Chii chinonzi hybrid mota system?

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mota dzemagetsi dziri kuwana mukurumbira. Zvisinei, motokari dzemagetsi dzakazara dzine chinetso chakakosha - dura remagetsi diki risingadzoreki. Neichi chikonzero, vazhinji vevanotungamira vagadziri vezvigadzirwa vari kushongedza mamwe emamodheru avo nezvikamu zvehybrid.

Chaizvoizvo, mota yakasanganiswa imotokari ine mainjini emagetsi injini yemoto yemukati, asi inofambiswa nesystem yemagetsi neimwe kana akawanda mota dzemagetsi uye bhatiri rekuwedzera.

Nhasi, anoverengeka mapoka ehybrids anoshandiswa. Vamwe vanongobatsira injini yemoto yemukati pakutanga, vamwe vanokutendera kuti utyaire uchishandisa traction yemagetsi. Funga nezve maficha emiti yakadaro emagetsi: ndeupi mutsauko wavo, mashandiro avo, pamwe nezvakanaka nezvayakaipira zvehybrids.

Nhoroondo yeinjini dzakauchikwa

Pfungwa yekugadzira yemasanganiswa mota (kana muchinjikwa pakati petsika mota uye yemagetsi mota) inotungamirwa nekukwira kwemitengo yemafuta, yakasimba mota yekubuda zviyero uye yakakura yekutyaira nyaradzo.

Kuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi rakasanganiswa kwakatanga kuitwa nekambani yeFrance Parisienne de voitures electrique. Nekudaro, yekutanga yakashanda hybrid mota yaive yekusikwa kwaFerdinand Porsche. MuLohner Electric Chaise magetsi, injini yemoto yemukati yakashanda sejenareta yemagetsi, iyo yaigonesa kumberi mota mbiri dzemagetsi (dzakaiswa zvakananga pamakumbo).

Imotokari yakaunzwa kuruzhinji muna 1901. Pakazara, mazana matatu emakopi emota dzakadaro akatengeswa. Muenzaniso wacho wakaratidza kuve unoshanda kwazvo, asi unodhura kugadzira, saka munhuwo mutyairi aisakwanisa kutenga mota yakadai. Uyezve, panguva iyoyo mota yakachipa uye isingashande yakabuda, yakagadzirwa nemugadziri Henry Ford.

Yakapeturu peturu powertrains yakamanikidza vavaki kuti vasiye pfungwa yekugadzira mahybrids kwemakumi emakore. Kufarira kwekufambisa kwegirini kwakakura pamwe nekupasiswa kweUnited States Electric Transportation Promotion Bill. Yakagamuchirwa mu1960.

Sezvineiwo, muna 1973, dambudziko remafuta repasi rose rakatanga. Kana mitemo yeUS isina kukurudzira vagadziri kuti vafunge nezvekugadzira mota dzinodhura dzinodhura, saka dambudziko rakavamanikidza kuti vadaro.

Yekutanga yakazara yemahystem system, iyo musimboti iyo ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi, yakagadziriswa neTrW muna 1968. Zvinoenderana nepfungwa iyi, pamwe chete nemagetsi emagetsi, zvaive nyore kushandisa injini diki yemukati yemoto, asi simba remuchina harina kurasika, uye basa rakave rakatsetseka.

Muenzaniso wemotokari yakazara yemasanganiswa ndeye GM 512 Hybrid. Yakafambiswa nemagetsi mota iyo yaimhanyisa mota kusvika ku17 km / h. Pakumhanya uku, injini yemoto yemukati yakavhurwa, ichivandudza mashandiro ehurongwa, nekuda kwekuti kumhanyisa kwemotokari kwakawedzera kusvika 21 km / h. Kana pakanga paine chikonzero chekukwira nekukurumidza, mota yemagetsi yakadzimwa, uye mota yakamhanyisa kare painjini yepeturu. Speed ​​yekumhanyisa yaive 65 km / h.

VW Taxi Mbeu dzakauchikwa, imwezve yakabudirira mota yakasanganiswa, yakaunzwa kuruzhinji muna 1973.

Kusvika parizvino, vagadziri vemotokari vari kuyedza kuunza masystem uye ese-emagetsi masisitimu padanho raizoita kuti vakwikwidzane kana ichienzaniswa neyekutanga injini dzemoto mukati. Kunyangwe izvi zvisati zvaitika, zviitiko zvakawanda zvakaruramisa mabhiriyoni emadhora anoshandiswa mukuvandudza kwavo.

Nekutanga kwemireniyamu yechitatu, vanhu vakaona chitsva chinonzi Toyota Prius. Iyo brainchild yemugadziri wechiJapan yakave yakafanana nechinhu che "mota yakasanganiswa". Zviitiko zvakawanda zvemazuva ano zvakweretwa kubva mukuvandudza uku. Kusvika iye zvino, nhamba huru yekushandurwa kwekubatanidzwa kwakasikwa, iyo inobvumira mutengi kusarudza yakasarudzika sarudzo yake.

Mota dzemasanganiswa dzinoshanda sei

Usavhiringidze hybrid mota ine yakazara yemagetsi mota. Iko kuiswa kwemagetsi kunobatanidzwa mune dzimwe nguva. Semuenzaniso, munzira yeguta, kana mota iri mukumanikidza kwemotokari, kushandiswa kweinjini inopisa yemukati kunotungamira kupisa kweinjini, pamwe nekuwedzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Kune akadai mamiriro, kuiswa kwemagetsi kunoitwa.

Nekugadzira, hybrid ine:

• Iyo huru magetsi unit. Iyo peturu kana injini yedhiziri.
• Magetsi mota. Panogona kunge paine akati wandei zvichienderana neshanduko. Nechiitiko chekuita, ivo vanogona zvakare kuve vakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, mamwe anogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera dhiraivha yemavhiri, uye mamwe semubatsiri weinjini kana uchitanga mota kubva pakamira.
• Yakawedzera bhatiri. Mune dzimwe mota, ine diki simba, iro simba rekuwana iro rakaringana kumisikidza iyo yekuisirwa magetsi kwenguva pfupi. Mune vamwe, bhatiri iri rine chinzvimbo chakakura zvekuti mota dzinogona kufamba dzakasununguka kubva kumagetsi.
• Zvemagetsi kudzora system. Maseru epamusoro anoongorora mashandiro einjini yemukati yemoto uye ongorora maitiro emuchina, pane iyo mota yemagetsi inomiswa / kuremedzwa.
• Inverter. Iyi inoshandura yesimba rinodiwa rinouya kubva kubhatiri kuenda kune matatu-chikamu magetsi mota. Ichi chinhu chinogoverawo mutoro kunzvimbo dzakasiyana, zvinoenderana nekushandurwa kwekuisirwa.
• Jenareta. Pasina iyi mashandiro, hazvigoneke kuchinjisa iyo huru kana yekuwedzera bhatiri. Semotokari dzakajairika, jenareta inofambiswa neinjini yemukati yemoto.
• Kupisa kupisa masisitimu. Mazhinji mahybrids emazuva ano akashongedzerwa nehurongwa hwakadai. Iyo "inounganidza" simba rekuwedzera kubva kuzvinhu zvakadai zvemotokari seye braking system uye chassis (kana mota ichimhara, semuenzaniso, kubva pachikomo, iyo inoshandura inounganidza iyo yakaburitswa simba mubhatiri).

Iyo yakasanganiswa powertrains inogona kuvhiyiwa zvakasiyana kana vaviri vaviri.

Zvirongwa zvebasa

Kune akawanda akabudirira mahybrids. Pane matatu makuru:

• inopindirana;
• parallel;
• serial-yakafanana.

Dunhu redhiyo

Muchiitiko ichi, injini yemoto yemukati inoshandiswa sejenareta yemagetsi yekushandisa magetsi emagetsi. Muchokwadi, peturu kana injini yedhiziri haina hukama hwakanangana nekutapurirana kwemotokari.

Sisitimu iyi inobvumidza kuiswa kweinjini-dzemagetsi injini ine vhoriyamu diki mukamuri yeinjini. Basa ravo guru nderekutyaira iyo jenareta yemagetsi.

Idzi mota dzinowanzo kuve nehurongwa hwekudzoreredza, kuburikidza nemagetsi uye kinetic simba inoshandurwa kuita magetsi kuita recharge bhatiri. Zvichienderana nesaizi yebhatiri, mota inogona kuvhara imwe nhanho chete pakudhonzwa kwemagetsi pasina kushandisa injini yemoto yemukati.

Muenzaniso wakakurumbira weichi chikamu chemahybrids iChevrolet Volt. Inogona kubhadhariswa senge yakajairwa mota yemagetsi, asi nekuda kweinjini yepeturu, huwandu hwacho hwakawedzera zvakanyanya.

Dunhu rakafanana

Mukufananidza kumisikidza, injini yemukati yemoto uye mota yemagetsi inoshanda tandem. Basa remagetsi emagetsi ndere kudzikisa mutoro pachikamu chikuru, izvo zvinotungamira mukuchengetedza kwakakura kwemafuta.

Kana injini yemoto yemukati ikatemwa kubva pakutapurirana, mota inokwanisa kuvhara imwe nhambwe kubva pakudhonzwa kwemagetsi. Asi chikuru basa remagetsi chikamu ndechekusimbisa kumhanyisa kumhanya kwemotokari. The chikuru simba chikwata okunatsiridza akadai peturu (kana Diesel) injini.

Kana mota ikadzikira kana kufamba kubva mukushanda kweinjini yemukati yemoto, mota yemagetsi inoshanda sejenareta kudzosera bhatiri. Nekuda kweinjini yekutsva, idzi mota hadzidi iyo yepamusoro-voltage bhatiri.

Kusiyana nemahybridi akateedzana, aya mayunitsi ane huwandu hwekushandisa mafuta, nekuti mota yemagetsi haishandiswe seyuniti yemagetsi. Mune mamwe mamodheru, akadai seBMW 350E iPerformance, mota yemagetsi inosanganiswa mubhokisi regear.

Chimwe chinhu cheiyi chirongwa chebasa idiki torque pane yakaderera crankshaft kumhanya.

Serial-yakafanana wedunhu

Dunhu iri rakagadzirwa nemaJapan mainjiniya. Inodaidzwa kuti HSD (Hybrid Synergy Drive). Muchokwadi, inosanganisa mashandiro emhando mbiri dzekutanga dzekudyara magetsi.

Kana mota ichida kutanga kana kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma mumotokari, mota yemagetsi inogoneswa. Kuchengetedza simba nekumhanyisa, peturu kana dhiziri (zvichienderana nemotokari modhi) injini yakabatana.

Kana iwe uchida kumhanyisa zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, kana uchipfuura) kana mota ichikwira, gwenya remagetsi rinoshanda nenzira yakafanana - mota yemagetsi inobatsira injini yemoto yemukati, iyo inoderedza mutoro pairi, uye, semhedzisiro, inochengetedza kushandiswa kwemafuta.

Kubatana kwepuraneti yemotokari yemukati injini inotsvaira inoendesa chikamu chesimba kune iro giya guru rekutakura, uye chikamu kune jenareta yekuchinjisa bhatiri kana yemagetsi dhiraivha. Mune chirongwa chakadai, akaomeswa emagetsi akaisirwa ayo anogovera simba maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Muenzaniso wakakurumbira wemasanganiswa ane akateedzana-akafanana powertrain ndeyeToyota Prius. Nekudaro, kumwe kugadziridzwa kweanozivikanwa maJapan-akagadzirwa mamodheru akatogashira kuiswa kwakadai. Muenzaniso weiyi ndeye Toyota Camry, Toyota Highlander Mbeu dzakauchikwa, Lexus LS 600h. Iyi tekinoroji yakatengwawo nezvimwe zvinonetsa zveAmerica. Semuenzaniso, kusimudzira kwawana nzira yayo muFord Escape Hybrid.

Mhando dzakasanganiswa dzakasanganiswa

Ese akasanganiswa powertrains akaiswa mumhando mitatu:

• nyoro nyoro;
• wepakati chemasanganiswa;
• yakazara musanganiswa.

Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine basa racho uye chakasiyana hunhu.

