Mitundu yamafuta amadzimadzi

Mafuta amadzimadzi nthawi zambiri amachokera pakuyenga mafuta osapsa kapena (mpaka pang'ono) kuchokera ku malasha olimba ndi lignite. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuyendetsa injini zoyatsira mkati ndipo, pang'onopang'ono, kuyambitsa ma boilers a nthunzi, pakuwotcha ndi ukadaulo.

Mafuta ofunika kwambiri amadzimadzi ndi awa: petulo, dizilo, mafuta amafuta, palafini, mafuta opangira.

Gasi

Kusakaniza kwa ma hydrocarboni amadzimadzi, imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu yamafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zamagalimoto, ndege ndi zida zina. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zosungunulira. Kuchokera kumaganizo a mankhwala, zigawo zazikulu za mafuta a petulo ndi aliphatic hydrocarbons ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu a carbon kuchokera ku 5 mpaka 12. Palinso zizindikiro za unsaturated ndi zonunkhira za hydrocarbon.

Mafuta a petulo amapereka mphamvu ku injini chifukwa cha kuyaka, ndiko kuti, ndi mpweya wochokera mumlengalenga. Popeza imayaka pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono, njirayi iyenera kukhala yofulumira komanso yofanana momwe mungathere pamtundu wonse wa masilindala a injini. Izi zimatheka mwa kusakaniza petulo ndi mpweya musanalowe m'masilinda, kupanga otchedwa mafuta-mpweya osakaniza, mwachitsanzo, kuyimitsidwa (chifunga) cha madontho ang'onoang'ono a petulo mumlengalenga. Mafuta amapangidwa ndi distillation yamafuta osakhwima. Mapangidwe ake amadalira momwe mafuta amapangidwira komanso kukonzanso zinthu. Kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya petulo ngati mafuta, ndalama zochepa (zosakwana 1%) za mankhwala osankhidwa amawonjezeredwa ku injini, zomwe zimatchedwa antiknock agents (kupewa kuphulika, ndiko kuti, kuyaka kosalamulirika komanso kosafanana).

Injini ya dizeli

Mafutawa amapangidwa kuti azipangira ma injini a dizilo. Ndi chisakanizo cha paraffinic, naphthenic ndi ma hydrocarbons onunkhira omwe amatulutsidwa kuchokera kumafuta osakanizidwa panthawi ya distillation. Mafuta a dizilo amakhala ndi kuwira kwapamwamba kwambiri (180-350 ° C) kuposa ma distillates a petulo. Popeza ali ndi sulfure wambiri, ndikofunikira kuwachotsa ndi mankhwala a hydrogen (hydrotreating).

Mafuta a dizilo amapangidwanso kuchokera ku tizigawo ting'onoting'ono totsalira pambuyo pa distillation, koma chifukwa cha izi ndikofunikira kuchita njira zowola (zothandizira kusweka, hydrocracking). Kapangidwe kake ndi kagawo ka ma hydrocarbons omwe ali mumafuta a dizilo amasiyana malinga ndi momwe mafuta amapangidwira komanso njira zaukadaulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.

Chifukwa cha njira yoyatsira kusakaniza kwa mpweya wamafuta mu injini - osasunthika, koma kutentha (kudziwotcha) - palibe vuto la kuyaka kwa detonation. Chifukwa chake, sizomveka kuwonetsa nambala ya octane yamafuta. Chofunikira kwambiri pamafuta awa ndikutha kudziwotcha mwachangu pa kutentha kwakukulu, muyeso womwe ndi nambala ya cetane.

Mafuta, mafuta

Mafuta amadzimadzi otsala pambuyo pa distillation yamafuta otsika pansi pamikhalidwe yamlengalenga pa kutentha kwa 250-350 ° C. Amakhala ndi ma hydrocarbon olemera kwambiri a molekyulu. Chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta opangira ma injini othamanga othamanga apamadzi, ma boiler a nthunzi zam'madzi komanso poyambira ma boilers amphamvu, mafuta opangira nthunzi m'malo ena opangira nthunzi, mafuta akung'anima mafakitale (mwachitsanzo, popanga gypsum). ), feedstock for vacuum distillation, yopanga mafuta amadzimadzi (mafuta opaka mafuta) ndi mafuta olimba (mwachitsanzo, vaseline), komanso ngati chakudya chophwanyidwa popanga mafuta amafuta ndi mafuta.

Mafuta

Mafuta amadzimadzi, omwe amawotcha mu 170-250 ° C, ali ndi kachulukidwe ka 0,78-0,81 g/cm³. Chikaso choyaka chamadzimadzi ndi fungo lodziwika bwino, lomwe ndi chisakanizo cha ma hydrocarbons, mamolekyu omwe ali ndi maatomu a kaboni 12-15. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito zonse (pansi pa dzina lakuti "parafini" kapena "parafini wandege") monga zosungunulira komanso zodzikongoletsera.

Mafuta opangira

Mafuta opangidwa ndi mankhwala omwe angakhale m'malo mwa petulo kapena dizilo. Kutengera ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, matekinoloje otsatirawa amasiyanitsidwa:

• (GTL) - mafuta a gasi;
• (CTL) - kuchokera ku carbon;
• (BTL) - kuchokera ku biomass.

Pakalipano, matekinoloje awiri oyambirira ndi omwe amapangidwa kwambiri. Mafuta opangira malasha ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndipo panopa akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku South Africa. Kupanga mafuta opangira mafuta opangidwa ndi biomass akadali pachiwonetsero, koma atha kutchuka kwambiri chifukwa cholimbikitsa mayankho omwe ali abwino kwa chilengedwe (mafuta amafuta akupita patsogolo polimbana ndi kutentha kwa dziko). Mtundu waukulu wa kaphatikizidwe ntchito kupanga mafuta opangira ndi kaphatikizidwe Fischer-Tropsch.