Yesani Drive Internal Friction II

Mitundu Yothira mafuta ndi Njira Yodzigwiritsira Ntchito Ma Injini Osiyanasiyana

Mitundu kondomu

Kuyanjana kwa malo osunthira, kuphatikiza mikangano, mafuta ndi mavalidwe, ndi zotsatira za sayansi yotchedwa tribology, ndipo zikafika pamitundu yamikangano yokhudzana ndi injini zamoto zamkati, opanga amafotokozera mitundu ingapo yamafuta. Mafuta a Hydrodynamic ndiye mawonekedwe ofunikira kwambiri a njirayi, ndipo malo omwe amapezeka amapezeka mkatikati mwa cholumikizira ndodo, chomwe chimakhala ndi katundu wambiri. Imapezeka m'malo ocheperako pakati pa chonyamulira ndi V-shaft, ndipo imabweretsedwapo ndi mpope wamafuta. Pamwamba ponyamulirayo ndiye ngati pampu yake, yomwe imapopa ndikugawa mafutawo ndipo pamapeto pake imapanga kanema wonenepa ponseponse. Pachifukwa ichi, opanga amagwiritsa ntchito malaya amanja pazipangizo za injinizi, chifukwa malo ocheperako omwe amakhala ndi mpira amachititsa kuti pakhale mafuta ochulukirapo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukakamizidwa mufilimu yamafuta imatha kukhala pafupifupi kakhumi kupitilira kukakamizidwa komwe kumapangidwa ndi pampu yokha! Mwachizolowezi, mphamvu zam'magawo amenewa zimafalikira kudzera pamafuta. Zachidziwikire, kuti mafuta a hydrodynamic akhalebe oyenera, pamafunika kuti makina a mafuta azikhala ndi mafuta okwanira nthawi zonse.

Ndizotheka kuti nthawi ina, chifukwa chakakamizidwa kwambiri ndi magawo ena, kanema wonyezimira amakhala wolimba komanso wolimba kuposa magawo azitsulo omwe amapaka, komanso amatsogolera pakusintha kwazitsulo. Okonza amatcha mtundu uwu wa kondomu elastohydrodynamic, ndipo imatha kudziwonetsera yokha mu mayendedwe a mpira omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, pamagudumu amagetsi kapena pamakwerero opangira ma valve. Zikakhala kuti kuthamanga kwa magawo osunthika wina ndi mnzake kumakhala kotsika kwambiri, katundu umakula kwambiri kapena mafuta sakwanira, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti malire amalire nthawi zambiri zimachitika. Poterepa, kudzoza kumadalira kumamatira kwama molekyulu amafuta kumalo omwe amathandizira, kotero kuti amasiyanitsidwa ndi kanema wamafuta wowonda koma wofikirabe. Tsoka ilo, pazochitikazi nthawi zonse pamakhala chowopsa kuti filimu yopyapyala "ibowokedwe" ndi zinthu zakuthwa, chifukwa chake, zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera zimaphatikizidwa pamafuta, omwe amaphimba chitsulo kwanthawi yayitali ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwake ndi kulumikizana mwachindunji. Mafuta a Hydrostatic amapezeka ngati filimu yopyapyala pomwe katundu amasintha mosayembekezereka ndipo kuthamanga kwa magawo osunthika kumakhala kotsika kwambiri. Tiyenera kudziwa pano kuti makampani okhala ndi ndodo monga Federal-Mogul apanga matekinoloje atsopano kuti awaveke kuti athe kuthana ndi zovuta poyambira poyambira monga kuvala pafupipafupi kumayambira pang'ono zomwe amayang'aniridwa ndikukhazikitsidwa kwatsopano kulikonse. Izi tikambirana mtsogolo. Kuyambitsa pafupipafupi kumeneku, kumabweretsa kusintha kuchokera kuma lubricant amtundu wina kupita ku wina ndipo amatchedwa "mafuta osakanizira amafuta".

Kondomu kachitidwe

Makina oyaka moto amkati oyendetsa magalimoto ndi njinga zamoto, komanso zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake, anali ndi "mafuta" omwe mafuta adalowa mu injini kuchokera ku mtundu wina wamatope amiyala pansi pa mphamvu yokoka kenako nkudutsa kapena kuwotcha. Okonza masiku ano amatanthauzira makina awa, komanso mawonekedwe amafuta a injini zamagetsi ziwiri, momwe mafuta amaphatikizidwira ndi mafuta, ngati "machitidwe otayika kwathunthu." Pambuyo pake, makinawa adakonzedwa ndikuwonjezera pampu yamafuta yoperekera mafuta mkati mwa injini ndi sitima yapamadzi (yomwe imapezeka nthawi zambiri). Komabe, makina opoperawa alibe chochita ndi matekinoloje okakamiza amtsogolo omwe akugwiritsabe ntchito lero. Mapampuwo adayikidwira kunja, akumadyetsa mafuta mu crankcase, kenako ndikumafikira mbali zotsutsana. Masamba apadera pansi pa ndodo zolumikiza anapopera mafuta mu crankcase ndi cylinder block, chifukwa chake mafuta ochulukirapo amasonkhanitsidwa m'mababa ndi timisewu tating'onoting'ono ndipo, chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, imadutsa mumitengo yayikulu yolumikizira ndodo mayendedwe camshaft. Mtundu wa kusintha kwamakina omwe ali ndi mafuta oyenera kukakamizidwa ndi injini ya Ford Model T, momwe ndegeyo inali ndi chinthu chonga gudumu lamadzi, lomwe cholinga chake chinali kukweza mafuta ndikuwayika ku crankcase (ndikuwona kufalitsa), kenako mbali zakumunsi za crankshaft ndi ndodo zolumikizira zidakanda mafuta ndikupanga malo osambira mafuta opaka mbali. Izi sizinali zovuta makamaka popeza kuti camshaft inalinso mchikwama ndipo ma valve anali atayima. Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse komanso injini za ndege zomwe sizinkagwira ntchito ndi mafuta amtunduwu zimalimbitsa kwambiri. Umu ndi momwe makina amabadwira omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mapampu amkati ndi kupsinjika kosakanikirana ndi mafuta opopera, omwe kenako amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku injini zatsopano komanso zolemetsa zamagalimoto.

Gawo lalikulu la makinawa linali pampu yamafuta yoyendetsedwa ndi injini yomwe inkapopera mafuta mopanikizika ndi mayendedwe akulu okha, pomwe mbali zina zimadalira mafuta othira mafuta. Chifukwa chake, sikunali koyenera kupanga mabowo mu crankshaft, omwe ndiofunikira pamakina okhala ndi kondomu yokakamiza kwathunthu. Yotsirizirayi idayamba ngati chofunikira pakupanga injini zomwe zimawonjezera kuthamanga ndi katundu. Izi zikutanthauzanso kuti mayendedwe sayenera kungopewedwa mafuta komanso kuzirala.

M'makinawa, mafuta opanikizidwa amaperekedwa kuzitsulo zazikulu ndi zotsika zolumikizira ndodo (zotsirizirazi zimalandira mafuta kudzera m'mizere ya crankshaft) ndi mayendedwe a camshaft. Ubwino waukulu wa machitidwewa ndikuti mafuta amazungulira pafupifupi ma bere awa, i.e. amadutsa nawo ndikulowa mu crankcase. Chifukwa chake, makinawa amapereka mafuta ochulukirapo kuposa momwe amafunikira kuti azipaka mafuta, chifukwa chake amakhala atakhazikika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za m'ma 60, Harry Ricardo adayambitsa lamulo loti lipereke malita atatu a mafuta pa ola limodzi, ndiye kuti, injini ya 3 hp. - XNUMX malita akuyenda kwamafuta pamphindi. Njinga zamasiku ano zikubwerezedwa kambirimbiri.

Kuyenda kwa mafuta mumakonzedwe kokometsera kumaphatikizapo njira zopangidwira thupi ndi injini, zovuta zomwe zimadalira kuchuluka ndi malo amisili ndi momwe zimakhalira nthawi. Pofuna kuti injini zizikhala zodalirika komanso zokhazikika, okonza mapulani akhala akonda njira zopanga mawayipi kuposa mapaipi.

Pampu yoyendetsedwa ndi injini imatulutsa mafuta kuchokera pa crankcase ndikuyitsogolera ku fyuluta yoyambira yomwe ili kunja kwa nyumbayo. Zimatengera chimodzi (cha mu mzere) kapena njira ziwiri (za nkhonya kapena injini zopangidwa ndi V), zokulitsa pafupifupi kutalika konse kwa injini. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito malo ochepera, amapita kumalo akuluakulu, kuwalowetsa polowera pachikopa chapamwamba. Kudzera m'mbali yopangira potengera, gawo lina la mafuta limagawidwa chimodzimodzi kuti likhale lozizira komanso mafuta, pomwe gawo linalo limaloza kumunsi wolumikizira ndodo kudzera pa oblique bore mu crankshaft yolumikizidwa ndi malo omwewo. Kupaka mafuta kumtunda kwa ndodo yolumikizira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pochita, chifukwa chake kumtunda kwa ndodo yolumikizira nthawi zambiri kumakhala gombe lopangidwa kuti likhale ndi mafuta pansi pa pisitoni. M'mafunde ena, mafuta amafikira pachitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito chikhomo chomangirira palokha. Mabotolo a piston nawonso amapopera mafuta.