Micro chemasanganiswa powertrain

Magetsi emagetsi akadaro anowanzo kuve nehurongwa hwekudzoreredza kuitira kuti kinetic simba rishandurwe kuita simba remagetsi rodzoserwa kubhatiri.

Iyo dhiraivha mashandiro mavari inotanga (inogona zvakare kuita sejenareta). Iko hakuna yemagetsi vhiri dhiraivha munzvimbo dzakadai. Iyo scheme inoshandiswa nekutanga kazhinji kweinjini yemukati yemoto.

Pakati nepakati hybrid powertrain

Mota dzakadai hadzifambi nekuda kwemagetsi emagetsi. Iyo mota yemagetsi mune ino kesi inoshanda semubatsiri kuchikamu chikuru chemagetsi kana mutoro uchiwedzera.

Masisitimu akadaro akagadzirwa nehurongwa hwekudzoreredza, kuunganidza simba remahara kudzosera mubhatiri. Masvikiro epakati akasanganiswa anopa anoshanda zvakanyanya kupisa injini.

Yakazara yemasanganiswa powertrain

Mumakisheni akadaro, kune yakakura simba jenareta, iyo inotyairwa neinjini yemukati yemoto. Iyo sisitimu inoshandiswa pane yakaderera mota kumhanya.

Kubudirira kwesystem kunoratidzwa pamberi pe "Start / Stop" basa, kana mota ichifamba zvishoma nezvishoma mumotokari, asi iwe unofanirwa kumhanyisa zvakanyanya parobhoti. Chinhu cheiyo yakazara-yakasanganiswa yekumisikidza ndiko kukwanisa kudzima injini yemukati yemoto (iyo clutch yakabviswa) uye kutyaira mota yemagetsi.

Kupatsanura ne degree remagetsi

Mune zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi kana muzita remota modhi, anotevera mazwi anogona kunge aripo:

• microhybrid;
• nyoro nyoro;
• yakazara hybrid;
• plug-in chemasanganiswa.

Microhybrid

Mumotokari dzakadai, yakajairwa injini. Izvo hazvifambiswe nemagetsi. Aya masisitimu anogona kuve akashongedzerwa ne kutanga / kumira basa, kana kuve neakagadziriswa regenerative braking system (kana braking, bhatiri rinochinjwazve).

Mimwe mhando dzakashongedzwa neese maviri masystem. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti mota dzakadai hadzitariswe semotokari dzakauchikwa, nekuti vanoshandisa chete peturu kana dhiziri simba remagetsi pasina kubatanidzwa mune yemagetsi system.

Hunyoro nyoro

Mota dzakadai hadzifambiwo nekuda kwemagetsi. Ivo zvakare vanoshandisa kupisa injini, senge iri yapfuura chikamu. Neimwe chete - injini yemoto yemukati inotsigirwa nemagetsi ekuisa.

Aya mamodheru haana flywheel. Basa rayo rinoitwa neyemagetsi Starter-jenareta. Iyo magetsi sisitimu inowedzera kudzikisira kwemagetsi epasi-simba panguva yekumhanyisa yakaoma.

Zara musanganiswa

Idzi mota idzi mota dzinogona kufamba imwe nhanho pakudhonzwa kwemagetsi. Mune iwo mamodheru, chero chirongwa chekubatanidza chataurwa pamusoro chingashandiswa.

Mahybrids akadaro haabhadhariswe kubva kumajena. Bhatiri rinozadzikiswa nesimba kubva kune inoitisa braking system uye jenareta. Daro rinogona kuvharwa pamubhadharo mumwe chete zvinoenderana nekwanisi yebhatiri.

Mahybrid plugins

Dzakadai mota dzinogona kushanda senge yemagetsi mota kana kumhanya pane yemukati kupisa injini. Nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwezvirimwa zviviri zvemagetsi, hupfumi hwakanaka hwemafuta hunopihwa.

Sezvo zvisingaite kuisa bhatiri rakakura (mumotokari dzemagetsi zvinotora nzvimbo yetangi regasi), iyo yakasanganiswa inogona kuvhara kusvika makiromita makumi mashanu pane imwechete kubhadharisa isina kuisazve recharge.

Zvakanakira nekukanganisa mota dzakasanganiswa

Parizvino, iyo yakasanganiswa inogona kutaridzwa seyakagadziriswa chinongedzo kubva painjini yekupisa kuenda kune yakasvibira magetsi analogue. Kunyangwe hazvo chinangwa chekupedzisira chisati chazadzikiswa, nekuda kwekuunzwa kwazvino zviitiko zvitsva, pane maitiro akanaka mukuvandudza kwekufambisa kwemagetsi.

Sezvo mahybrids ari echisarudzo sarudzo, iwo ane ese akanaka uye asina kunaka mapoinzi. Izvo zvinosanganisira zvinosanganisira:

• Upfumi hwemafuta. Zvichienderana nekushanda kwesimba remaviri, ichi chiratidzo chinogona kuwedzera kusvika ku30% kana kudarika.
• Kubhadharazve pasina kushandisa mains. Izvi zvakave zvichibvira nekuda kweinetic energy kupora system. Kunyangwe, kubhadharisa kuzere hakuitike, kana mainjiniya achigona kuvandudza shanduko, ipapo mota dzemagetsi hadzizoda chokubuda zvachose.
• Iko kugona kumisikidza mota yediki vhoriyamu uye simba.
• Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakanyanya kudhura kupfuura makanika, vanogovera mafuta.
• Injini inopisa zvakanyanya, uye mafuta anodyiwa kana uchityaira mumotokari.
• Iko kusanganiswa kwepeturu / dhiziri uye injini dzemagetsi zvinokutendera kuti uenderere mberi nekutyaira kana iyo-simba-bhatiri rakafa.
• Nekuda kwekushanda kweinjini yemagetsi, injini yemukati yemoto inogona kumhanya zvakanyanya uye isina ruzha.

Kuiswa kweHybrid kunewo runyorwa rwakanaka rwezvakaipa.

• Iyo bhatiri inova isingashandisike nekukurumidza nekuda kwenhamba hombe yekuchaja / kuburitsa macircuit (kunyangwe mune akapfava masystem masystem);
• Bhatiri rinowanzo buda zvachose;
• Zvikamu zvemota dzakadai zvinodhura;
• Kuzvigadzirisa pachako hazvigoneke, nekuti izvi zvinoda michina yemagetsi yemhando yepamusoro.
• Zvichienzaniswa nemafuta epeturu kana dhiziri, mahybrids anodhura zviuru zvemadhora akawanda;
• Kugara uchigadzirisa kunodhura;
• Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinoda kubata zvine hungwaru, uye zvikanganiso zvinoitika dzimwe nguva zvinokanganisa rwendo rurefu;
• Izvo zvakaoma kuwana nyanzvi iyo inogona kunyatso kugadzirisa mashandiro emagetsi magetsi. Nekuda kweizvi, iwe unofanirwa kuenda kune masevhisi eanodhura emahofisi emahofisi;
• Iwo mabhatiri haashiviriri akakosha tembiricha kuchinja uye vanozviburitsa pachavo.
• Kunyangwe hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza panguva yekushanda kwemagetsi emagetsi, kugadzirwa nekurasa mabhatiri kuri kushatisa zvakanyanya.

Kuti mahybridi nemotokari dzemagetsi zvive mukwikwidzi wechokwadi kune injini dzemukati dzemoto, zvinodikanwa kuti uvandudze masosi emagetsi (kuitira kuti vachengete simba rakawanda, asi panguva imwe chete havanyanye kwazvo), pamwe nekukurumidza recharge masystem pasina kukuvadza bhatiri.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Chii chinonzi hybrid mota? Iyi imotokari iyo inodarika imwe simba unit inobatanidzwa mukufamba kwayo. Chaizvoizvo musanganiswa wemota yemagetsi uye mota ine classic yemukati combustion injini.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pemotokari yakasanganiswa neyakajairwa? Mota yakasanganiswa ine zvakanakira mota yemagetsi (chinyararire kushanda kweinjini uye kutyaira pasina kushandisa mafuta), asi kana bhatiri rechaji radonha, main power unit (peturu) inovhurwa.