Atkinson, Miller, B-kutenderera maitiro: zvazvinoreva chaizvo

VTG turbocharger muVW injini inonyatso shandurwa dhiziri zvikamu.

Atkinson naMiller cycles dzinogara dzichibatanidzwa nekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, asi kazhinji hapana mutsauko pakati pavo. Zvichida hazvina musoro, nekuti shanduko dzese dziri mbiri dzinodzika kune yakakosha huzivi - kugadzira kwakasiyana kudzvanya uye kuwedzera ratios mune ina-stroke peturu injini. Sezvo aya maparamendi akafanana geometrically muinjini yakajairika, peturu unit inotambura nenjodzi yekugogodza mafuta, inoda kuderedzwa kweiyo compression ratio. Zvisinei, kana chiyero chekuwedzera chepamusoro chichigona kuwanikwa nenzira ipi zvayo, izvi zvingaguma nepamusoro pe "kusvina" simba remagasi ari kuwedzera uye zvaizowedzera kushanda kweinjini. Zvinonakidza kuziva kuti, nhoroondo chaiyo, kana James Atkinson kana Ralph Miller vakagadzira pfungwa dzavo mukutsvaga kugona. Muna 1887, Atkinson akagadzirawo patented yakaoma crank mechanism ine zvinhu zvakati wandei (zvakafanana zvinogona kuwanikwa nhasi muInfiniti VC Turbo injini), iyo yaiitirwa kudzivirira patents yaOtto. Mhedzisiro yekinematics yakaoma ndeyekuitwa kwechina-stroke cycle panguva imwe shanduko yeinjini uye imwe piston sitiroko panguva yekumanikidza uye kuwedzera. Makumi emakore akawanda gare gare, maitiro aya achaitwa nekuchengetedza vharafu yekupinda yakavhurika kwenguva yakareba uye inenge isina kusarudzika inoshandiswa mumainjini pamwe neyakajairwa hybrid powertrains (pasina mukana wekuchaja kwekunze kwemagetsi), senge eToyota. uye Honda. Pakumhanya kwepakati kusvika pakakwirira iyi haisi dambudziko nokuti kupindira kunoyerera kune inertia uye sezvo piston inofamba ichidzokera shure inobhadhara mhepo yekudzoka. Nekudaro, nekumhanya kwakaderera, izvi zvinotungamira kune isina kugadzikana injini kushanda, uye saka mauniti akadaro anosanganiswa neyakasanganiswa masisitimu kana kusashandisa iyo Atkinson kutenderera mune idzi modes. Nechikonzero ichi, mavharuvhu anoshuvira uye ekudya anowanzoonekwa seAtkinson kutenderera. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kunyatso kurongeka, nekuti iyo pfungwa yekuona akasiyana madhigirii ekumanikidza uye kuwedzera nekudzora mavharuvhu ekuvhura zvikamu ndezvaRalph Miller uye aive patented muna 1956. Zvisinei, pfungwa yake haina chinangwa chekuwana kubudirira kukuru, uye kuderedza chiyero chekumanikidza uye kushandiswa kwakafanana kwemafuta e-octane akaderera mumajini endege. Miller anogadzira masisitimu ekuvhara vharafu yekupinza kare (Early Intake Valve Closure, EIVC) kana gare gare (Late Intake Valve Kuvharwa, LIVC), pamwe nekubhadhara kushayikwa kwemhepo kana kuchengetedza mhepo ichidzokera kune yakawandisa manifold, compressor. inoshandiswa.

Zvinonakidza kucherechedza kuti yekutanga seasymmetric-phase injini inomhanyisa pane yakazotevera, inotsanangurwa se "Miller kutenderera maitiro", yakagadzirwa neveMercedes mainjiniya uye yakashandiswa mu12-humburumbira compressor injini yeW 163 mota yemitambo kubvira 1939. Ralph Miller asati abvumidza bvunzo yake.

Yekutanga modhi yekugadzira yekushandisa iyo Miller kutenderera yaive 6 Mazda Millenia KJ-ZEM V1994. Iyo vheji yekuvhara inovhara gare gare, ichidzosera imwe yemhepo kune akawanda manifolds neiyo compression ratio inenge yakadzikiswa, uye Lysholm mechanical compressor inoshandiswa kubata mhepo. Nekudaro, iyo yekuwedzera chiyero iri 15 muzana yakakura kupfuura iyo compression ratio. Kurasikirwa kunokonzerwa nekudzvinyirira kwemhepo kubva pisitoni kuenda kune compressor zvinogadziriswa nekugadziriswa kwekupedzisira kweinjini.

