Biofuels uye mukurumbira wayo unokurumidza

Kunyangwe muvezi anotemwa dzimwe nguva. Izvi zvinogona kunyorwa zvakanyepera nezve Directive 2003/30 / EC kubva muna 2003, ino tarisa chikamu chegumi muzana chemagadzirirwo emagetsi mumagetsi emagetsi munyika dzeEuropean Union. Biofuel yakawanikwa kubva pakubata chibharo nemafuta, zvirimwa zvakasiyana zvezviyo, chibage, sunflower nezvimwe zvirimwa. Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika, kwete chete kubva kuBrussels, nguva pfupi yadarika vakavazivisa chishamiso chekuchengetedza nyika, uye nekudaro vakatsigira kurimwa uye kugadzirwa kunotevera kwebiofuels nerubatsiro rwakakura. Chimwe chirevo chinoti tsvimbo yega yega ine mativi maviri, uye mwedzi mishoma yapfuura chimwe chinhu chisati chambonzwikwa, kana chikafungidzirwa kubva pakutanga chaipo, chakaitika. Vakuru veEU munguva pfupi yapfuura vakazivisa zviri pamutemo kuti havachabatsira kutsigira kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvekugadzira, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwebiofuels pachayo, nemamwe mazwi, vanopa nerupo.

Asi ngatidzokerei kumubvunzo wakakodzera nezvekuti chirongwa ichi chisina maturo, kunyangwe benzi rebayofuel rakatanga sei. Nekuda kwerutsigiro rwemari, varimi vakatanga kurima zvirimwa zvakafanira kugadzirwa kwebiofuel, kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvakajairwa kudyiwa nevanhu kwakadzikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma, uye munyika dzechitatu dzepasi rose, kutemerwa kwemasango kuri kuwedzera kushoma kwakatowedzerwa kuti vawane nzvimbo yekurima zvirimwa. Zviri pachena kuti mhedzisiro yakaipa haina kutora nguva kuuya. Kunze kwekukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu zvekudya zvekutanga uye, semhedzisiro, kuwedzera nzara munyika dzine hurombo, kupinzwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva kunyika yechitatu zvakare hakuna kubatsira kurima kweEurope zvakanyanya. Iyo kurima uye kugadzirwa kwe biofuels kwakawedzerawo maEC emissions.₂ kupfuura kupisa mafuta akajairika. Mukuwedzera, nitrous oxide emissions (mamwe masosi anoti anosvika 70%), iri gasi rinotyisa rinopisa kupfuura carbon dioxide - CO.₂... Mune mamwe mazwi, biofuels akaita zvakawanda kukuvadza nharaunda kupfuura zvakavengwa zvisaririra. Hatifanire kukanganwa nezve isinga nyanye kuregedza mhedzisiro ye biofuels painjini pachayo uye nemidziyo yayo. Mafuta ane huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemajini anogona kuvhara mapombi emafuta, majekiseni, uye kukuvadza zvikamu zverabha zveinjini. Methanol inogona kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kuita formic acid painoratidzwa kupisa, uye acetic acid inogona kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kuita ethanol. Ose ari maviri anogona kukonzeresa kuita ngura mune yekutsva sisitimu uye mune yekudzimisa sisitimu nekureba kushandisa.

