Mafuta a dizilo a dzinja. Zofunika khalidwe magawo
Zamkatimu
Chilichonse chili ndi nthawi yake
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani pamafuta a dizilo m'chilimwe pakatentha kwambiri? Monga momwe madzi amaumbira pakazizira kozizira, dizilo wamtundu wachilimwe nawonso amawala. Zotsatira: mafuta amawonjezera kukhuthala kwake ndikutseka zosefera zamafuta. Choncho, galimoto sangathenso kulandira apamwamba mafuta dizilo mu voliyumu chofunika. Belu lazovuta zamtsogolo lidzachitika kale kumayambiriro kwa chisanu chokhazikika.
Pankhani yamafuta a dizilo m'nyengo yozizira, malo othira amachepa kuti dizilo lisapangike. Mafuta a dzinja amagalimoto a dizilo amapezeka m'makalasi angapo, ndipo kusiyanitsa kowonjezera nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa pakati pamafuta amtundu wa "dzinja" ndi "polar", kalasi yakumtunda. Pamapeto pake, mphamvu ya mafuta a dizilo imasungidwa ngakhale kutentha kwambiri.
Kusintha kwa magiredi amafuta a dizilo nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi omwe amagwira ntchito pamagalasi okha. Musanawonjezere mafuta, onetsetsani kuti mulibe mafuta achilimwe mu thanki.
Maphunziro a mafuta a dizilo a Zima
Zaka zisanu zapitazo, Russia idayambitsa ndipo ikugwiritsa ntchito GOST R 55475, yomwe imayang'anira zofunikira zamafuta a dizilo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyengo yozizira. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku zigawo zapakati za distillate zamafuta amafuta. Mafuta a dizilo oterowo amakhala ndi ma hydrocarbons otsika a parafini, ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pamagalimoto a dizilo.
Muyezo womwe watchulidwa umayang'anira kuchuluka kwamafuta pamagalimoto awa (yozizira -Z ndi Arctic - A), komanso kutentha kwa malire - chizindikiro chomwe chikuwonetsa kutentha komwe kutsika kwamafuta a dizilo kumatsikira pafupifupi ziro. Zizindikiro zosefera zimasankhidwa kuchokera pamitundu yofananira: -32ºC, -38ºC, -44ºC, -48ºC, -52ºC. Izi zikutsatira kuti, mtundu wa mafuta a dizilo Z-32 udzaonedwa ngati nyengo yozizira, yokhala ndi kutentha kwa kusefera kwa -32ºC, ndi A-52 dizilo mafuta - Arctic, ndi kutentha kusefera index wa -52ºC.
Magulu amafuta a dizilo m'nyengo yozizira, omwe amakhazikitsidwa ndi muyezo uwu, amasankha:
- Kupezeka kwa sulfure mu mg/kg: mpaka 350 wachibale ndi kalasi K3, mpaka 50 wachibale wa kalasi K4 ndi 10 wachibale ndi kalasi K5.
- Mtengo wa Flash point, ºC: mafuta kalasi Z-32 - 40, wachibale ndi sukulu zina - 30.
- Kukhuthala kwenikweni kwa kutuluka, mm2/ s, zomwe ziyenera kukhala: kwa Z-32 mafuta a dizilo - 1,5 ... 2,5, kwa Z-38 mafuta a dizilo - 1,4 ... 4,5, wachibale ndi mitundu ina - 1,2 ... 4,0.
- Kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa ma hydrocarbons a gulu lonunkhira: wachibale ndi makalasi K3 ndi K4, mankhwalawo sangakhale apamwamba kuposa 11%, wachibale ndi kalasi K5 - osaposa 8%.
GOST R 55475-2013 sikutanthauza filterability ndi chifunga makhalidwe makhalidwe ena kutentha chibadidwe makalasi mafuta dizilo. Zofunikira zaukadaulo zimangotsimikizira kuti malire a kutentha kwa kusefa ayenera kupitilira pamtambo ndi 10ºC.
Kachulukidwe wa dzinja mafuta dizilo
Chizindikiro chakuthupichi chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ngakhale osamveka bwino, pakupanga phula komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta a dizilo amtundu wina, ndikuyika malire a ntchito yake pa kutentha kochepa.
Pankhani ya mafuta a dizilo m'nyengo yozizira, kachulukidwe kake sikuyenera kupitirira 840 kg/m³, pamtambo wa -35 °C. Nambala zomwe zawonetsedwa zimagwira ntchito pamafuta a dizilo, omwe amakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosakaniza ma hydrocarbon oyeretsedwa a pulayimale ndi achiwiri ndi kuwira komaliza kwa 180…340 ° C.
Zizindikiro zofanana zamafuta aku Arctic ndi: kachulukidwe - osapitilira 830 kg / m³, malo amtambo -50 ° C. Momwemonso mafuta a dizilo otentha amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malo otentha a 180 ... 320 ° C. Ndikofunikira kuti kuwira kwamafuta a dizilo a kalasi ya arctic pafupifupi kumafanana ndi magawo omwewo a tizigawo ta palafini, chifukwa chake, mafuta oterowo amatha kuganiziridwanso ngati palafini wolemera kwambiri potengera katundu wake.
Kuipa kwa palafini wangwiro ndi nambala yotsika ya cetane (35…40) ndi mafuta osakwanira, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuvala kwambiri kwa jekeseni. Kuti athetse zolephera izi, zigawo zomwe zimawonjezera nambala ya cetane zimawonjezeredwa ku mafuta a dizilo a Arctic, ndipo kuti apititse patsogolo zodzoladzola, zowonjezera zamtundu wina wamafuta amagalimoto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ayamba liti kugulitsa mafuta a dizilo m'nyengo yozizira?
Magawo anyengo ku Russia amasiyana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwawo. Chifukwa chake, malo ambiri opangira mafuta amayamba kugulitsa mafuta a dizilo m'nyengo yozizira kuyambira kumapeto kwa Okutobala - koyambirira kwa Novembala, ndikutha mu Epulo. Apo ayi, mafuta a dizilo adzawonjezera kukhuthala kwake, kukhala mitambo ndipo, potsirizira pake, kupanga gelatinous gel osakaniza, yodziwika ndi kusowa kwathunthu kwa fluidity. Sizingatheke kuyambitsa injini pansi pazimenezi.
Komabe, pali kusiyana kwa malonda. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena a dziko kutentha sikutsika kwambiri, ndipo pali masiku ena omwe amakhala ozizira, ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, madera a Kaliningrad kapena Leningrad). Zikatero, zomwe zimatchedwa "winter mix" zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimakhala ndi 20% dizilo yachilimwe ndi 80% yozizira. Ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mafuta a dizilo m'nyengo yachisanu ndi chilimwe kumatha kukhala 50/50.
