Injini yedhiziri: maficha ebasa

Pasi pehodhi, mota yemazuva ano ichave neimwe yemhando nhatu dzemasimba emagetsi. Iyo peturu, yemagetsi kana injini yedhiziri. Tatove takurukura chirevo chekushanda uye chigadzirwa cheinjini yepeturu. mune imwe chinyorwa.

Iye zvino tichaisa pfungwa pazvinhu zveinjini yedhiziri: zvikamu zvipi zvinoumbwa, zvakasiyana sei nepeturu analogue, uye zvakare funga maficha ekutanga nekushandisa ino injini yemukati yemoto mumamiriro akasiyana.

Chii chinonzi injini yedhiziri

Kutanga, dzidziso diki. Injini yedhiziri imhando yepiston simba unit inoita kunge injini yemafuta. Budova rake zvakare harizosiyana.

Ichanyanya kuve ne:

• Cylinder block. Uyu ndiwo muviri muviri. Makomba nemakomba anodiwa pakuitwa kwayo anoitwa mairi. Rusvingo rwekunze rine bhachi rinotonhorera (mhango inozadzwa nemvura mune yakaungana mota kutonhodza dzimba). Makomba makuru anogadzirwa muchikamu chepakati, ayo anonzi maSilinders. Vanopisa mafuta. Zvakare, dhizaini dhizaini inopa maburi ekubatanidza nerubatsiro rwepini dzeblack pachayo nemusoro wayo, mune iyo gasi yekuparadzira mashandiro iri
• Pistoni dzine matanda ekubatanidza. Zvinhu izvi zvine dhizaini yakafanana neinjini yepeturu. Musiyano chete ndewekuti iyo pisitoni uye yekubatanidza tsvimbo zvinoitwa zvinogara zvakasimba kuti zvidzivirire zvakakura zvemitoro
• Crankshaft. Diesel iri rakagadzirwa necrankshaft ine dhizaini yakafanana neiyo injini yemoto yemukati inomhanya peturu. Musiyano chete ndewekuti dhizaini yechikamu chino inoshandiswa nemugadziri kumwe kuchinjisa mota.
• Kuenzanisa shaft. Madiki emagetsi emagetsi anowanzoshandisa imwe humburumbira dhiziri. Inoshanda pane Push-dhonza musimboti. Sezvo iine pisitoni imwe, inogadzira vibration yakasimba kana HTS yapiswa. Kuti mota ifambe zvakanaka, shaft yekuyera inosanganisirwa muchigadzirwa cheyesirinda imwe chete, iyo inobhadharisa kusvetuka kamwe kamwe musimba remagetsi.

Nhasi, mota dzedhiziri dziri kuwana mukurumbira nekuda kwekuunzwa kwehunyanzvi matekinoroji ayo anotendera mota kusangana nemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye zvinodikanwa zvemutyairi wemhando yepamusoro. Kana kumberi iyo dhiziri unit yainyanya kugamuchirwa nekutakura zvinhu, nhasi mota yemutakurwi inowanzo kuve neinjini yakadaro.

Inofungidzirwa kuti ingangoita imwe chete mumotokari zana dzinotengeswa muUnited States dzinomhanyisa mafuta anorema. Kana zviri zveEurope, mainjini edhiziri anotonyanya kufarirwa mumusika uyu. Inenge hafu yemotokari dzakatengeswa pasi pehodhi dzine mhando iyi yemota.

Usawedzere mafuta peturu muinjini yedhiziri. Inovimba neayo mafuta. Mafuta edhiziri chinhu chine mafuta chine moto, chinoumbwa chakafanana neparafini uye mafuta ekupisa. Kuenzaniswa nepeturu, mafuta aya ane octane yepasi nhamba (chii ichi paramende, inotsanangurwa zvakadzama mune imwe ongororo), Naizvozvo, kuvesa kwayo kunoitika zvichienderana nechunhu chakasiyana, icho chakasiyana nekupisa kwepeturu.

Zvikwata zvemazuva ano zviri kuvandudzwa kuitira kuti vapedze mafuta mashoma, vagadzire ruzha ruduku panguva yekushanda, magasi ekudzimisa ane zvinhu zvisina kukuvadza, uye kuvhiya kuri nyore sezvinobvira. Kune izvi, mazhinji masisitimu anodzorwa nemagetsi, uye kwete nemaitiro akasiyana.

Kuti mota dzakareruka dziine injini yedhiziri dzikwanise kusangana nemhando yepamusoro yezvakatipoteredza, yakagadzirirwa mamwe masisitimu anovimbisa kupisa kwakanaka kwemusanganiswa wemafuta-emhepo uye kushandiswa kwesimba rese rakaburitswa panguva iyi.

Chizvarwa chazvino chemamwe mamodheru emota chinogamuchira iyo inonzi yakachena dhiziri. Pfungwa iyi inotsanangura mota umo magasi ekudzimisa anenge akafanana nezvigadzirwa zvemafuta epeturu.

Chinyorwa cheaya masisitimu anosanganisira:

1. Yakawanda system. Zvichienderana nedhizaini yeyuniti, inogona kuve neanove akati wandei mapapiro. Chinangwa chavo ndechekusimbisa kupihwa kwemhepo uye kuumbwa kweiyo vortex chaiyo yekuyerera, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kusanganisa mafuta edizili nemhepo nenzira dzakasiyana dzekushanda kweinjini yemukati yemoto. Kana injini yatanga uye ichimhanya pazasi rpm, aya madampers achavharwa. Pangosvika ma revs achiwedzera, zvinhu izvi zvinovhurwa. Iyi nzira inokubvumira kuti udzikise zviri mukati mekabhoni monoxide uye mahydrocarbon asina nguva yekupisa, izvo zvinowanzoitika nekumhanya kwakaderera.
2. Simba rekusimudzira system. Imwe yedzakanakisa nzira dzekuwedzera simba reinjini yemukati yemoto kuisa turbocharger pane yekudyira turakiti. Mune mamwe mamodheru ezvekufambisa zvemazuva ano, turbine yakaiswa iyo inogona kuchinja geometry yenzira yemukati. Iko kune zvakare turbo komputa system, iyo inotsanangurwa pano.
3. Vhura optimization system. Zvichienzaniswa nemumwe wepeturu, mota idzi dzinonyanya kukosha kumamiriro ekushanda. Semuenzaniso, inotonhorera yemukati injini yemoto inotanga kuwedzera zvakanyanya munguva yechando, uye kugadziriswa kwekare muchando chakanyanya hakutangi zvachose pasina kupisa kwekutanga. Kuita kuti kutanga mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kugoneka kana nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, mota inogamuchira pre-kutanga kudziyisa. Nechinangwa ichi, kupenya plug kunoiswa mune yega yega cylinder (kana mune yakawanda yekudyira), iyo inopisa mukati memhepo vhoriyamu, nekuda kwekuti tembiricha yayo panguva yekumanikidza inosvika zvakakwana kune iyo chiratidzo iyo dizeli mafuta inogona kuvesa yega. Dzimwe mota dzinogona kuve nehurongwa hunopisa mafuta husati hwapinda muzvigadziri.
4. Pedza hurongwa. Iyo yakagadzirirwa kudzikisira huwandu hwezvinosvibisa mune iyo chiutsi. Semuenzaniso, kuyerera kwekuyerera kunopfuura firita firitaiyo inogadzirisa isina kutsva mahydrocarbon uye nitrogen oxides. Damping yemweya wekudzimisa inoitika mu resonator uye huru silencer, asi mumainjini emazuva ano kuyerera kwemweya wekudzimisa watove yunifomu kubva pakutanga, saka vamwe vatyairi vanotenga anoshanda emota chiutsi (chirevo chiri pachigadzirwa chinotaurira. pano)
5. Gasi yekuparadzira system. Izvo zvinodiwa pachinangwa chimwe chete senge mune peturu vhezheni. Kana iyo pisitoni ichiita sitiroko yakakodzera, iyo yekupinda kana yekubuda vharuvhu inofanirwa kuvhura / kuvhara nenzira yakakodzera. Iyo yekushandisa nguva inosanganisira camshaft uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvikamu zvinopa kuitwa panguva yakakodzera kwezvikamu mumotokari (kudya kana kupedza). Mavharuvhu muinjini yedhiziri anosimbiswa, nekuti ane mutoro unowedzera uye unopisa.
6. Pedza gasi kudzokorora. Iyi sisitimu inopa kubviswa kwakazara kwe nitrogen oxide nekutonhodza mamwe emweya wekudzimisa uye kuadzosera kune yakawanda yekudya Iko mashandiro echishandiso ichi anogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwechikwata.
7. Fuel system. Zvichienderana nemagadzirirwo enjini yemoto yemukati, ino sisitimu inogona kusiyana zvishoma. Chinhu chikuru ipombi yekumusoro-yekumanikidza, iyo inopa kuwedzera kwekumanikidza kwemafuta kuitira kuti, pakudzvanyirira kwakanyanya, injekisheni inokwanisa kubaya mafuta edizili mu humburumbira. Imwe yeazvino kuitika mune dhiziri mafuta masisitimu ndiyo CommonRail. Kwapera chinguva, tichanyatsoongorora mamiriro ayo. Iyo peculiarity ndeyekuti inobvumidza iwe kuunganidza imwe vhoriyamu yemafuta mune yakakosha tangi yekugadzikana kwayo uye kwakatsetseka kugovera pamusoro pemabhuru. Iyo yemagetsi mhando yekutonga inokutendera iwe kuti ushandise dzakasiyana jekiseni modhi kuti uwane yakanyanya kugona pane akasiyana injini kumhanya.
8. Turbocharger. Mune yakajairwa mota, yakasarudzika mashandiro emuchina wekuwandisa ane anotenderera mashizha ari mumatanda maviri akasiyana. Iyo huru impeller inotungamirwa neiyo yekuzadza gasi rwizi. Iyo inotenderera shaft panguva imwe chete inomutsa yechipiri impeller, inova yeinotora turakiti. Sezvo chinhu chechipiri chinotenderera, mweya mutsva unowedzera muhurongwa hwekudya. Nekuda kweizvozvo, yakawanda vhoriyamu inopinda musilinda, iyo inowedzera simba reinjini yemukati yemoto. Panzvimbo peiyo turbine yechinyakare, turbocharger yakaiswa pane dzimwe mota, iyo yatove inofambiswa nemagetsi uye inobvumira kuwedzera kwekuyerera kwemhepo, zvisinei nekumhanya kwechikwata.

Panyaya yehunyanzvi, injini yedhiziri inosiyana neyepeturu munzira yemoto wemafuta-musanganiswa. Muchiitiko cheinjini yepeturu yakajairwa, mafuta anowanzo sanganiswa mune yakawanda yekudyira (kumwe kugadziridzwa kwemazuva ano kune jekiseni yakananga). Diesel anoshanda chete nekusasa mafuta edhiziri akananga mumasirinda. Kudzivirira iyo BTS kubva mukubatidza nguva isati yakwana panguva yekumanikidza, inofanira kunge yakasanganiswa panguva iyo iyo pisitoni yakagadzirira kutanga kuita sitiroko yekurova kwekushanda.

Fuel system mudziyo

Basa remafuta emagetsi rinoderedzwa kuti riunze chikamu chinodiwa chedhiziri panguva yakakodzera. Panyaya iyi, kumanikidzwa ari kamwene inofanira yekudyidzana kupfuura compression reshiyo. Iyo compression reshiyo yedhiziri injini yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yeyuniti peturu.

Muvara mutsvuku - high pressure circuit; yellow color - low pressure circuit. 1) jekiseni pombi; 2) kumanikidzwa crankcase ventilation valve; 3) pressure sensor; 4) njanji yemafuta; 5) nozzles; 6) accelerator pedal; 7) camshaft kumhanya; 8) crankshaft kumhanya; 9) mamwe ma sensors; 10) dzimwe nzira dzekutonga; 11) sefa yakakora; 12) tangi; 13) sefa yakanaka.

Pamusoro pezvo, tinokurudzira kuverenga nezve chii chinonzi compression ratio uye compression... Iyi peturu yekugovera mafuta, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwayo kwazvino, ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinodhura mumushini, nekuti zvikamu zvacho zvinoona kunyatso kujeka kwechikamu. Kugadziriswa kweiyi sisitimu kunonetsa kwazvo uye kunodhura.

Izvi ndizvo zvinhu zvakakosha zvemafuta system.

TNVD

Chero mafuta system inofanirwa kuve nepombi. Iyi nzira inosveta mafuta edhiziri kubva mutangi uye anoipomba mudunhu remafuta. Kugadzira mota yakachengetedza maererano nekushandisa mafuta, kuisirwa kwayo kunodzorwa nemagetsi. Iyo control unit inopindirana nekutsikirira peturu peturu uye nemhando yekushandisa yeinjini.

Kana mutyairi achimanikidza accelerator chitiviri, module rekutonga rakazvimiririra rinotarisa kuti ndezvipi zvakakosha kuwedzera huwandu hwemafuta, shandura nguva yekudyiwa. Kuti uite izvi, runyorwa rukuru rwema algorithms rwakasonerwa muECU kufekitori, iyo inogonesa nzira dzakakodzera mune yega kesi.

Iyo pombi yemafuta inogadzira inogara ichimanikidza mune ino system. Iyi michina yakavakirwa pane plunger vaviri. Tsanangudzo yezvazviri uye mashandiro ayo zvinotsanangurwa zvakasiyana... Muzvinhu zvemazuva ano zvemafuta, mhando yekuparadzira pombi inoshandiswa. Iwo akaenzana muhukuru, uye mune iyi nyaya mafuta anoyerera zvakaenzana, zvisinei nemhando yekushandisa yeyuniti. Iwe unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezve basa reiyi michina. pano.

Nozzles

Ichi chikamu chinoona kuti mafuta anopfapfaidzwa akananga musirinda kana mweya watove wakatsikirirwa mairi. Kunyangwe kugona kweichi chiitiko zvakananga kunoenderana nekumanikidzwa kwemafuta, dhizaini yeatomizer pachayo yakakosha kwazvo.

Pakati zvose okunatsiridza mokugezera, pane vaviri huru mhando. Iwo anosiyana murudzi rwemwenje unogadzirwa panguva yekumwaya. Iko kune mhando kana yakawanda-poindi atomizer.

Ichi chikamu chakaiswa mumusoro we cylinder, uye atomizer yayo iri mukati mekamuri, uko mafuta anosanganiswa nemhepo inopisa uye unodzima zvoga. Tichifunga nezve yakanyanya kudziya inotakurisa, pamwe nekuwanda kwekudzokedzana kwekufamba kwetsono, chinhu chinodzivirira kupisa chinoshandiswa pakugadzira iyo kamwene atomizer.

Sefa yemafuta

Sezvo dhizaini yeinopisa-pombi yemafuta uye majekiseni ine zvikamu zvakawanda zvine mabhenefiti mashoma, uye ivo pachavo vanofanirwa kunyoroveswa, zvinodikanwa zvakanyanya zvinoiswa pahunhu (kuchena kwayo) kwedhiziri. Neichi chikonzero, iyo sisitimu ine mafirita anodhura.

Mhando imwe neimwe yeinjini ine yayo firita, nekuti ese marudzi ane yavo yekuyera uye degree rekusefa. Pamusoro pekubvisa zvidimbu zvekunze, chinhu ichi chinofanirwa zvakare kuchenesa mafuta kubva mumvura. Uku ndiko kugadzikana kunogadzira mutangi uye kusanganisa nezvinhu zvinotsva.

Kudzivirira mvura kubva mukuungana mune sump, kazhinji kune gomba rekudonha mufirita. Dzimwe nguva mhepo inokiya inogona kuumba mumutsetse wemafuta. Kuti uibvise, mamwe mafirita emhando ane pombi diki yeruoko.

Mune mamwe mamodheru emota, akaisirwa chishandiso chinokubvumira kupisa mafuta edhiziri. Munguva yechando, mhando yemafuta iyi inowanzo gadzikana, ichiumba zvikamu zveparafini. Zvinoenderana neizvi kuti firita inogona kukwana zvakakwana mafuta kupombi, iyo inopa kutanga kuri nyore kweinjini yemukati yemoto muchando.

Ainoita

Iko kushanda kwedhiziri yemukati injini yekutsva inoenderana nechero musimboti wekuwedzera kwemhepo-mafuta musanganiswa unopisa mukamuri senge mune peturu unit. Musiyano chete ndewekuti musanganiswa haubatwe nechena kubva kune plug plug (injini yedhiziri haina kana plugi zvachose), asi nekusasa chikamu chemafuta munzvimbo inopisa nekuda kwekumanikidza kwakasimba. Iyo pisitoni inomanikidza mweya zvine simba zvekuti mhango inopisa kusvika pamadhigirii mazana manomwe. Kana kamwene ikangomisa mafuta, inobatidza uye inoburitsa simba rinodiwa.

Kufanana nemayuniti epeturu, dhiziri rinewo maviri akakosha marudzi maviri-sitiroko uye mana-sitiroko. Ngatitarisei chimiro chavo uye musimboti wekushanda.

Four-sitiroko kutenderera

Iyo ina-sitiroko yemotokari unit ndiyo yakajairika. Uku ndiko kutevedzana uko chinoshanda chikamu chakadai.

1. Inlet. Kana crankshaft ikatendeuka (kana injini yatanga, izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwekutanga kwekutanga, uye kana injini ichimhanya, pisitoni inoita sitiroko iyi nekuda kwebasa repama cylinders), iyo pisitoni inotanga kufamba ichidzika. Panguva ino, iyo inlet vheji inovhura (inogona kuva imwechete kana maviri). Chikamu chitsva chemweya chinopinda musilinda nepaburi rakavhurika. Kusvikira iyo pisitoni yasvika pazasi pakafa nzvimbo, iyo vharuvhu yekudyiwa inoramba yakavhurika. Izvi zvinopedzisa chiyero chekutanga.
2. Kudzvinyirira. Neimwezve kutenderera kweichi crankshaft nemadhigirii gumi nemashanu, pisitoni inotanga kukwira kumusoro. Panguva ino, ese mavhavha akavharwa. Mhepo yese iri musilinda yakamanikidzwa. Kuti idzivirire kupinda mune yepasi-pisitoni nzvimbo, pisitoni yega yega ine akati wandei O-zvindori (zvakadzama nezve mudziyo wavo unotsanangurwa pano). Sezvo isu tichienda kunzvimbo yepamusoro yakafa, nekuda kwekumanikidza kuri kuwedzera, iyo tembiricha yemhepo inokwira kusvika kumazana akati wandei madhigirii. Sitiroko inopera apo pisitoni iri munzvimbo yepamusoro.
3. Kushanda sitiroko. Kana mavharuvhu akavharwa, jekiseni rinoendesa chikamu chidiki chemafuta, icho chinobva changobaka nekuda kwetembiricha yakakwira. Kune mafirita masisitimu anopatsanura chikamu chidiki ichi kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Zvemagetsi zvinogona kumisikidza iyi maitiro (kana ikapihwa nemugadziri) kuitira kuti iwedzere kushanda kweinjini yemukati yemoto mune dzakasiyana nzira dzekushandisa. Sezvo magasi anokura, iyo pisitoni inosundidzirwa kunzvimbo yepasi yakafa. Paunosvika BDC, iyo bhaisikopo inoguma.
4. Kusunungurwa. Yekupedzisira kutendeuka kweye crankshaft inomutsa iyo pisitoni kumusoro zvakare. Panguva ino, vharuvhu yekupedza iri kutovhura. Kubudikidza negomba, rwizi gasi runobviswa kune yakawanda chiutsi, uye kuburikidza naro kune chiutsi system. Mune mamwe mainjini anoshandisa modhi, vharuvhu yekudyiwa inogona zvakare kuvhura zvishoma kuti ive nani humburumbira mweya.

Mune imwe shanduko ye crankshaft, kurova kaviri kunoitwa mune imwe humburumbira. Chero pisitoni injini inoshanda maererano nechirongwa ichi, zvisinei nemhando yemafuta.

Maviri-sitiroko kutenderera

Kuwedzera mana-sitiroko, panewo maviri-sitiroko okunatsiridza. Ivo vakasiyana neshanduro yapfuura mukuti kurova kuviri kunoitwa mune imwe pisitoni sitiroko. Iyi nadzurudzo inoshanda nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwemaviri-sitiroko humburumbira block.

Heano mufananidzo wedanho rechipiri-sitiroko mota:

Sezvinoonekwa kubva pamufananidzo, apo iyo pisitoni, mushure mekutsvaira kwemhepo-musanganiswa wemafuta, ichienda kune yepazasi yakafa nzvimbo, inotanga kuvhura iyo nzira, uko kunoenda mweya wekubvisa. Gare gare, iyo inopinda inovhura, nekuda kwekuti iyo kamuri izere nemhepo nyowani, uye humburumbira inocheneswa. Sezvo mafuta edhiziri achimwayiwa mumhepo yakamanikidzwa, haizopinde muchina chekudzimisa panguva yekuchenesa.

Inofananidzwa nekushandurwa kwakapfuura, simba remaviri-sitiroko iri 1.5-1.7 zvakapetwa. Nekudaro, iyo 4-stroke shamwari yawedzera torque. Kunyangwe paine simba rakakura, iyo-sitiroko yemukati injini yemoto ine imwe yakakosha kudonha. Kugadziridza kwayo kune mashoma maitiro kana ichienzaniswa nechina-sitiroko unit. Neichi chikonzero, ivo vashoma zvakanyanya zvakajairika mumota dzazvino. Kumanikidza rudzi urwu rweinjini nekuwedzera iyo crankshaft kumhanya iri nzira yakaoma uye isingashande.

Pakati peinjini dzedhiziri, pane zvakawanda zvinobudirira sarudzo dzinoshandiswa pamhando dzakasiyana dzemotokari. Imwe yeanhasi emabhokisi-akaumbwa maviri-sitiroko injini injini yeHofbauer. Unogona kuverenga nezvake zvakasiyana.

Diesel injini mhando

Kuwedzera kune maficha ari pakushandisa yechipiri masisitimu, dhiziri injini dzine mamiriro ekusiyana. Chaizvoizvo, uyu mutsauko unocherechedzwa muchimiro chekamuri remoto. Heano maitiro avo makuru maererano nejometri redhipatimendi iri:

1. Kamera isina kukamurwa. Rimwe zita rekirasi iyi yakanangana jekiseni. Muchiitiko ichi, mafuta edhiziri anosaswa munzvimbo iri pamusoro pepiston. Injini idzi dzinoda mapiston akakosha. Makomba akakosha anoitwa mukati mawo, ayo anoumba kamuri yekutsva. Kazhinji, nadzurudzo yakadaro inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvine hombe yekushanda vhoriyamu (maitirwo ayo, verenga zvakasiyana), Uye iyo isingakure yakakwira kutendeuka. Iyo yakakwira iyo rpm, inowedzera ruzha uye kudedera mota ichave. Kuwedzera kugadzikana kushanda kweaya mayunitsi kunovimbiswa nekushandiswa kwemagetsi pombi jekiseni. Masisitimu akadaro anokwanisa kugovera jekiseni remafuta maviri, pamwe nekukwidziridza mwero wekupisa weVTS. Kutenda nekushandiswa kweiyi tekinoroji, aya ma motors ane yakagadzikana mashandiro anosvika kumazana mana nezviuru zvekumukira.
2. Yakaparadzanisa kamuri. Iyi yekutsva kamuri geometry inoshandiswa mune dzakawanda zvazvino powertrains. Imba yakasarudzika inogadzirwa mumusoro we cylinder. Iyo ine yakakosha geometry iyo inoumba vortex panguva yekumanikidza sitiroko. Izvi zvinoita kuti mafuta asangane zvakanyanya nemhepo uye apise zvirinani. Mukugadzirwa uku, injini inomhanya zvakanaka uye haina ruzha, nekuti kumanikidza kuri mu humburumbira kunovaka zvakanaka, pasina majee akangoerekana aitika.

Kwakadii kuvhurwa

Kutanga kutonhora kwerudzi urwu rwe mota kunofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya. Sezvo mutumbi nemweya unopinda musilinda uchitonhora, kana chikamu chacho chikamanikidzwa, hachikwanisi kupisa zvakakwana kuti mafuta edhiziri awedzere. Pakutanga, kuchitonhora, ivo vakarwa neichi ne blowtorch - vakapisa injini pachayo uye tangi remafuta kuitira kuti dhiziri nemafuta zvidziye.

Zvakare, muchando, mafuta edhiziri anowedzera. Vagadziri vemhando iyi yemafuta vakagadzira giredhi rezhizha uye rechando. Muchiitiko chekutanga, mafuta edhiziri anorega kupomba nepasefa uye nepombi paanopisa -5 degrees. Nguva yechando dhiziri hairasikirwe nehunyoro uye haigadzike pa -45 degrees. Naizvozvo, kana uchishandisa mafuta nemafuta akakodzera mwaka, hakungavi nematambudziko nekutanga mota yemazuva ano.

Mumotokari yemazuva ano, kune pre-kudziyisa masisitimu. Chimwe chezvinhu zvehurongwa hwakadai ipulagi yekupenya, iyo inowanzo gadzirirwa mumusoro we cylinder munzvimbo yemafuta ekupuruzira. Tsanangudzo pamusoro pechigadzirwa ichi inotsanangurwa pano... Muchidimbu, inopa kukurumidza kupenya kugadzirira ICE yekutanga.

Zvichienderana nemhando yekenduru, inogona kupisa kusvika pamadhigirii mazana masere. Maitiro aya anowanzo kutora masekondi mashoma. Kana injini yadziya zvakakwana, chiratidzo chekudhirowa padashboard chinotanga kupenya. Kuti mota irambe ichimhanya zvakanaka kusvika yawana tembiricha yekushanda, makenduru aya anoramba achipisa mweya uri kuuya kwemaminitsi makumi maviri.

Kana mota yakarongedzwa neinjini yekutanga bhatani, saka mutyairi haafanire kufambisa zviratidzi, achimirira nguva yekutangisa iyo Starter. Mushure mekudzvanya bhatani, zvemagetsi zvinomirira zvakazvimirira nguva inodiwa yekupisa mweya mumasirinda.

Nezve kudziya kwemukati memotokari, vatyairi vazhinji vanocherekedza kuti munguva yechando inopisa zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura mumwe wepeturu. Icho chikonzero ndechekuti kugona kwechikwata hakuitenderi kuti ikurumidze kupisa pachayo. Kune avo vanoda kupinda mumotokari yatodziya, pane masisitimu ekutanga kure kweinjini yemukati yemoto.

Imwe sarudzo ndeye kabhini pre-kudziyisa system, iyo midziyo iyo inoshandisa dhiziri mafuta chete kupisa iyo kabhini. Pamusoro pezvo, inopisa kupisa, izvo zvinobatsira mune ramangwana apo injini yemoto yemukati iri kudziya.

Turbocharging uye Yakajairika-Njanji

Dambudziko rakakura nemagetsi akajairika ndiyo inonzi turbo pit. Iyi ndiyo mhedzisiro yemhinduro inononoka yeyuniti kutsikirira chitiviri - mutyairi anotsimbirira gasi, uye injini yemoto yemukati yakaita kunge yaifunga kwekanguva. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nenyaya yekuti kuyerera kwemweya wegasi chete pane imwe injini kumhanya kunoita kuti isuduruke turbine yakajairwa.

Iyo turbo diesel unit inogamuchira turbocharger pachinzvimbo cheyakajairwa turbine. Tsanangudzo pamusoro pemichina iyi inotsanangurwa mune vamweуchinyorwa chechipiri, asi muchidimbu, inopa yakawedzera vhoriyamu yemhepo kune masirinda, nekuda kwekuti zvinokwanisika kubvisa simba rakadzikama kunyangwe pazasi revs.

Nekudaro, iyo turbodiesel zvakare ine yakakosha kusakosha. Iyo mota compressor ine diki inoshanda hupenyu. Paavhareji, ino nguva ingangoita zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu emakiromita emota mileage. Icho chikonzero ndechekuti uyu mashandiro anogara achishanda pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera mutyairi mutoro, pamwe nekugara uchimhanya zvakanyanya.

Kugadziriswa kwechigadzirwa ichi ndechemuridzi wemuchina kuti agare achitevedzera kurudziro yemugadziri maererano nemhando yemafuta. Kana iyo turbocharger ikakundikana, inofanira kutsiviwa pane kugadziriswa.

Mota zhinji dzemazuva ano dzakashongedzerwa neyakajairika-Rail mafuta system. Inotsanangurwa zvakadzama nezvake zvakasiyana... Kana zvichikwanisika kusarudza kungoshandurwa kwakadaro kwemotokari, ipapo sisitimu inokutendera kuti ugadzirise huwandu hwepeturu mumhepo yakasununguka, iyo ine mhedzisiro pane kugona kweinjini yemukati yemoto.

Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita rudzi urwu rwebhatiri mafuta system.

• Dhigirii makumi maviri piston isati yasvika paTDC, iyo injekita inodzora 20 kusvika ku5 muzana yechikamu chikuru chemafuta. Iyi pre-jekiseni. Iyo inoumba murazvo wekutanga, nekuda kwekuti kumanikidza uye tembiricha iri musilinda inowedzera zvakanaka. Maitiro aya anoderedza kutakura zvinhu pazvikamu zveyuniti uye inovimbisa kupisa kwemafuta kuri nani. Iyi pre-jekiseni inoshandiswa pamainjini ane mashandiro enharaunda anoenderana neiyo Euro-30 standard. Kutanga kubva pane yechina standard, pre-jekiseni pre-jekiseni inoitwa mukati mekupisa injini.
• 2 madigiri pamberi penzvimbo yeTDC yepiston, chikamu chekutanga chemafuta chakapihwa. Izvi zvinoitika nenzira imwecheteyo seyakajairika injini yedhiziri isina chitima chemafuta, asi isina kumanikidzwa, nekuti panguva ino yatove yakakwira nekuda kwekutsva kwechikamu chekutanga chemafuta edhiziri. Iyi dunhu inogona kudzikisira mota ruzha.
• Kwechinguva, mafuta emota anomiswa kuitira kuti chikamu ichi chipiswe zvachose.
• Tevere, chikamu chechipiri chemafuta chinosaswa. Nekuda kwekuparadzaniswa uku, chikamu chose chakapiswa kusvika pekupedzisira. Uyezve, humburumbira hunoshanda kwenguva yakareba kupfuura muchikamu chekare. Izvi zvinoguma neakakwira torque pane mashoma mashandisiro uye akaderera emesi. Zvakare, hapana chinotyisa chinoitika mukati meinjini yekutsva yemukati, nekuda kwekuti haina ruzha rukuru.
• Pamberi pekuvhura vharuvhu, iyo injector inoita post-jekiseni. Iyi ndiyo yakasara yemafuta. Yatove pamoto mutrust. Kune rimwe divi, iyi nzira yekutsva inobvisa sosi kubva mukati meiyo yekuzadza sisitimu, uye kune rimwe divi, inowedzera simba reiyo turbocharger, iyo inobvumira iyo turbo lag kuti igadziriswe. Chikamu chakafanana chinoshandiswa pazvikamu zvinoenderana neEuro-5 eco-standard.

Sezvauri kuona, kumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera mafuta system kunotendera kuwanda kwemafuta emafuta. Nekuda kweizvi, hunhu hwese hweinjini yedhiziri hwakavandudzwa, izvo zvinoita kuti ikwanise kuunza simba rayo padhuze neiyo peturu unit. Uye kana turbocharger yakaiswa mumotokari, chishandiso ichi chakaita kuti zvikwanise kuuya neinjini inopfuura peturu.

Iyi mukana weiyo yemazuva ano turbodiesel inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera mukurumbira wedhiziri vanofamba nemotokari. Zviya, kana tikataura nezve dzinomhanyisa mota ine dhiziri yuniti, saka muna 2006 muBonneville munyu gwenga rekodhi yekumhanyisa yakaputswa pane prototype yeJCB Dieselmax. Iyi mota yakakwira kusvika kumakiromita 563 paawa. Magetsi gwenya mota yaive neyakajairika-Rail njanji yemafuta.

Kubatsira uye Kukanganisa kwekushandisa Diesel Engines

Kana iwe ukasarudza chaiyo mafuta uye mafuta, iyo unit inotanga kumusoro yakadzikama, zvisinei nemamiriro ekunze. Iwe unogona kutarisa kuti ndeapi mvura inofanirwa kushandiswa mune iyi kesi kubva pane zvinokurudzirwa nemugadziri.

Iyo yakasimba mafuta emagetsi unit inosiyana neye peturu shamwari mukushanda kwakanyanya. Imwe neimwe modhi nyowani inova isina ruzha (uye mhere-mhere haizovhiringidzwe zvakanyanya neiyo yekuzadza sisitimu sezvinoitwa neinjini pachayo), ine simba uye inoshanda. Izvi ndizvo zvakanakira injini yedhiziri:

1. Mari. Zvichienzaniswa neyakajairika peturu injini, chero yazvino injini yedhiziri injini ine yakafanana vhoriyamu inoshandisa mashoma mafuta. Kubudirira kwechikwata kunotsanangurwa nehumwe hunhu hwemoto wemafuta-musanganiswa, kunyanya kana iyo system yemafuta iri yemhando yekuunganidza (Common Rail). Muna 2008, kukwikwidza kwehupfumi kwakaitika pakati peBMW5 neToyota Prius (musanganiswa uyo une mukurumbira nehupfumi hwayo, asi unomhanya nepeturu). Kune chinhambwe cheLondon-Geneva, BMW, inova inorema makirogiramu mazana maviri, yakashandisa makiromita angangosvika gumi nemana petita yemafuta, uye huwandu hwakaenzana hwemakiromita gumi nematanhatu. Zvinoitika kuti kwemakiromita 200 dhiziri mota yakashandisa anenge 17 litres, uye musanganiswa - angangoita 16 litita. Zvakare, kana iwe uchifunga kuti musanganiswa unokwanisa kuchengetedza mari yakanaka uchienzaniswa nemota chaiyo peturu. Isu tinowedzera pane uyu musiyano mudiki pamutengo wemhando idzi dzemafuta, uye tinowana imwezve mari yezvipenga zvitsva kana kugadzirisa mota.
2. Yepamusoro torque. Nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasarudzika zvejekiseni uye kupisa kweBTC, kunyangwe pakuderedzwa kumhanya, injini inoratidza simba rakaringana kufambisa mota. Kunyangwe mota zhinji dzemazuvano dzakashongedzerwa nesisitimu yekudzora uye mamwe masisitimu anodzikamisa mota, injini yedhiziri inobvumira mutyairi kuti achinje magiya asina kuunza kumusoro revs. Izvi zvinoita kuti kutyaira kuve nyore.
3. Injini dzemazuva ano dzedhiri dzinotsva dzinopa hushoma kabhoni monoxide chisi, ichiisa mota yakadaro padanho rakafanana neiri peturu shamwari (uye mune dzimwe nguva kunyange nhanho yakakwira)
4. Nekuda kwekuzora mafuta edhiziri, ichi chikamu chinogadzikana uye chine hupenyu hwakareba hwebasa. Zvakare, simba rayo rakakonzerwa nenyaya yekuti mukugadzira kwemugadziri anoshandisa zvinhu zvakaomarara, achisimbisa dhizaini yemota nenhengo dzayo.
5. Pamugwagwa, mota yedhiziri haigone kusiyaniswa musimba kubva kune peturu analogue.
6. Nekuda kwekuti mafuta edhiziri anotsva zvishoma achida, mota yakachengeteka - inokonzeresa haimutse kuputika, saka, zvombo zvemauto zvinowanzo kuve nemadhiziri.

Zvisinei nekushanda kwavo kwepamusoro, injini dzedhiziri dzine zvadzakaipira zvakawanda.

1. Motokari dzekare dzakashongedzerwa nemamota umo mune kamuri isingaenzaniswi, saka zvine ruzha, nekuti kupisa kweVTS kunoitika nemazino anopinza. Kuita kuti unit irege kuita ruzha, inofanirwa kunge iine kamuri yakasarudzika uye yekuchengetera mafuta system iyo inopa yakawanda-nhanho dhiziri mafuta jekiseni Shanduko dzakadai dzinodhura, uye kuti agadzirise hurongwa hwakadai, unofanirwa kutsvaga nyanzvi inokwanisa. Zvakare, mumafuta emazuva ano, kubvira 2007, sarufa shoma yakashandiswa, kuitira kuti chiutsi chirege kuva neusingafadzi, hwema hwemazai akaora.
2. Kutengwa uye kugadziriswa kwemotokari yemazuva ano yedhiziri kunowanikwa kune vatyairi vane mari iri pamusoro yepakati. Kutsvaga kwezvikamu zvemotokari dzakadai kunonetsa chete nemutengo wavo, asi zvikamu zvakachipa zvinowanzo kuve zvemhando yepamusoro, izvo zvinogona kukonzeresa kukurumidza kuputsa kwechikwata.
3. Mafuta edhiziri haana kushambidzwa zvakanaka, saka unofanirwa kungwarira zvakanyanya panzvimbo yegasi. Vanoziva vatyairi vanokurudzira kushandisa magirovhosi anoraswa, nekuti hwema hwedhiziri pamaoko avo haupere kwenguva refu, kunyangwe mushure mekushambidza maoko.
4. Munguva yechando, iyo yemukati yemotokari inoda kudziirwa kwenguva yakareba, nekuti injini haina kukurumidza kupa kupisa.
5. Chigadzirwa chechikwata chinosanganisira nhamba huru yezvimwe zvikamu, izvo zvinogadzirisa kugadzirisa. Nekuda kweizvi, zvigadzirwa zvechizvino-zvino zvinodikanwa pakugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa.

Kuti usarudze pane iyo magetsi unit, iwe unofanirwa kutanga wasarudza kuti ndeipi nzira iyo mota ichaitwa. Kana mota ichiwanzo kufukidza madaro marefu, saka dhiziri ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka sarudzo, sezvo ichizopa mukana wekuchengetedza zvishoma pamafuta. Asi panzendo pfupi, hazvibatsiri, nekuti hauzokwanisi kusevha yakawanda, uye uchafanirwa kushandisa yakawandisa mukugadzirisa pane pane peturu unit.

Pakupera kwekudzokorora, tinopa vhidhiyo mushumo nezve musimboti wekushanda kweinjini yedhiziri:

Dhiziri yemadhamu. Chikamu 1 - zvakajairwa.