Zviverengero zvakatemwa

Kunyangwe pave nechiziviso chepamutemo nguva pfupi yadarika chekubvisa tsigiro yekurima zvirimwa zvekugadzira biofuel, hazvirwadze kurangarira kuti mamiriro ese akatenderedza biofuel akashanduka sei. Izvo zvese zvakatanga neDirective 2003/30/EC ye2003, chinangwa chayo chaive chekuwana chikamu chegumi muzana chemafuta emotokari anogadzirwa nebio munyika dzeEuropean Union. Chinangwa ichi kubvira 10 chakasimbiswa nemakurukota ehupfumi hwenyika dzeEU muna Kurume 2003. Inotsigirwa zvakare neDirectives 2007/2009EC uye 28/2009 EC yakatenderwa neKanzuru yeEurope neParamende yeEuropean muna Kubvumbi 30. EN 2010, iyo iri kugadziriswa zvishoma nezvishoma, ndiyo yakanyanya kubvumidzwa vhoriyamu chikamu chebiofuel mumafuta ekupedzisira mutengi. Chekutanga, iyo EN 590 yakajairwa kubva 590 yakarongedza huwandu hwakanyanya hweFAME (fatty acid methyl ester, inowanzo batwa chibharo mafuta methyl ester) kusvika mashanu muzana mumafuta edhiziri. Iyo yazvino chiyero EN2004/590, inoshanda Mbudzi 2009, 1, inobvumira kusvika kunomwe muzana. Zvakafanana nekuwedzera bio-doro kupeturu. Hunhu hwebio-ingredient hunodzorwa nemimwe mirairo, inova mafuta edhiziri uye kuwedzera kweEN 2009-14214 chiyero cheFAME bio-ingredients (MERO). Iyo inomisikidza mhando yemhando yechikamu cheFAME pachayo, kunyanya ma paramita anodzikamisa oxidative kugadzikana (iodine kukosha, unsaturated acid yemukati), corrosivity (glyceride yemukati) uye kuvhara muromo (simbi dzemahara). Sezvo zviyero zvese zviri zviviri zvichingotsanangura chikamu chinofanira kuwedzerwa kumafuta uye huwandu hwayo hunogona kuitika, hurumende dzenyika dzakamanikidzwa kudzika mitemo yenyika inoda kuti nyika iwedzere mafuta emagetsi kumafuta edzimotokari kuitira kuti iite zvinoenderana nemirairo yeEU. Pasi pemitemo iyi, zvikamu zviviri kubva muzana zveFAME yakawedzerwa kumafuta edhiziri kubva munaGunyana 2009 kusvika Zvita 2007, ingangoita 2008% mumakore 2009, uye 4,5% yeakawedzera biocomponent yakaiswa pamakore matanhatu. Ichi chikamu chinofanira kusangana nemugoveri wega wega paavhareji mukati menguva yese, zvinoreva kuti inogona kuchinjika nekufamba kwenguva. Mune mamwe mazwi, sezvo zvinodikanwa zveEN2010/6 chiyero hachifanirwe kudarika mashanu muzana mubatch imwe, kana manomwe muzana kubva pakatanga kushanda kwe EN590/2004, chikamu chaicho cheFAME mumatangi ezviteshi zvesevhisi chinogona kunge chiri muchikamu. ye590-2009 muzana uye parizvino nguva 0-5 muzana.

A zvishoma zvehunyanzvi

Hakuna kupi mumirairo kana zvirevo zvepamutemo panotaura kana paine chisungo chekuyedza kutyaira kare kana kungo gadzirira mota nyowani. Mubvunzo unomuka zvine mutsindo kuti kazhinji hapana madhairekitori kana mitemo inovimbisa kuti iyo yakasanganiswa biofuels iri mubvunzo ichaita mushe uye zvakavimbika mukufamba kwenguva. Zvinogona kunge kuti kushandisa biofuels kunogona kutungamira kurambwa kwekunyunyuta kana chiitiko chemafuta chikakundikana mumotokari yako. Ngozi yacho idiki, asi iripo, uye sezvo isingaitwe nemutemo chero upi zvawo, wakazopfuudzwa kwauri semushandisi pasina chikumbiro chako. Pamusoro pekukundikana kweiyo mafuta system kana injini pachayo, mushandisi anofanira zvakare kufunga nezve njodzi yekushomeka kwekuchengetedza. Biocomponents anoora zvikuru nokukurumidza, uye, somuenzaniso, zvakadai bio-doro, akawedzera kuti peturu, absorbs mwando kubva mumhepo uye nokudaro zvishoma nezvishoma anoparadza zvose mafuta. Inoora nekufamba kwenguva nekuti kuwanda kwemvura mudoro kunosvika pane imwe muganho unobviswa mvura padoro. Kuwedzera ngura yacho mafuta hurongwa zvinoriumba, panewo mukana kuoma nechando pamusoro pomugove mutsetse, kunyanya kana iwe kupaka motokari kwenguva refu muchando ekunze. Iyo biocomponent mune dhiziri mafuta inosanganisa nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kune akasiyana, uye izvi zvinoshandawo kune dhiziri mafuta anochengetwa mumatangi makuru, sezvo aya achifanira kuve nemhepo. Kuwedzeredzwa nekufamba kwenguva kunokonzera kuti methyl ester yezvinhu ive gel, zvichikonzera kuwedzera viscosity yemafuta. Mota dzinowanzo shandiswa, umo mafuta anopeterwa anopiswa kwemazuva akati wandei kana mavhiki, haaise njodzi yekudzikira kwemhando yemafuta. Nekudaro, iyo inofungidzirwa pasherefu yehupenyu ndeye mwedzi mitatu. Naizvozvo, kana iwe uri mumwe wevashandisi vanochengetera mafuta nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana (mukati kana kunze kwemota), unozomanikidzwa kuwedzera chinowedzera kune yako yakasanganiswa biofuel, kune biogasoline, senge Welfobin, yediizeli dizeli. Uyezve tarisa mapampu akasiyana-siyana anofungidzirwa, sezvo achigona kupa mushure-garandi mafuta ayo asingakwanise kutengeswa nenguva pane mamwe mapampu.

Dienjini injini

Kana munhu Diesel injini, mukuru kukoshesa upenyu jekiseni ino, sezvo biocomponent ine simbi uye zvicherwa anogona kuzadza makomba kamwene, tikadzivisa vaita uye kuderedza chatingatevedzera atomized mafuta. Uye zvakare, iyo yaive nemvura uye chimwe chikamu cheiyo glycerides inogona kukanganisa zvikamu zvesimbi zveiyo jekiseni system. Muna 2008, iyo Coordinating Council yeEurope (CEC) yakaunza iyo F-98-08 nzira yekuyedza injini dzedhiziri neyakajairika njanji jekiseni masisitimu. Chokwadi, iyi nzira, iyo inoshanda musimboti wekuwedzera zvakagadzirwa zvemukati mezvinhu zvisingadiwe pamusoro penguva pfupi yekuyedza, yakaratidza kuti kana madhiraivha anoshanda, simbi deactivator uye ngura inhibitors zvisina kuwedzerwa kumafuta edhiziri, zvirimo zvezvinhu zvinokwanisa kukurumidza kuderedza kubvumidzwa kwemajekiseni. .. kuvharwa uye nekudaro zvinokanganisa mashandiro einjini. Manufacturers vanoziva ngozi iyi, uye saka yepamusoro Diesel chinotsva achitengeswa vakapiswa nhepfenyuro asangana zvakafanira zvose zvinodiwa, kusanganisira zviri biocomponents ari, uye anoramba ari jekiseni wemuTesitamende ezvinhu zvakanaka kwenguva refu nokushanda. In zvinoitirwawo refueling pamwe vasingazivikanwi Diesel huni, izvo zvinogona chenhando uye Kusava yokuvirisa, pane njodzi blockage ichi uye, mune nyaya yakaderera lubricity, kunyange entrapment pamusoro vasanonoka zvinoumba yacho jekiseni hurongwa. Zvinofanira akawedzera kuti vakura Diesel injini vane jekiseni hurongwa kuti haanyanyi kuchena uye lubricating zvivako zviri Diesel, asi havazivi kubvumira clogging pakati injectors kubudikidza residual nesimbi mushure esterification kuti muriwo kwemafuta.

Kunze jekiseni gadziriro, pane mumwe mukana chokuita zvakaitwa mafuta injini kuti biofuels, sezvo tichiziva kuti mari duku unburned huni neimwe injini seeps kupinda mafuta, kunyanya kana nepokuongorora DPF Sefa pasina zvekunze chirungiso . Mafuta anopinda muinjini yemafuta panguva yekutyaira kupfupi kazhinji kunyange panguva inotonhora mamiriro ekunze, uyezve panguva yekuwandisa injini kupfeka kuburikidza nemhete dzepiston uye, nguva pfupi yadarika, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kweiyo firita firita. Injini dzakashongedzerwa necheta firiji isina ekuwedzera ekuwedzera (urea) inofanirwa kujowa mafuta edhiziri muchirinda panguva yekurohwa kwehusiku kuti itangezve nekuitakura isina kupisirwa pombi yekuzadza. Nekudaro, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, iri batch remafuta edhiziri, panzvimbo yekuita mhute, rinoungana pamadziro esirinda uye rinoderedza mafuta einjini. ngozi iyi iri yepamusoro paaishandisa biodiesel nokuti biocomponents vane yepamusoro DISTILLATION tembiricha, saka avo unyanzvi dzora pamusoro humburumbira pamadziro uye zvadaro sanganisa mafuta ari zvishoma kupfuura paaishandisa kwakajairika yakachena Diesel mafuta. Naizvozvo, zvinokurudzirwa kudzikisira nguva yekuchinja kwemafuta kusvika kune akajairwa makiromita gumi nemashanu, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha kune vashandisi veaya anonzi maLong Life Modes.

Gasoline

Sezvambotaurwa, njodzi huru mune iyo biogasoline ndiko kusanzwisisika kweethanol nemvura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, biocomponents inotora mvura kubva kune mafuta system uye nharaunda. Kana iwe ukamisa mota kwenguva yakareba, semuenzaniso munguva yechando, unogona kunge uine matambudziko kutanga, kune zvakare njodzi yekutonhora kwetambo yekupa, pamwe nekuora kwezvinhu zvemafuta system.

Mune mashoma shanduko

Kana zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvisina kukusiya zvachose, verenga inotevera mitsara, iyo ino nguva inozokanganisa hupfumi hwebasa iro pacharo.

• Iyo inofungidzirwa calorific kukosha kweiyo yakachena peturu inenge 42 MJ / kg.
• Iko kunofungidzirwa kwekoriori kukosha kweethanol ingangoita 27 MJ / kg.

Zvinogona kuvonekwa kubva pane izvo zviri pamusoro kuti doro rine yakaderera calorific kukosha pane peturu, izvo zvine musoro zvichireva kuti shoma kemikari simba rinoshandurwa kuita mechanical simba. Nekuda kweizvozvo, doro rine yakaderera calorific kukosha, iyo, zvisinei, haina kukanganisa simba kana torque kubuda kweinjini. Motokari ichatevera nzira imwe chete, ichingoshandisa mafuta akawanda uye mweya mushoma pane dai yaifamba nemafuta efosil anogara achingogara. Panyaya yedoro, iyo yakakwana yekusanganisa reshiyo nemhepo ndeye 1: 9, kana iri peturu - 1: 14,7.

Iyo yazvino EU mutemo inotaura kuti kune 7% kusanganiswa kweiyo biocomponent mumafuta. Sezvambotaurwa, 1 kg peturu ine calorific kukosha kwe42 MJ, uye 1 kg yeethanol ine 27 MJ. Nekudaro, 1 kg yemafuta akasanganiswa (7% biocomponent) ine yekupedzisira kudziyisa kukosha kwe40,95 MJ / kg (0,93 x 42 + 0,07 x 27). Panyaya yekushandisa, izvi zvinoreva kuti isu tinofanirwa kuwana imwe yekuwedzera 1,05 MJ / kg kuti ifananidze nekupisa kweyakajairwa peturu isina kubviswa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kunwa kuchawedzera ne2,56%.

Kuisa izvo nenzira inoshanda, ngatitorei iyi kukwira kubva kuPB kuenda kuBratislava Fabia 1,2 HTP mune 12-vharuvhu yekumisikidza. Sezvo iri richava rwendo rwemumugwagwa, iko kusanganisa kunwa kuri kuita anenge 7,5 litita pa100 km. Kune chinhambwe che2 x 175 km, iyo yekushandisa yakazara ichave 26,25 litita. Tichaisa mutengo unonzwisisika wepeturu we € 1,5, saka mutengo wese ndeye € 39,375 € 1,008. Mune ino kesi, isu tichabhadhara maXNUMX euros eimba bio-orthopology.

Saka, masvomhu ari pamusoro anoratidza kuti chaiwo fossil mafuta savings chete 4,44% (7% - 2,56%). Saka tine biofuel shoma, asi ichiri kuwedzera mutengo wekushandisa mota.

kugumisa

Chinangwa chechinyorwa ichi chaive chekunongedza mhedzisiro yekuunza chinosungirwa biocomponent mune echinyakare mafuta. Ichi chirongwa chisingafungidzirwe zvakanaka chevamwe vakuru vakuru hachina kungokonzeresa nyonganiso mukurima nemitengo yezvinhu zvekudya zvekutanga, kutemwa kwemasango, matambudziko ehunyanzvi, nezvimwewo, asi pakupedzisira zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwemutengo wekushandisa mota pachayo. Pamwe kuBrussels havazive chirevo chedu cheSlovak "pima kaviri uye cheka kamwe".