Chii chinonzi minivan uye maficha ayo
Zviri mukati
Kufadza mutengi, vagadziri vemotokari vanogadzira mota dzine mhando dzakasiyana dzemuviri. Kazhinji kazhinji izvi zvinogadziriswa nevatakuri, semuenzaniso, mugwagwa, liftback kana chiteshi chengoro.
Kune vatyairi vane mhuri yakakura kana vezvemabhizimusi, mota hadzishandi, saka rakasarudzika yavo mhando yemuviri - minivan. Ngatimbokurukurai chii ayo akasiyana zvinhu, sei kusiyanisa kubva minibus, uyewo chii zvakanakira nekuipira motokari dzakadaro.
Chii chinonzi minivan?
Zvinoenderana neshanduro chaiyo kubva kuChirungu, minivan i mini van. Nekudaro, kukosha uku hakuna kukwana kunyatso kuratidza mhando yemuviri uyu, sevamwe vanoivhiringidza nekombi.
Iwo makuru parameter eiyo minivan:
- Imwe-vhoriyamu (hapana hood) kana imwe nehafu (hafu-hood nadzurudzo) muviri, nguva pfupi yadarika pane maviri-vhoriyamu sarudzo (ine yakazara hood);
- Mitsara mitatu yezvigaro, iyo salon yakagadzirirwa vanhu vanosvika 9 vane mutyairi;
- Muviri wakakwira kupfuura weye chiteshi chengoro, asi haugone kumira mukamuri seyakafanana nekombi;
- Kutyaira mota yakadai, rezinesi rine chikamu chakavhurika "B" chakaringana;
- Mikova yekumashure yakasenderedzwa kana kutsvedza.
Mune yakasarudzika vhezheni, iyo minivan ine isina hood chimiro. Zvinotsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti injini yemumota iri padyo nepadyo nepasipaseya. Nekuda kweizvi, mugadziri anoripa hunyoro hwehukuru hwemota.
Kutyaira mota yakadai hakuna kunetsa kupfuura kutyaira munhuwo mutyairi, saka mota ino inoonekwa seyendevha, uye hapana chikonzero chekuvhurira chikamu chakazvimiririra. Mazhinji mini vans ane angangoita akatwasuka bhoneti uye ari kutaridzika kuenderera kwehwindo. Vatangi vazhinji vanoita seichi dhizaini, nekuti mutyairi anogona kuona mugwagwa zvirinani pane zvakafanana neakazara hood.
Chimwe chiitiko chemaminvans hunhu hwavo hweshanduko. Pane mazhinji mamodheru, mitsara yekumashure inogona kutamisirwa padhuze nepamberi mutsara kuti ipe imwe nzvimbo yekutakura zvinhu
Zvichienzaniswa nemasedan, hatchbacks, chiteshi ngoro uye mamwe akafanana mhando dzemuviri, iyo minivan ndiyo yakanyanya kugadzikana. Zvigaro zvevapfuuri zvinogona kusanganiswa mumutsara mumwe chete, kana ivo vanogona kuve neakasiyana dhizaini nemarestrests akasarudzika.
Rudzi rwekufambisa rwakakurumbira pakati pevanhu vemhuri, zvakare pakati pevatyairi vematekisi. Nemuchina wakadai, unogona kuronga bhizinesi diki (pano mazano masere ebhizinesi yevaridzi vemota). Kazhinji, makambani makuru anotenga mota dzakadai pakufamba kwekambani. Kune nzendo dzevashanyi uye kushanya nehusiku hwekugara, idzi mota dzakakoshawo.
Minivan nhoroondo
Pakutanga kwekusikwa kwema minivans, mota dzakadai dzaive nechimiro chinoshamisa, saka ivo vaisanyanya kufarirwa. Kubudirira kwerudzi urwu rwemuviri kwakagamuchirwa nechinangwa chekugadzira yakafararira yemotokari yevatakurwi.
Yekutanga monocab yepasi rose ndiAlfa 40-60 HP Aerodinamica, mota yeItari inoenderana neALFA 40/60 HP, mota yemitambo yakaburitswa pakati pa1913 na1922 (nhasi uno mugadziri anozivikanwa seAlfa Romeo).
Prototype yekutanga minivan yakagadzira kumhanya kwepamusoro kwema 139 km / h. Kuvandudza mota kwakamira nekuda kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Mushure mekupera kwehondo, prototype budiriro yaive "yakaoma" nekuda kwekusimudzira kweyemitambo mitambo Iyo monocab haina kupinda mune akateedzana nekuda kwekukanganisa kwakawanda (mawindo epadivi akagadzirwa nenzira yemakomba, ayo akawedzera zvakanyanya nzvimbo yebofu yemutyairi).
Yokutanga yakazara-minivan ndiyo American Stout Scarab. Yakagadziriswa kubva muna 1932 kusvika muna 1935. Kubva padivi, mota yaitaridzika kunge bhazi diki. Kusiyana nemota dzenguva iyoyo, mota iyi yaive yekumashure. Nekuda kweizvi, chikamu chepamberi chakapfupiswa, uye vanhu vatanhatu vaigona kukwana mukamuri.
Chikonzero chekugadzirwa kweichi dhizaini yaive yekuwedzera kufarira mukuvandudza iyo aerodynamic hunhu hwemota. Musiki wemota, William B. Stout, akadana brainchild yake "hofisi ine mavhiri."
Tafura inobviswa nemacheya zvakaiswa mukati memotokari, izvo zvaigona kutenderedzwa nemadhigirii zana nemakumi masere. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kuitisa hurukuro dzebhizinesi takananga musalon yemotokari.
Imwe prototype yemazuva ano minivan mota yemugadziri wepamba - NAMI-013. Iyo modhi yaive negadziriro yekutakura (injini yanga isiri kumberi kwemotokari, asi kumashure - zvinoenderana neStout Scarab musimboti, uye chete pamberi pembongoro yemuviri yakaparadzanisa mutyairi nemugwagwa). Iyo mota yakashandiswa chete senge prototype uye yakabviswa muna 1954.
Anotevera "baba" wemazuva ano mamonokabhu ndiyo Fiat 600 Multipla. Iyo dhizaini dhizaini inobvumidzwa kuwedzera kugona kweiyo minicar ne50 muzana pasina kurebesa muviri. The kabhini ane mitsara mitatu zvigaro zviviri. Kuvandudzwa kwemotokari kwakaenderera kubva 1956 kusvika kuma1960. Iyo purojekiti yakavharwa nekuda kwekuchengeteka kwakanyanya zvinodiwa (mune yekutakura vhezheni, mutyairi uye wepamberi mutyairi haadzivirirwe nechero chinhu munjodzi).
Mhando yakabudirira kwazvo negadziriro yengoro yaive Volkswagen Transporter (yakaburitswa kubva muna 1950 kusvika nhasi) - mota inozivikanwa kwazvo yenguva yemvuu. Kusvika ikozvino, iyi modhi iri kudiwa pakati pevateveri vevolumetric mota.
Zvinoenderana nezvakanyorwa, mota inoonekwa semotokari inofamba (iro rezinesi "B" rakaringana), asi nechokunze rakafanana nekombi, ndosaka vamwe vachiti iri muchikamu ichi.
Imwe yakabudirira yeEuropean minivan modhi ndiyo Renault Espace, iyo yakabuda pamutsetse wegungano muna 1984. Zvinoenderana nevazhinji, iyo modhi inoonekwa seyemhuri yekutanga minivan yemhuri.
In zvakafanana, kukura nadzurudzo iyi mutakurwi motokari yakaitwa muAmerica. Muna 1983 yakaonekwa:
- Dodge Caravan;
- Plymouth Voyager;
- Chrysler Town & Nyika.
Pfungwa iyi yakatorwa nevakwikwidzi - General Motors neFord. Muna 1984 yakaonekwa:
- Chevrolet Astro;
- GMC Safari;
- Ford Aerostar.
Pakutanga, minivans yaive kumashure-vhiri rekutyaira. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kufambisa kwakagashira yakazara uye pamberi-vhiri dhiraivha. Mumatanho ekutanga ekugadzirwa, mamwe makambani akaponeswa kubva mukubhuroka chaizvo nekuda kwekuunzwa kwema minivans mumutsetse wekugadzira. Imwe yemakambani iyi yaive mumiriri weVakuru Vatatu - Chrysler.
Pakutanga, emamodeli ekugadzira eAmerica airatidzika kunge madiki mavan. Asi pakutanga kwema90, kwakaratidzwa mhando dzepakutanga, nekuda kwekuti ivo vakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune zvakafanana zvakafanana nemotokari dzekutengesa ("mhino" inopinza uye teardrop chimiro).
Mhando uye hukuru
Kusiyana nekirasi "sedan", "hatchback" "liftback", nezvimwe. minivan haina kuomarara kupatsanura. Pakati pezvinhu izvi zvakagadziriswa:
- Yakazara-saizi uye yepakati saizi;
- Compact;
- Mini uye micro.
Yakazara-saizi uye yepakati-saizi
Vamiririri vakuru ndeveboka iri. Kureba, vanosvika kubva pamamirimita mazana mana nemazana matanhatu kusvika pamamita mashanu kana kudarika. Kazhinji kazhinji aya mamodheru eAmerica, zvisinei, pane sarudzo dzakakodzera pakati pevamwe vekuEurope. Pakati pevamiririri vekirasi iyi:
- Chrysler Grand Voyager - 5175 мм.;
- Toyota Sienna - 5085 mm;
- Renault Grand Espace - 4856 mil..;
- Honda Odyssey - 4840 mm .;
- Peugeot 807 - 4727 mil.
Saizi inoyevedza uye yakapamhamha yemukati inobvumira mota kuti ishandiswe panzendo refu nemhuri yakakura.
Compact
Kureba kwemuviri wakadaro kunosiyana kubva pamamirimita 4 kusvika ku200. Kazhinji michina iyi yakavakirwa pachikuva chevamiriri vekirasi yegorofu. Mota dzemhuri dzerudzi urwu dzakakurumbira kwazvo muEurope nekuMabvazuva. Ivo havatonyanya kujairika pakati peAmerican mamodheru.
Vamiriri vekirasi iyi ndeaya:
- Mazda 5 - 4585 mm .;
- Volkswagen Touran - 4527 mil.;
- Renault Scenic - 4406 mil.
Mini uye diki
Iyo minivan chikamu inosanganisira vamiririri vane hurefu hwemuviri hunosvika 4 mm. Iyo micro van kirasi inosanganisira mamodheru ane hurefu hwemuviri hunosvika 100 3 mm. Mhando dzakadai dzinozivikanwa kwazvo nekuda kwehupfumi hwavo uye diki saizi.
Iyo diki chikamu chinowanzoitika muJapan, China neIndia, sezvo mota dzakakura dzakakosheswa munzvimbo dzine vanhu, asi iyo yemukati ichiri yakakura kwazvo. Pakati pevamiririri vekirasi vanomira:
- Chery Riich - 4040 mm;
- Daihatsu Atrai Wagon - 3395 мм .;
- Honda Acty 660 Guta - 3255 mil.
Dzimwe nguva kombi inogadzirwa pahwaro hwevhani, izvo zvinoita kuti zvinyanye kuoma kunyatsoronga mhando yemuviri uyu.
Zvisingawanzo sarudzo
Kana zvasvika kune minivans, vazhinji vachati mutsauko mukuru pakati pemota dzakadai chitarisiko chavo chepakutanga. Iyo isina hood kana hafu-hood fomu inotaridzika isina kujairika (kana ichienzaniswa neyekare maviri- kana matatu-mavhoriyamu mota).
Nekudaro, sezvaungaona mumufananidzo pazasi, dzimwe nguva muviri neakawedzera aerodynamics inogona kunge isinganzwisisike. Toyota Previa MK1 ine yepakati-injini dhizaini (iyo injini iri pasi pevhu repasitori mupanda).
Iyo compact MPV kubva kuitaly inogadzira Fiat inotaridzika zvishoma kuseka. Iyo Multipla modhi 2001-2004 yaive neyekugara zvigaro fomula - mitsara miviri yezvigaro zvitatu.
Sachigaro wepakati anotaridzika senge wemwana pane mukuru akazara. Nenzira, chigaro ichi chakamiswa senzira yekuwedzera nyaradzo kuvabereki nemwana pamberi pemba.
Mumwe unoshamisa modhi ndiyo Chevrolet Uplander, iyo yakaburitswa kubva 2005 kusvika 2009. Iyo modhi ine yakadomwa maviri-vhoriyamu chimiro chemuviri rinotaridzika senge crossover kupfuura minivan.
Volkswagen yakagadzira isina kujairika minivan. Panzvimbo pezvo, iri hybrid ye minivan uye mota yekutora. Iyo Tristar modhi yakafanana neyakajairwa Transporter, chete nemuviri panzvimbo yehafu yekamba.
Mhinduro yekutanga yemukati memotokari yaive chigaro chinotenderera uye chigaro chevatakurwi chinodzoreka. Tafura diki yakagadzikwa pakati pavo.
Sezvo mukamuri yemikwende yakadzikiswa zvakanyanya, zvakatemwa kuita pasi pevhu, panogona kuiswa zvinhu zvakakurisa.
Imwe sarudzo isina kujairika ndeye Renault Espace F1, mota yekuratidzira kubva kumugadziri weFrance, yakagadzirwa mukuremekedza yegumi yegumi yemhando yekugadzirwa uye yakatarwa kuti ienderane nekutora chikamu kwekambani mumitambo yehumambo. Mukamuri yeinjini yemuenzaniso, V-yakaita 10-humburumbira injini kubva kuna Williams yakaiswa.
Yakakwidziridzwa minivan yakamhanyisa kusvika ku100 km / h. mumasekonzi matanhatu, iyo yekumhanyisa kumhanya ndeye 6 makiromita / awa, uye zvakatora chete mazana matanhatu emamita kuti imire zvachose.
KuTokyo Motor Show muna Gumiguru 2017, Toyota yakafumura yekutanga mavhoriyamu maviri macompact MPV, iyo TJ Cruiser. Sekutsanangura kwakaita mugadziri, zviratidzo zveTJ zvinonyatso tsanangura kutaridzika - Bhokisi reMaturusi Mufaro "bhokisi rekushandisa" uye "mufaro, mufaro". Iyo mota inotaridzika chaizvo kunge bhokisi, asi, seyakavimbiswa nemugadziri, mota yakagadzirwa kuti ipe kunakidzwa kwekufamba.
Usavhiringe nekombi
Vamwe vatyairi vanodaidza kombi kuti kombi. Muchokwadi, idzi imhando dzakasiyana dzemotokari, kunyangwe kunze dzingave dzakafanana dhizaini. Ose ari maviri pakati pemaminibus uye pakati pemaminivan kune imwe- uye maviri-vhoriyamu mhando dzemiviri (iyo hood chikamu uye denga kana chikamu chevatyairi zvinoonekwa zvakasiyana).
Kudhirowa mutsara pakati pemhando idzi dzemuviri, unofanirwa kuyeuka:
- Konivhani ine zvigaro zve9, uye kombi ine zvishoma gumi, inodarika gumi nemapfumbamwe;
- Mukombi unogona kumira kusvika paurefu hwako hwakazara, uye mukombi unogona kugara chete;
- Minibus inonyanya kukodzera kune zvinangwa zvekutengesa, semuenzaniso, setaxi yenzira-yakagadziriswa kana setekisi inotakura zvinhu. A minivan inonyanya kukodzera kutakura nhamba shomanana yevatakuri, semuenzaniso, se-airport-hotel-airport transfer;
- Kombi inotsanangurwa semotokari yekutengesa (rezinesi reD1 rinodiwa kuti uityaire), uye kombi iboka remotokari dzinotakura vanhu (rezinesi rine chikamu B rinorikwanira).
Chaizvoizvo, iyo minivan ine imwe-vhoriyamu yemuviri chimiro nehafu-bhoneti marongero uye 4-5 mikova. Iyi dhizaini yakafanana neyakawedzerwa vhezheni yechiteshi ngoro. Inosanganisa kuita nehupamhi hwekunyaradza uye kuchengetedzeka kune vese vafambi.
Zvakanakira nezvayakaipira zve minivan
Tichifunga nezvekuti minivan inowirirana pakati pemotokari yevanofamba neyekutengesa kupfuura chikamu chemuviri, saka haina zvinobatsira chete, asi zvakare zvinokuvadza. Izvo zvakanakira zvinosanganisira zvakanakira pamusoro pechinyakare vafambi vemotokari. Zvakaipira zvinova pachena kana tichienzanisa minibus nekombi kana kombi.
Minivans akakoshesa:
- Yakakura saloni. Kunyangwe rwendo rurefu haruneti zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekunyaradza, iko kwakagadzirwa rudzi urwu rwemuviri.
- Hute huni. Iyo minivan yakanakira nzendo dzevashanyi. Pamusoro penhengo dzese dzemhuri, mota inozokwana zvinhu zvese zvinobatsira kugara mutende reguta kana pamakumbo echisikigo.
- Nekuda kwekukwanisa kupeta musara wekumashure, trunk inowedzera nekaviri kana kunyange katatu (zvinoenderana nekugadzirwa kwezvigaro), izvo zvinoita kuti mota ishandiswe kutakura zvinhu.
- Iyo mota inoshanda nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwakanaka kwehukuru hukuru uye zvidiki zvidiki. Iyo inozivikanwa pakati pevanhu vazhinji vezvemabhizimusi, nekuti hapana chikonzero chekuvhura chikamu chevatakuri mune kodzero yekutarisira kutakura.
- Minivans mune yakasarudzika fomu (yakadonhedzwa-yakasikwa) ine yakanakisa aerodynamic hunhu, zvinoreva kuti mafuta ekushandisa akaderera pane ayo mamwe marudzi evanofamba nemota.
- Kunyangwe vanhu varefu vanonzwa kugadzikana mukamuri mukati merwendo, zvisinei nekuti vakagara pamutsara upi.
- Mazhinji minivans ari nyore kutakura vakwegura uye vakaremara, sezvo nhanho dzekutakura kazhinji dzisina kukwirira.
- Kubva pakuona kwemaonero, mota inoitirwa seyakajairika mota yevanofamba.
Pamwe pamwe nechiteshi ngoro, iyi mhando yemuviri inosanganiswa nemota yemhuri. Kazhinji, vechidiki vanosarudza michina yakadaro, sezvo ichigona kuve neakakura maodhiyo nemavhidhiyo system.
Nekudaro, kunyangwe paine mikana yakawanda kudaro, "kubvumirana" pakati pengoro yechiteshi nebhazi rakazara rine zvayakaipira. Pakati pavo:
- Kubata mune minivan kwakanyanya kufananidzwa nechiteshi chengoro kana sedan. Sezvo mota ichiwanzo kukwirira, crosswind inomanikidza mutyairi kunonoka.
- Zvichienzaniswa nebhazi rakazara kana minibus, vafambi vari mukabhini iyi havana kunyatsogadzikana. Semuenzaniso, unofanirwa kupinda mumotokari wakakotama zvishoma.
- Kazhinji kazhinji, ichi chekufambisa chakashongedzerwa neyepasi-simba injini. Nekuda kweizvi, mota haina kusimba senge mota zhinji dzevapfuuri dzine imwe mhando yemuviri. Sezvo vagadziri vachitarisa pane zvinobatika, iyo yekumhanyisa kumhanyisa mumotokari haina kunyanya kukwirira.
- Munguva yechando, iyo yemukati inotora nguva yakareba kudziya, nekuti hunde haina kupatsanurwa kubva kuchikamu chikuru chemukati.
- Mazhinji emota diki akagadzirwa nekumiswa kwakasimbiswa kuitira kuti vakwanise kusimudza huremo hwakakwana hweichi saizi. Paunenge uchityaira pamabump, mota isina chinhu haina kugadzikana uye isina kugadzikana mairi.
- Nekuda kwekuti iyo minivan yakagadzirirwa seimwe nzira kune kombi kana kombi, haina kukodzera kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva semotokari huru.
- Iyo yakazara-saizi uye yepakati-saizi misiyano haisi nyore kubata, kunyanya mumaguta ane rinorema traffic.
Sezvauri kuona, minivan ndiyo mhinduro yakanakira nzendo refu dzemhuri, mafaro evechidiki, mafambiro emakambani uye zvimwe zviitiko zvinogona kushandiswa kombi kana kombi. Rudzi rwemuviri uyu sarudzo yebhajeti yemotokari dzekutengesa.
Mienzaniso yakakurumbira
Minivans anozivikanwa pakati pevatyairi vane mhuri huru. Nekuda kwekuita kwayo, rudzi urwu rwemuviri rwuri kukunda musika nechivimbo, senge crossovers.
Chiyero cheakanakisa emhuri minivans anosanganisira anotevera mamodheru:
- Opel Zafira Life;
- Toyota Alphard;
- Toyota Venza;
- Mercedes-Benz Vito (V-Kirasi);
- Volkswagen Multivan T6;
- Volkswagen Touran;
- SsangYong Korando Touring;
- Peugeot Traveler;
- Citroën C4 Grand Picasso;
- Renault Scenic.
Vhidhiyo pamusoro wenyaya
Mukupedzisa, tarisa vhidhiyo pfupi nezve yakanaka uye inoyevedza minivans:
Mibvunzo nemhinduro:
Ndedzipi mota dziri muchikamu cheminivan? Iyo minivan inowanzo ine imwe-vhoriyamu kana maviri-vhoriyamu yemuviri mhando (iyo hood inomira pachena kubva padenga kana nekuona iyo chikamu chechimiro).
Zvigaro zvingani zvirimo mukombi? Motokari yekirasi iyi inokwana vanhu vapfumbamwe pamwe chete nemutyairi. Kana paine anopfuura 8 zvigaro zvevatakuri mumotokari, zvino yatova minibus.
Ko kombi yakanzi nei? Literally kubva kuChirungu (Minivan) inoturikira semini van. Kazhinji mota idzi dzine vhoriyamu imwe kana imwe nehafu-vhoriyamu (hood diki, uye injini yakadzoserwa mukamuri).