirana, asi iyo yekumusoro mota kumhanya zvakare kunoenderana nekutenderera kwemunda, zvichiteerana, pane zvazvino frequency uye mutoro. Kuti udzivise kudiwa kwekuwedzera magetsi kumhepo, iyo inowedzera simba rekushandisa uye inomanikidza kutonga kwazvino, mota dzemagetsi neinonzi yekungogarisa nguva dzose dzinoshandiswa mumotokari dzemagetsi dzemazuva ano uye mamodheru emahybrid. pamwe zvachose magnets a. Sezvambotaurwa, vangangoita vese vagadziri vemota dzakadai parizvino vanoshandisa zvikamu zverudzi urwu, saka, sekureva kwenyanzvi zhinji, pacharamba paine dambudziko nekushomeka kwepasi risingadhuri pasi neodymium uye dysprosium. Kuderedza mashandisiro avo chikamu chekuda kubva kune mainjiniya mundima iyi.

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Dhizaini yeiyo rotor musimboti inopa yakanyanya mikana yekuvandudza mashandiro emuchina wemagetsi.
Kune akasiyana tekinoroji mhinduro ane pamusoro-akaiswa magineti, disk-shaped rotor, ine mukati-akavakirwa-mukati magineti. Chinonakidza heino mhinduro yaTesla, iyo inoshandisa tekinoroji yambotaurwa inonzi switched Reluctance Motor kutyaira iyo Model 3 yekumashure axle. "Reluctation", kana kuti magineti kuramba, izwi rinopesana nemagnetic conductivity, rakafanana nemagetsi ekupikisa uye magetsi ekugadzirisa zvinhu. Mota dzerudzi urwu dzinoshandisa chiitiko chekuti magineti flux anowanzo kupfuura nepakati pechikamu chechinhu chine kushomeka kwemagineti. Nekuda kweizvozvo, inobvisa munyama zvinhu zvairi kuyerera kuitira kuti ipfuure nepakati nechikamu chine kushomeka kushoma. Mhedzisiro iyi inoshandiswa mumotokari yemagetsi kugadzira kutenderera kwekufamba - nekuda kweizvi, zvinhu zvine magineti akasiyana-siyana anotsinhana mune rotor: yakaoma (muchimiro cheferrite neodymium disks) uye yakapfava (simbi disks). Mukuedza kudarika nepakati pekudzivirira zvinhu, iyo magnetic flux kubva kune stator inotenderera rotor kusvikira yagadzirirwa kuita kudaro. Nekutonga kwemazuva ano, munda unogara uchitenderera rotor munzvimbo yakasununguka. Iko ndiko kuti, kutenderera hakutangirwi kusvika pamwero wakadaro nekubatana kwemasimba emagetsi semaitiro emunda kuyerera kuburikidza nechinhu chinenge chisina kupikisa uye chigumisiro chekutenderera kwe rotor. Nekuchinjanisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, nhamba yezvikamu zvinodhura inoderedzwa.

Zvichienderana nedhizaini, iyo inoshanda curve uye torque shanduko nekumhanya kweinjini. Pakutanga, iyo induction mota ine yakaderera kushanda zvakanaka, uye yepamusoro-soro ine magineti epamusoro, asi mune yekupedzisira inodzikira zvakanyanya nekumhanya. Iyo BMW i3 injini ine yakasarudzika hybrid hunhu, nekuda kwedhizaini inosanganisa magineti echigarire uye "kusada" maitiro anotsanangurwa pamusoro. Nokudaro, motokari yemagetsi inowana huwandu hwemasimba anogara aripo uye torque iyo inofananidzwa nemichina ine rotor inonakidzwa nemagetsi, asi ine uremu hushoma kudarika ivo (iyo yekupedzisira inoshanda mune zvakawanda, asi kwete maererano nehuremu). Mushure mezvose izvi, zviri pachena kuti kushanda zvakanaka kuri kuderera nekumhanya kukuru, ndosaka vagadziri vakawanda vachiti vanozotarisa pane maviri-speed transmissions emagetsi emagetsi.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Ndeapi injini dzinoshandiswa naTesla? Ese mamodheru eTesla imota dzemagetsi, saka dzakashongedzerwa chete nemagetsi emagetsi. Anenge ese modhi ichave ne3-chikamu AC induction mota pasi pehodhi.

Injini yeTesla inoshanda sei? Iyo asynchronous yemagetsi mota inoshanda nekuda kwekuitika kweEMF nekuda kwekutenderera mune yakamira stator yemagnetic field. Kudzokera kumashure kunopihwa ne polarity reversal pamakoiri ekutanga.

Tesla injini iri kupi? Tesla mota dziri kumashure-vhiri dhiraivha. Naizvozvo, mota iri pakati peiyo kumashure axle shafts. Iyo mota ine rotor uye stator, iyo inongobatana chete kuburikidza nemabhengi.

Yakawanda sei injini yeTesla inorema? Huremu hweiyo yakaunganidzwa yemagetsi mota yeTesla modhi ndeye 240 makirogiramu. Chaizvoizvo imwe injini shanduko inoshandiswa.