Kunonoka uye matangiro epedyo epedyo ane mikana yakasiyana munzira dzakasiyana. Pamitoro yakaderera, kuvhara gare gare kune mukana wekuti inopa yakafara yakavhurika kupombana uye inochengetedza zvirinani kusagadzikana. Sezvo mutoro unowedzera, mukana unoshandukira mukuvhara kwekutanga. Nekudaro, iyo yekupedzisira inova isinganyanyi kushanda pakumhanya kwakanyanya nekuda kwekukwana kuzadza nguva uye yakanyanya kumanikidza kudonha pamberi uye shure kwevhavha.

Audi neVolkswagen, Mazda uye Toyota

Parizvino, maitiro akafanana anoshandiswa neAudi neVolkswagen mune yavo 2.0 TFSI (EA 888 Gen 3b) uye 1.5 TSI (EA 211 Evo) zvishandiso, zvichangobatanidzwa neiyo 1.0 TSI nyowani. Nekudaro, ivo vanoshandisa pre-yekuvhara inlet valve tekinoroji umo iyo inowedzera mweya inotonhorera mushure mekunge vharafu yavhara kare. Audi neVW vanoshevedza maitiro acho B-kutenderera mushure meinjiniya wekambani Ralph Budak, akagadzirisa pfungwa dzaRalph Miller ndokudzishandisa kunjini dzakapetwa. Iine compression ratio ye13: 1, iyo chaiyo ratio iri pamusoro pe11,7: 1, iyo pachayo iri yakanyanya kukwirira kune yakanaka mota yekuwisira injini. Basa rakakosha mune zvese izvi rinotambwa neyakaomeswa vharuvhu yekuvhura michina ine akasiyana masitendi uye sitiroko, iyo inosimudzira vortex uye inogadzirisa zvinoenderana nemamiriro. Muinjini dzeB-kutenderera, jekiseni kumanikidza kunowedzerwa kusvika ku250 bar. Microcontroller anotonga akatsetseka maitiro echikamu shanduko uye shanduko kubva B-maitiro kune akajairwa Otto kutenderera pasi pakakwirira mutoro. Uye zvakare, iyo 1,5- uye 1-litre injini dzinoshandisa nekukurumidza-kupindura kusiyanisa geometry turbocharger. Yakatonhora pre-yakadzvanywa mweya inopa zvirinani tembiricha mamiriro pane kunanga kwakasimba kudzvanya mune humburumbira. Kusiyana nePorsche yepamusoro-tekinoroji BorgWarner VTG turbocharger anoshandiswa kune mamwe masimba ane simba, maVW akasiyana geometry mayuniti akagadzirwa nekambani imwechete iwo angangoita zvishoma akachinjika turbines einjini yedhiziri. Izvi zvinokwanisika nekuda kwekuti, nekuda kwezvose zvakatsanangurwa kusvika parizvino, tembiricha yepamusoro yegasi haipfuure 880 degrees, ndiko kuti, yakakwira zvishoma pane iyo injini yedhiziri, inova chiratidzo cheyakanyanya kushanda.

Makambani eJapan anovhiringidza kumisikidzwa kwematemu kunyangwe. Kusiyana nedzimwe injini dzeMazda Skyactiv peturu, iyo Skyactiv G 2.5 T yakaiswa turbocharged uye inoshanda pamusoro penzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana uye rpm muMiller kutenderera, asi Mazda zvakare inokonzeresa kutenderera uko kwavo kwavanoshuvira Skyactiv G zvikamu zvinoshanda. Toyota inoshandisa 1.2 D4 -T (8NR-FTS) uye 2.0 D4-T (8AR-FTS) mumajini avo e-turbo, asi Mazda, kune rimwe divi, anoitsanangura seyakafanana kune ese mainjini ayo echisikigo ehybrid uye echizvarwa chitsva cheDynamic Force modhi. . nekuzadza kwemuchadenga se "basa paAtkinson kutenderera". Muzviitiko zvese, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwakafanana.