Test drive BMW uye hydrogen: chikamu chekutanga
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Test drive BMW uye hydrogen: chikamu chekutanga

Test drive BMW uye hydrogen: chikamu chekutanga

Kutinhira kwedutu riri kuuya kwakaramba kuchingonzwika mudenga ndege huru ichisvika panzvimbo yekumhara pedyo neNew Jersey. Musi waMay 6, 1937, iyo ndege yeHindenburg yakaita ndege yayo yekutanga mwaka, ichitora 97 vafambi.

Mumazuva mashoma, bharumu hombe rakazadzwa nehydrogen inofanirwa kubhururuka kudzokera kuFrankfurt am Main. Zvigaro zvese zviri mundege zvakagara zvakachengetwa nevagari vekuAmerica vachida kuona kugadzwa kwaBritain King George VI, asi ramangwana rakatemera kuti vafambi ava havazombokwira hofori yendege.

Nguva pfupi mushure mekupedzwa kwegadziriro dzekumhara kwendege, mukuru wayo Rosendahl akaona mirazvo pachipfuva chayo, uye mushure memasekonzi mashoma bhora rakakura rakashanduka rikava danda rinotyisa raibhururuka, richisiya zvidimbu zvesimbi zvinosiririsa pasi mushure meimwe hafu yenguva. Mineti. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa panyaya iyi ichokwadi chinobaya mwoyo chokuti vakawanda vaiva mungarava yaibvira moto vakakwanisa kurarama.

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin akarota nezvekubhururuka mune yakareruka-kupfuura-yemhepo mota pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi1917, kudhirowa mufananidzo wakajeka wendege yakazara-gasi yakazara ndege uye kuvhura mapurojekiti ekushandisa kwayo. Zeppelin akararama kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti aone zvisikwa zvake zvishoma nezvishoma zvichipinda muhupenyu hwevanhu, uye akafa muna 1923, nguva pfupi nyika yake isati yarasikirwa neHondo Yenyika I, uye kushandiswa kwezvikepe zvake kwakarambidzwa neChibvumirano cheVersailles. VaZeppelin vakakanganikwa kwemakore mazhinji, asi zvese zvinoshanduka zvakare pamhepo inotyisa pamwe nekuuya kwesimba kwaHitler. Musoro mutsva weZeppelin, Dr. Hugo Eckner, anonyatsogutsikana kuti huwandu hweshanduko dzakakosha tekinoroji dzinodiwa mukugadzirwa kwendege, chikuru chacho chinotsiva hydrogen inopisa uye ine ngozi ne helium. Nehurombo, zvisinei, iyo United States, iyo panguva iyoyo yaive yega inogadzira ichi chakasarudzika zvigadzirwa, haina kukwanisa kutengesa helium kuGerman pasi pemutemo wakasarudzika wakapasiswa neCongress muna 129. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikepe chitsva, chakasarudzwa LZ XNUMX, chinozopedzisira chaiswa nehydrogen.

Kuvakwa kwebhaluni nyowani nyowani yakagadzirwa nemwenje yealuminium alloys inosvika kureba ingangoita mazana matatu emamita uye ine dhayamita ingangoita makumi mashanu emamita. Iyo hofori ndege, yakaenzana neTitanic, inofambiswa neina ina 300-humburumbira dhiziri injini, imwe neimwe iine 45 hp. Sezvingatarisirwa, Hitler haana kupotsa mukana wekushandura iyo "Hindenburg" kuva chiratidzo cheparadziro chakajeka cheNazi Germany uye akaita zvese zvaigona kuti akurumidze kutanga kwekushandisa kwayo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, yatove muna 16 iyo "inoshamisa" ndege yendege yaigara ichifamba nendege.

Pakubhururuka kwekutanga muna 1937, nzvimbo yekumhara yeNew Jersey yaive yakazara nevaoni vaifara, kusangana kwainakidza, hama nevatori venhau, vazhinji vacho vakamirira kwemaawa kuti dutu riderere. Kunyange redhiyo inovhara chiitiko chinonakidza. Pane imwe nhambo, kariro yokufunganya inodzongonyedzwa nokunyarara kwomukurukuri, uyo, pashure pechinguvana, anoshevedzera nounyoro, kuti: “Bhora guru remwoto riri kudonha richibva kudenga! Hakuna mupenyu ... Ngarava inongoerekana yavheneka uye pakarepo inoita setochi hombe iri kubvira. Vamwe vafambi nekutya vakatanga kusvetuka kubva kugondola kuti vatize moto unotyisa, asi zvakazova kuuraya kwavari nekuda kwehurefu hwemamita zana. Pakupedzisira, vashomanana chete vevafambi vanomirira chikepe kuti chisvike panyika vanopona, asi vazhinji vavo vakatsva zvakaipisisa. Pane imwe nguva, ngarava yakanga isingagoni kumira kukanganisa kwemoto unopisa, uye zviuru zvemaita emvura ye ballast muuta zvakatanga kudururira pasi. Iyo Hindenburg inonyora nekukurumidza, iyo inopisa yekumashure inorovera muvhu uye inopera mukuparadzwa kwakakwana mumasekonzi makumi matatu nemana. Kuvhunduka kwechiratidziro kunozunungusa mhomho yakaungana pasi. Panguva iyoyo, chikonzero chepamutemo chekuparara kwaionekwa sebhanan'ana, izvo zvakakonzera kupisa kwehydrogen, asi mumakore achangopfuura, nyanzvi yeGermany neAmerica inopikisa zvakasimba kuti njodzi nechikepe cheHindenburg, chakapfuura nemadutu akawanda pasina matambudziko. , ndiyo yakakonzera njodzi yacho. Mushure mekutarisa kwakawanda kwezvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza, vakasvika pakugumisa kuti moto wakatanga nekuda kwependi inobvira yakavhara ganda reairship. Moto weGerman airship ndeimwe yenjodzi dzakaipisisa munhoroondo yevanhu, uye chiyeuchidzo chechiitiko ichi chinotyisa chichiri kurwadza kune vakawanda. Kunyange nanhasi, kutaurwa kwemazwi okuti "airship" uye "hydrogen" kunomutsa gehena remoto reNew Jersey, kunyangwe kana "iri mudzimba" nenzira kwayo, gasi rakareruka uye rakawanda kwazvo muzvisikwa rinogona kubatsira zvakanyanya, kunyangwe rine njodzi. Maererano nenhamba yakawanda yemasayendisiti emazuva ano, nguva chaiyo yehydrogen ichiri kuenderera mberi, kunyange panguva imwe chete, imwe chikamu chikuru chesangano rezvesayenzi haina chokwadi pamusoro pekuratidzwa kwakanyanya kwetariro. Pakati pevane tariro vanotsigira fungidziro yekutanga uye vatsigiri vakasimba veiyo hydrogen pfungwa, hongu, inofanira kunge iri maBavarian kubva kuBMW. Kambani yemotokari yeGermany ingangove inonyatsoziva matambudziko asingadzivisiki munzira inoenda kuhupfumi hwehydrogen uye, pamusoro pezvose, inokunda matambudziko ekuchinja kubva kumafuta ehydrocarbon kuenda kuhydrogen.

Vavariro

Iro zano chairo rekushandisa mafuta ane hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza uye asingapere semafuta anochengeterwa anonzwika semashiripiti kumunhu ari mukubata kwesimba rekurwira. Nhasi, kune anopfuura rimwe kana maviri "hydrogen societies" ane basa rekusimudzira mafungiro akanaka kune gasi rakajeka uye kugara vachironga misangano, masimpoziamu uye kuratidzwa. Kambani yemaTire Michelin, semuenzaniso, iri kuisa mari yakawanda mukuronga iri kuramba ichizivikanwa Michelin Challenge Bibendum, musangano wepasi rose wakanangana nehydrogen yemafuta ekufambisa uye mota.

Zvisinei, tarisiro inobva mukutaura pamaforamu akadaro haisati yakwana kuti ishandiswe inoshamisa yehydrogen idyll, uye kupinda muhupfumi hwehydrogen chiitiko chakaomarara uye chisingagoneke padanho rino retekinoroji mubudiriro yebudiriro.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakadaro, vanhu vanga vachirwisa kushandisa mamwe magetsi esimba, kureva kuti, hydrogen inogona kuve bhiriji rakakosha rekuchengetedza simba rezuva, mhepo, mvura uye biomass simba, ichichinja kuita simba remakemikari. ... Mumashoko akareruka, izvi zvinoreva kuti magetsi anogadzirwa neaya masosi masisitimu haakwanise kuchengetwa muhuwandu hukuru, asi anogona kushandiswa kugadzira hydrogen nekuwora mvura kuita oxygen nehydrogen.

Zvinoshamisa sezvazvinonzwika, mamwe makambani emafuta ari pakati pevanonyanya kutsigira chirongwa ichi, pakati pacho chinonyanya kuenderana iBritish mafuta hofori BP, iyo ine chaiyo yekudyara zano rekudyara kwakakosha munzvimbo ino. Zvechokwadi, hydrogen inogonawo kutorwa kubva kune isingadzokizve hydrocarbon zvinyorwa, asi munyaya iyi, vanhu vanofanira kutsvaga mhinduro kune dambudziko rekuchengetedza carbon dioxide inowanikwa mune izvi. Ichokwadi chisingarambiki kuti matambudziko etekinoroji ekugadzirwa kwehydrogen, kuchengetwa uye kutakura zvinogadziriswa - mukuita, gasi iri rakatogadzirwa muhuwandu uye rinoshandiswa seyakagadzirwa mumakemikari uye petrochemical industries. Muzviitiko izvi, zvisinei, mari yakakwirira yehydrogen haina kuuraya, sezvo "inonyunguduka" mumutengo wepamusoro wezvigadzirwa mukubatanidzwa kwazvinoita.

Zvisinei, mubvunzo wekushandisa gasi rakareruka sechitubu chesimba wakatonyanya kuoma. Masayendisiti ave achikwenya huropi hwavo kwenguva yakareba achitsvaga imwe nzira inogona kuita yemafuta emafuta, uye kusvika zvino vasvika pakufunga kwakabvumirana kuti hydrogen ndiyo inonyanya kushamwaridzana uye inowanikwa musimba rakakwana. Iye chete ndiye anosangana nezvinodiwa zvese zvinodikanwa zvekuchinja kwakatsetseka kune shanduko mune yazvino mamiriro equo. Chiri pasi pezvikomborero zvose izvi ichokwadi chakareruka asi chakakosha zvikuru - kutorwa uye kushandiswa kwehaidhirojeni kunotenderera kutenderera kwemvura kusanganiswa uye kuora ... uye shandisa muhuwandu husingagumi pasina kuburitsa chero hutsi hunokuvadza. Sesimba rinowanikwazve simba, hydrogen yave iri mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwakakosha muzvirongwa zvakasiyana muNorth America, Europe neJapan. Izvo zvekupedzisira, zvakare, chikamu chebasa remhando dzakasiyana dzemapurojekiti akabatana ane chinangwa chekugadzira yakakwana hydrogen infrastructure, kusanganisira kugadzirwa, kuchengetedza, kutakura uye kugovera. Kazhinji zviitiko izvi zvinoperekedzwa nerubatsiro rwakakura rwehurumende uye zvinoenderana nezvibvumirano zvepasi rose. Muna Mbudzi 2003, semuenzaniso, chibvumirano cheInternational Hydrogen Economy Partnership Agreement chakasainwa, icho chinosanganisira nyika dzakabudirira zvikuru dzepasi rose dzakaita seAustralia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Italy neJapan. , Norway, Korea, Russia, UK, US uye European Commission. Chinangwa chekubatana kwenyika idzi "kuronga, kukurudzira uye kubatanidza kuedza kwemasangano akasiyana-siyana munzira inoenda kunguva yehydrogen, pamwe nekutsigira kusikwa kwemichina yekugadzira, kuchengetedza uye kugovera hydrogen."

Nzira inogoneka yekushandiswa kwemafuta aya ane hushamwari munharaunda yemotokari inogona kunge yakapetwa kaviri. Chimwe chazvo midziyo inozivikanwa se "mafuta masero", umo kemikari musanganiswa wehydrogen neokisijeni kubva kumhepo inoburitsa magetsi, uye yechipiri kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekushandisa mvura yehydrogen sehuni mumasilinda einjini yekupisa yemukati. . Yechipiri nhungamiro iri padyo nepfungwa kune vese vatengi nemakambani emotokari, uye BMW ndiyo inopenya mutsigiri.

Kugadzirwa

Parizvino, anopfuura mabhiriyoni 600 cubic metres ehydrogen yakachena anogadzirwa pasi rese. Chinhu chikuru chekugadzirwa kwayo gasi rechisikigo, iro rinogadziriswa nenzira inozivikanwa se "kugadzirisa". Madiki mashoma ehydrogen anodzoserwa nemamwe maitiro akadai se electrolysis yeklorini komisheni, chidimbu oxidation yemafuta anorema, marasha gasification, marasha pyrolysis kugadzira coke, uye peturu kugadzirisa. Inenge hafu yepasi rose kugadzirwa kwehydrogen inoshandiswa kugadzira ammonia (iyo inoshandiswa sechikafu mukugadzirwa kwefetereza), mukunatsa oiri uye mukugadzira methanol. Zvirongwa zvekugadzira izvi zvinoremedza zvakatipoteredza kusvika kumadhigirii akasiyana-siyana, uye, zvinosuruvarisa, hapana chimwe chazvo chinopa imwe nzira ine musoro kune yazvino simba chimiro - chekutanga, nekuti vanoshandisa zvisingadzorerwe masosi, uye chechipiri, nekuti kugadzirwa ikoko kunoburitsa zvinhu zvisingadiwe senge kabhoni. dioxide, inova ndiyo honzeri huru. Greenhouse effect. Chikumbiro chinonakidza chekugadzirisa dambudziko iri chakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura nevatsvakurudzi vanotsigirwa neEuropean Union nehurumende yeGermany, avo vakagadzira iyo inonzi "sequestration" teknolojia, iyo carbon dioxide inogadzirwa panguva yekugadzirwa kwehydrogen kubva gasi rechisikigo inoputirwa mukati. minda yekare yakapera. mafuta, gasi rechisikigo kana marasha. Nekudaro, maitiro aya haasi nyore kuita, nekuti kana oiri kana gasi minda isiri makomba echokwadi pasi pevhu, asi kazhinji kazhinji ane porous jecha zvimiro.

Nzira yeramangwana inovimbisa yekugadzira hydrogen inoramba iri kuparara kwemvura nemagetsi, inozivikanwa kubva kuchikoro chepuraimari. Nheyo yacho iri nyore kwazvo - magetsi emagetsi anoiswa kune maelectrode maviri akanyudzwa mumvura yekugezesa, nepo maioni ehydrogen anochajiwa anoenda kunegerodhi isina kunaka, uye maion eokisijeni akachajiwa anoenda kune yakanaka. Mukuita, nzira dzakati wandei dzinoshandiswa pakuparara kwemvura yemagetsi - "alkaline electrolysis", "membrane electrolysis", "high pressure electrolysis" uye "high tembiricha electrolysis".

Zvose zvaizova zvakakwana kana arithmetic yakapfava yekukamura isina kupindira nedambudziko rakakosha rekutanga kwemagetsi anodiwa pachinangwa ichi. Ichokwadi ndechokuti panguva ino, kugadzirwa kwayo kunobudisa zvinokuvadza ne-products, iyo yakawanda uye rudzi rwayo runosiyana zvichienderana nemaitirwo anoitwa, uye, pamusoro pezvose, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi inzira isingabatsiri uye inodhura zvikuru.

Kutyora hutsinye uye kuvhara kutenderera kwesimba rakachena parizvino kunogoneka chete kana uchishandisa zvakasikwa uye kunyanya simba rezuva kugadzira magetsi anodikanwa kuora mvura. Kugadzirisa basa iri pasina mubvunzo kunoda nguva yakawanda, mari uye kushanda nesimba, asi munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika, kugadzira magetsi nenzira iyi kwatove chokwadi.

BMW, semuenzaniso, inoita basa rinoshanda mukugadzira nekusimudzira zvirimwa zvesimba rezuva. Simba remagetsi, rakavakwa mutaundi duku reBavarian reNeuburg, rinoshandisa photovoltaic masero kugadzira simba rinobudisa hydrogen. Masisitimu anoshandisa simba rezuva kupisa mvura anonyanya kunakidza, mainjiniya ekambani anoti, uye izvo zvinokonzeresa masimba emagetsi majenareta - solar solar solar iri kutoshanda muMojave Desert muCalifornia, iyo inogadzira 354 MW yemagetsi. Simba remhepo riri kuwedzerawo kukosha, nemapurazi emhepo ari kumahombekombe enyika dzakaita seUS, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium neIreland dzichiita basa rinowedzera kukosha rehupfumi. Kune zvakare makambani anotora hydrogen kubva mubiomass munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.

Kuchengetedza nzvimbo

Hydrogen inogona kuchengetwa muhuwandu hwakawanda muzvikamu zvegesi uye zvemvura. Huru pane idzi dzimba dzekuchengetera, umo iyo hydrogen iri pakadzikama kwakadzikira, inonzi "gasi metres". Matangi epakati nepadiki akakodzera kuchengetedza hydrogen pakamanikidzwa ne30 bar, nepo madiki madiki akasarudzika (zvigadzirwa zvinodhura zvakagadzirwa nesimbi yakasarudzika kana zvinhu zvinoumbwa zvakasimbiswa necabhoni fiber) zvinoramba zvichimanikidza bhawa mazana mana.

Hydrogen inogonawo kuchengetwa muchikamu chemvura pa -253 ° C per unit volume, ine 0 times more energy pane kana yachengetwa pa 1,78 bar - kuti uwane yakaenzana huwandu hwesimba mu liquefied hydrogen per unit volume, gasi rinofanira kumanikidzwa kumusoro. kusvika ku700 bar. Izvo chaizvo nekuda kwesimba repamusoro resimba reiyo yakatonhodzwa haidrojeni iyo BMW iri kushandira pamwe neGerman firiji inetsekana Linde, iyo yakagadzira yemazuva ano cryogenic michina yekunyungudutsa uye kuchengetedza haidrojeni. Masayendisiti anopawo zvimwe, asi zvisingashande, dzimwe nzira dzekuchengetedza hydrogen, semuenzaniso, kuchengetedza pasi pekumanikidzwa muupfu hwesimbi yakakosha nenzira yesimbi hydrides, nezvimwe.

Kutakura

Munzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwemakemikari ekudyara uye ekuchenesa mafuta, network yekutapurirana yehydrogen yakatogadzwa. Kazhinji, hunyanzvi hwakafanana nekutakura gasi rechisikigo, asi kushandiswa kwekupedzisira kwezvinodiwa zvehydrogen hazviwanzo kuitika. Nekudaro, kunyangwe muzana rekupedzisira, dzimba zhinji mumaguta eEurope dzakabatidzwa nepombi gasi rakareruka, raive ne50% yehydrogen uye yaishandiswa semafuta ekutanga emota dzemukati dzemoto. Iyo yanhasi nhanho yehunyanzvi zvakare inobvumidza transcontinental kutakura kweiyo yakanyoroveswa hydrogen kuburikidza iripo cryogenic matangi akafanana neaya anoshandiswa chaiwo gasi. Parizvino, tarisiro huru uye kuyedza kukuru kuri kuitwa nemasayendisiti uye mainjiniya mumunda wekugadzira matekinoroji akakwana ekunyorovesa uye kutakura emvura hydrogen. Mupfungwa iyi, izvi ngarava, cryogenic njanji matangi nemarori anogona kuve hwaro hwekufambisa mune ramangwana rehydrogen. Muna Kubvumbi 2004, yekutanga-ye-yayo-mhando yakanyoroveswa hydrogen yekuzadza chiteshi, yakabatana yakagadzirwa neBMW naSteyr, yakavhurwa munzvimbo iri padyo neMunich Airport. Nekubatsira kwayo, kuzadza matangi ane liquefied hydrogen kunoitwa zvizere otomatiki, pasina kutora chikamu uye pasina njodzi kune mutyairi wemotokari.

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