Mofanana ndi kayendedwe ka magazi

Pamene camshaft kapena chain drive imayikidwa mu crankcase, galimotoyi imayikidwa ndi mafuta owongoka, ndipo shaft ikayikidwa pamutu, makina oyendetsa galimoto amakongoletsedwa ndi kutuluka kwa mafuta kuchokera ku hydraulic extension system. Mu injini ya Ford 1.0 Ecoboost, lamba wagalimoto wa camshaft amawonjezeredwanso - mu nkhani iyi ndi kumizidwa mu poto yamafuta. Momwe mafuta opaka mafuta amaperekera ku mayendedwe a camshaft zimatengera ngati injiniyo ili ndi shaft yapansi kapena pamwamba - yoyambayo nthawi zambiri imayilandira kuchokera ku mabere akuluakulu a crankshaft ndipo yomalizayo imalumikizidwa ndi poyambira. kapena mosalunjika, ndi njira yosiyana yodziwika pamutu kapena mu camshaft yokha, ndipo ngati pali mitsinje iwiri, izi zimachulukitsidwa ndi ziwiri.

Okonza amayesetsa kupanga makina momwe ma valavu amafewetsedwa pamiyeso yoyendetsedwa bwino kuti apewe kusefukira kwamadzi ndi kutuluka kwamafuta kudzera pamaupangiri a ma valavu muzitsulo. Zovuta zina zimawonjezeredwa ndi kupezeka kwa ma hydraulic lifts. Miyala, kusokonekera kwa mafuta amafewetsedwa mu bafa yamafuta kapena kupopera mankhwala m'malo osambiramo ochepa, kapena kudzera m'misewu yomwe mafuta amachokera mumsewu waukulu.

Ponena za makoma ozungulira ndi masiketi a pisitoni, adadzozedwa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono ndi mafuta omwe amatuluka ndikufalikira mu crankcase kuchokera kumunsi wolumikizira ndodo. Injini zazifupi zimapangidwa kuti ma cylinders awo azipeza mafuta ochulukirapo chifukwa ali ndi m'mimba mwake wokulirapo ndipo ali pafupi ndi crankshaft. Mu injini zina, makoma a silinda amalandila mafuta owonjezera kuchokera kubowo lanyumba yolumikizira ndodo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imaloza mbali yomwe pisitoni imakakamiza kwambiri pamiyeso (yomwe pisitoni imakakamiza panthawi yoyaka mukamagwira ntchito). ... M'mainjini a V, zimakhala zachilendo kupopera mafuta kuchokera ku ndodo yolumikizira yolowera mbali ina yamphamvu kupita kukhoma lamphamvu kuti mbali yakumapeto ikuluzike, kenako ndikukokera mbali ya pansi. Tiyenera kukumbukira pano kuti ngati injini za turbocharged, mafuta amalowa mumtsinje wamafuta kudzera panjira yayikulu yamafuta ndi payipi. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yachiwiri yomwe imawongolera kutsata kwa mafuta kumapewa apadera olunjika kuma pistoni, omwe amapangidwa kuti aziziritsa. Zikatero, mpope wamafuta umakhala wamphamvu kwambiri.

M'makina owuma, mpope wamafuta umalandira mafuta kuchokera mu thanki yamafuta yapadera ndikugawa chimodzimodzi. Pampu yothandizira imayamwa mafuta / mpweya kuchokera pa crankcase (ndiye kuti iyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu), yomwe imadutsa chipangizocho kupatulira chomaliziracho ndi kuchibwezera kusungiko.

Makina opangira mafutawa atha kuphatikiziranso rediyeta yoziziritsa mafuta m'mainjini olemera (izi zinali zodziwika kwa mainjini akale ogwiritsa ntchito mafuta osavuta amchere) kapena chosinthira kutentha cholumikizidwa ndi kuzirala. Izi tikambirana mtsogolo.

Mapampu amafuta ndi mavavu othandizira

Mapampu amafuta, kuphatikiza ma giya awiri, ndi oyenera kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito makina amafuta motero amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina opaka mafuta ndipo nthawi zambiri amayendetsedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku crankshaft. Njira ina ndi mapampu a rotary. Posachedwapa, mapampu amagetsi otsetsereka agwiritsidwanso ntchito, kuphatikiza mitundu yosinthira, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ichitike bwino komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito pokhudzana ndi kuthamanga komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

Makina amafuta amafunikira mavavu othandizira chifukwa pothamanga kwambiri kuchuluka kwakomwe ndalama zoperekedwa ndi pampu yamafuta sikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka komwe kungadutse m'mayendedwe. Izi ndichifukwa choti pakadali pano pali mphamvu zazikulu zama centrifugal pamafuta onyamula, zomwe zimalepheretsa kupezeka kwa mafuta ochulukirapo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambitsa injini pamatenthedwe akunja kumawonjezera kukana kwa mafuta ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala komanso kuchepa kwa njira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa zovuta pamafuta. Magalimoto ambiri amasewera amagwiritsa ntchito kuyeza kwamafuta ndi kuyeza kwamafuta.

(kutsatira)

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev