Yedza kutyaira mota mafuta: biodiesel CHIKAMU 2

Makambani ekutanga kupa mawaranti einjini yavo yebiodiesel vaive varimi uye vezvokufambisa vakaita saSteyr, John Deere, Massey-Ferguson, Lindner naMercedes-Benz. Shure kwaizvozvo, iyo yekuparadzira spectrum ye biofuels yakawedzerwa zvakanyanya uye ikozvino inosanganisira mabhazi ekufambisa eruzhinji nematekisi mune mamwe maguta.

Kusawirirana pamusoro pekupihwa kana kusunungurwa kwemawaranti nevakagadzira mota maererano nekukodzera kweinjini kumhanya pane biodiesel zvinotungamira kumatambudziko mazhinji uye kusanzwisisika. Muenzaniso wekusanzwisisana kwakadaro ndeye zviitiko zvinowanzoitika apo mugadziri wemafuta (pane muenzaniso wakadaro naBosch) haivimbise kuchengetedzeka kwezvinhu zvacho paunenge uchishandisa biodiesel, uye anogadzira mota, achiisa zvakafanana zvikamu mumainjini avo, anopa vimbiso yakadaro ... Matambudziko chaiwo mumakakatanwa akadaro Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ivo vanotanga nekuonekwa kwehurema husinei nemhando yemafuta anoshandiswa.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, anogona kupomerwa zvitadzo pasina mhosva, kana zvakasiyana - zvinoruramiswa pazviri. Muchiitiko chekunyunyuta, vagadziri (iyo VW ndiyo muenzaniso wakajairika muGermany) kazhinji vanogeza maoko avo nemafuta asina kunaka, uye hapana anogona kuratidza neimwe nzira. Muchidimbu, mugadziri anogona nguva dzose kuwana mukova uye kudzivisa mhosva kune chero kukuvadza kwaakamboti kwakabatanidzwa muwaranti yekambani. Kunyatso kudzivirira kusanzwisisana uye kukakavara kwerudzi urwu mune ramangwana, mainjiniya eVW akagadzira sensor level yemafuta (iyo inogona kuvakwa muGolf V) kuti iongorore rudzi uye mhando yemafuta, ayo, kana zvichidikanwa, anoratidza kudiwa kwekugadziriswa. nguva. mafuta jekiseni magetsi anodzora maitiro muinjini.

zvakwakanakira

Sezvambotaurwa, biodiesel haina sarufa, sezvo ichisanganisira zvese zvakasikwa uye zvichizotevera mafuta anogadzirwa nemakemikari. Kune rimwe divi, kuvepo kwesarufa mune yakasarudzika dhiziri mafuta kunobatsira nekuti kunobatsira kuzodza zvinhu zvemasystem emagetsi, asi kune rimwe divi, zvinokuvadza (kunyanya kune ano mazuvano chaiwo dhiziri masystem), nekuti inogadzira sulphur oxides uye acids izvo zvinokuvadza kune zvidiki zvidiki zvinhu. Iyo sarufa yemafuta edhiziri muEurope uye zvikamu zveAmerica (California) yadonha zvakanyanya mumakore apfuura nekuda kwezvikonzero zvezvakatipoteredza, izvo zvakazowedzera mari yekuchenesa. Mafuta aro akashatisa zvakare nekudzikira kwesarufa zvemukati, asi izvi zvakashata zvinoripwa zvirinyore nekuwedzeredzwa kwezvokuwedzera uye biodiesel, inova nyaya ino inoshamisa.

Biodiesel inonyatso kuvezwa yakatwasuka uye ine mataundi eparafiniki mahydrocarbon uye haina aromatic (mono- uye polycyclic) mahydrocarbon. Kuvapo kwekupedzisira (kugadzikana uye, nekudaro, yakaderera-cetane) makomputa mu petroleum dhiziri peturu ndechimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekusakwana kwemoto muinjini uye kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza mukubuda, uye nekuda kwechikonzero chakafanana nhamba yecetane ye biodiesel yakakwira kupfuura yakajairwa. mafuta edhiziri. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti nekuda kwemakemikari akasarudzika, pamwe nekuvapo kweoxygen mumamorekuru e biodiesel, inopisa zvakanyanya, uye zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinoburitswa panguva yekupisa zvishoma zvakanyanya (ona Tafura).

Biodiesel injini inoshanda

Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hukuru hwezvidzidzo zvakaitwa muUS nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, kushandiswa kwenguva refu kwebiodiesel kunoderedza kupfekwa kwezvinhu zvecylinder zvichienzaniswa nemakesi kana yakajairika peturu dhiziri ine yakaderera sarufa yemukati inoshandiswa. Nekuda kwekuvapo kweokisijeni mumorekuru wayo, biofuel ine simba rakadzikira zvishoma kana ichienzaniswa nedhiziri yepetroleum, asi okisijeni imwecheteyo inowedzera kushanda kwemaitiro ekupisa uye inobhadhara zvachose kuderedzwa kwesimba. Huwandu hweokisijeni uye chimiro chaicho chemethyl ester mamorekuru zvinotungamira kune imwe mutsauko munhamba yecetane uye simba remukati rebiodiesel zvichienderana nerudzi rwechikafu. Mune mamwe acho, kushandiswa kunowedzera, asi mamwe mafuta akaiswa jekiseni anodiwa kuti ape simba rimwechete zvinoreva kuderera kwekushisa kwemaitiro, pamwe nekuwedzera kunotevera mukushanda kwayo. Iyo ine simba paramita yekushanda kweinjini pane yakanyanya kuwanda muEurope biodiesel mafuta anogadzirwa kubva kune rapeseed (iyo inonzi "technical" yakabatwa chibharo, yakagadziridzwa genetically uye isina kukodzera chikafu uye chikafu), yakafanana neyemafuta dizeli. Paunenge uchishandisa mhodzi dzesunflower kana mafuta akashandiswa kubva kuresitorendi fryers (iyo pachayo musanganiswa wemafuta akasiyana), pane avhareji ye7 kusvika ku10% inodonha musimba, asi kazhinji kudonha kunogona kuve kwakakura. hombe. Zvinonakidza kuziva kuti biodiesel injini dzinowanzo dzivirira kuwedzera kwesimba pakuremerwa kwakanyanya - nehunhu hunosvika 13%. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti mune idzi modes chiyero pakati peokisijeni yakasununguka uye jekiseni yemafuta inoderedzwa zvakanyanya, iyo, iyo, inotungamirira pakuderera kwekushanda kwekugadzirisa kupisa. Zvisinei, biodiesel inotakura oksijeni, iyo inodzivirira izvi zvakaipa.

Matambudziko

Uye zvakadaro, mushure mekuongororwa kwakawanda kwakanaka, nei biodiesel isiri kuzova chigadzirwa chikuru? Sezvatatotaura, zvikonzero zveizvi zvinonyanya kugadziriswa uye kwepfungwa, asi zvimwe zvehunyanzvi zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuwedzerwa kwavari.

Mhedzisiro yeiyi fossil mafuta pazvinjini zveinjini, uye kunyanya pazvinhu zvehurongwa hwekudya, haisati yasimbiswa zvakakwana, kunyangwe paine ongororo dzakawanda munzvimbo ino. Zviitiko zvakataurwa uko kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzebiodiesel mune yakazara musanganiswa kwakakonzera kukuvara uye kunonoka kuora kwepombi dzerabha uye mamwe mapurasitiki akapfava, gaskets uye gaskets izvo zvakava zvinonamira, zvakapfava uye kuzvimba. Mukudaro, zviri nyore kugadzirisa dambudziko iri nekutsiva mapaipi nemapurasitiki, asi hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kana vagadziri vemota vachange vakagadzirira kudyara kwakadai.

Yakasiyana biodiesel feedstocks ine akasiyana emuviri zvimiro pakudziya kwakaderera. Nokudaro, mamwe marudzi e-biodiesel anonyanya kukodzera kushandiswa munguva yechando kupfuura mamwe, uye vagadziri vebiodiesel vanowedzera zvimwe zvinowedzera kune mafuta anoderedza gore uye anobatsira kuti kutanga kuve nyore mumazuva anotonhora. Rimwe dambudziko rakakomba rebiodiesel kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwenitrogen oxides mumagasi ekupedza einjini dzinomhanya pamafuta aya.

Mutengo wekugadzira biodiesel unoenderana zvakanyanya nerudzi rwechikafu, kugona kwekukohwa, kugona kwechirimwa chekugadzira uye, pamusoro pezvose, chirongwa chemutero wemafuta. Semuyenzaniso, nekuda kwekunotarwa kuzorora mutero kuGermany, biodiesel inodhura zvishoma pane yakajairika dhiziri, uye hurumende yeUS inokurudzira kushandiswa kwebiodiesel sehuni muchiuto. Muna 2007, chizvarwa chechipiri chebiofuels chinoshandisa mashizha emiti sechikafu chinozoiswa - munyaya iyi inonzi biomass-to-liquid (BTL) process inoshandiswa naChoren.

Kune atove akawanda masitepisi kuGerman uko oiri yakachena inogona kuzadzwa, uye zvishandiso zvekuzadza zvine kodzero nekambani yeinjiniya SGS muAachen, uye kambani inoshandura Aetra muPaderborn inozvipa kune vese varidzi vezviteshi zvemafuta uye nevanhuwo zvavo. shandisa. Kana zviri zvehunyanzvi kuchinjika kwemotokari, kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwakaitwa munzvimbo ino munguva pfupi yapfuura. Kana kusvika nezuro vazhinji vevatengi vemafuta vaive pre-kamuri dhiziri kubva pamakumi masere, nhasi kunyanya injini dzekujekesa dziri kuchinjira kumafuta emiriwo, kunyangwe ayo anoshandisa akaomarara majekiseni majekiseni uye Common Rail nzira. Kudiwa kuri kuwedzerawo, uye nguva pfupi yadarika musika weGerman unokwanisa kupa shanduko dzakaringana dzemotokari dzese neinjini dzinoshanda padanho rekuzvidzora.

Chiitiko chacho chatotongwa nemakambani akakomba anoisa makiti anoshanda zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kushanduka kunoshamisa kunowanikwa mumutakuri wesimba pachawo. Zvisinei, mutengo wemafuta haugone kudonha pazasi pemasendi makumi matanhatu pa litita, chikonzero chikuru cheichi chikumbaridzo ndechekuti iyo imwechete feedstock inoshandiswa mukugadzira biodiesel.

zvakawanikwa

Biodiesel ichiri gakava rakanyanya uye rinonetsa mafuta. Vanopikisa vanoti ndiyo yakakonzera tambo dzemafuta nemaseal dzakaora, masimbi ane ngura uye pombi dzemafuta dzakakuvadzwa, uye makambani emotokari kusvika pari zvino akatozvibvisa pane zvinotsiva zvakatipoteredza, zvichida kuti azvipe rugare rwepfungwa. Mitemo yepamutemo yekupihwa chitupa ichi, iyo pasina mubvunzo inonakidza nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, haisati yabvumidzwa.

Zvisinei, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti yakaonekwa pamusika munguva pfupi yapfuura - anenge makore asingasviki gumi. Iyi nguva yaitongwa nemitengo yakaderera yemafuta epetroleum akajairwa, ayo asingambokuchidzire mari mukuvandudza tekinoroji uye kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa kukurudzira kushandiswa kwayo. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana akambofunga nezve magadzirirwo ese zvinhu zveinjini yehuni system kuitira kuti zvisapindike zvachose kurwiswa kwehasha biodiesel.

Nekudaro, zvinhu zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya uye zvinoshamisa - nekukwira kwazvino kwemitengo yemafuta uye kushomeka kwayo, kunyangwe matepi akazaruka eOPEC nyika nemakambani, kukosha kwedzimwe nzira dzakadai sebiodiesel dzinogona kuputika chaizvo. Ipapo vagadziri vemotokari nemakambani emotokari vanozofanira kupa waranti yakakodzera yezvigadzirwa zvavo kana vachibata neimwe yainodiwa.

Uye nekukurumidza zvirinani, nekuti nekukurumidza hapazove nedzimwe nzira. Mune maonero angu ekuzvininipisa, bio- uye GTL diesel munguva pfupi inotevera ichave chikamu chakakosha chechigadzirwa, icho chichatengeswa kumagaraji epeturu nenzira ye "classic diziri". Uye uku kuchave kutanga chete ...

Camilo Holebeck-Biodiesel Raffinerie Gmbh, kuAustria: “Mota dzese dzeEurope dzakagadzirwa mushure megore ra1996 dzinogona kufamba mushe pane biodiesel. Mafuta emhando yedhiziri ayo vatengi vanozadza muFrance ane 5% biodiesel, nepo muCzech Republic inonzi "Bionafta ine 30% biodiesel".

Terry de Vichne, USA: “Fuel sarufa yakaderera kuita kuti mafuta ave nemafuta uye kunamira pazvikamu zverabha. Makambani emafuta eUS atanga kuwedzera biodiesel kugadzirisa girisi. Shell inowedzera 2% biodiesel, inotakura okisijeni uye inoderedza mweya unokuvadza. Biodiesel, sechinhu chakasikwa, inotoda kunwiwa nerabha chaiyo, asi mumakore achangopfuura iyo yekupedzisira yakatsiviwa nemamwe ma polima. ”

Martin Styles, mushandisi weEngland: "Mushure mekutyaira mugodhi Volvo 940 (ine 2,5-litre mashanu-humburumbira VW injini) pane chakagadzirwa biodiesel, injini yakakwenenzverwa kwemakiromita zviuru makumi mashanu. Pakanga pasina sipo uye soti mumusoro mangu! Yekushandisa uye ekupedzisa mavhavha aive akachena uye majekiseni akashanda zvakanaka pabvunzo bhenji. Pakanga pasina maratidziro engura kana sosi pavari. Injini yekupfeka yaive mukati memiganhu yakajairwa uye pakanga pasina zviratidzo zvekuwedzera kwematambudziko emafuta. ”