Mafuta a dizilo

Makhalidwe a mafuta a dizilo

M'magulumagulu, mafuta a dizilo amasiyanitsidwa ndi izi:

• nambala ya cetane, yomwe imatengedwa ngati muyeso wa kumasuka kwa kuyatsa;
• evaporation mphamvu;
• kachulukidwe;
• mamasukidwe akayendedwe;
• thickening kutentha;
• zili ndi zonyansa, makamaka sulfure.

Nambala ya cetane yamakalasi amakono ndi mitundu yamafuta a dizilo imachokera ku 40 mpaka 60. Mafuta omwe ali ndi nambala yayikulu kwambiri ya cetane amapangidwira injini zamagalimoto ndi magalimoto. Mafuta oterowo ndi osasunthika kwambiri, amatsimikizira kuwonjezereka kwa kuyatsa komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu pakuyaka. Ma injini oyenda pang'onopang'ono (okwera sitima) amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta omwe ali ndi nambala ya cetane yosakwana 40. Mafutawa amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri, amasiya carbon yambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi sulfure kwambiri.

Sulfure ndizovuta kwambiri mumtundu uliwonse wamafuta a dizilo, kotero kuchuluka kwake kumayendetsedwa mwamphamvu. Choncho, malinga ndi malamulo a European Union, kuchuluka kwa sulfure mwa onse opanga mafuta a dizilo sikunapitirire mlingo wa magawo 10 pa milioni. Kutsika kwa sulfure kumachepetsa mpweya wa sulfure wokhudzana ndi mvula ya asidi. Popeza kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa sulfure mu mafuta a dizilo kumaphatikizanso kuchepa kwa nambala ya cetane, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumitundu yamakono yomwe imapangitsa kuti injini iyambike.

Kuchuluka kwamafuta amafuta kumadalira kutsitsimuka kwake. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwamafuta a dizilo ndi nthunzi wamadzi, womwe, nthawi zina, umatha kukhazikika m'matangi. Kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mafuta a dizilo kumayambitsa bowa, chifukwa chake zosefera zamafuta ndi ma nozzles zimaipitsidwa.

Amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yamakono ya mafuta a dizilo ndi otetezeka kuposa mafuta a petulo (ndizovuta kuyatsa), komanso kuposa momwe amachitira bwino, chifukwa amalola kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu pamtundu wa mafuta.

Magwero opanga

Mitundu yambiri yamafuta a dizilo imatha kuchitidwa molingana ndi mtundu wamafuta omwe amapangidwira. Mwachizoloŵezi, mafuta olemera akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta a dizilo, pambuyo poti zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta a petulo kapena ndege za rocket zachotsedwa kale. Gwero lachiwiri ndi mitundu yopangira, kupanga komwe kumafunikira malasha, komanso gasi distillate. Mafuta a dizilo amtunduwu amaonedwa kuti ndi otsika mtengo.

Kupambana kwenikweni kwaukadaulo muukadaulo wamafuta a dizilo inali ntchito yopanga kuchokera kuzinthu zaulimi: zomwe zimatchedwa biodiesel. Ndizodabwitsa kuti injini yoyamba ya dizilo padziko lapansi idayendetsedwa ndi mafuta a mtedza, ndipo pambuyo poyesa mafakitale, Henry Ford adatsimikiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a masamba monga gwero lalikulu la mafuta ndikoyenera. Tsopano injini zambiri za dizilo zimatha kugwira ntchito yosakaniza, yomwe imaphatikizapo 25 ... 30% ya biodiesel, ndipo malirewa akupitirizabe kukwera. Kukula kwina mukugwiritsa ntchito biodiesel kumafuna kukonzanso dongosolo la jakisoni wamagetsi amagetsi. Chifukwa cha kukonzanso uku ndikuti biodiesel imasiyana ndi machitidwe ake, ngakhale palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa injini ya dizilo ndi injini ya biodiesel.

Choncho, malinga ndi gwero la kupanga, mafuta a dizilo akhoza kukhala:

• Kuchokera masamba zopangira.
• Kuchokera ku zopangira zopangira.
• Kuchokera ku hydrocarbon yaiwisi.

Kukhazikika kwamafuta a dizilo

Kusinthasintha kwa magwero ndi matekinoloje opangira mafuta a dizilo ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa za kuchuluka kwa miyezo yapakhomo yomwe imayang'anira kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Tiyeni tiwaganizire.

GOST 305-2013 imatanthawuza magawo a mafuta a dizilo omwe amapezeka kumafuta ndi gasi zopangira. Zizindikiro zoyendetsedwa ndi muyezo uwu ndi:

1. Nambala ya Cetane - 45.
2. Kinematic mamasukidwe akayendedwe, mm²/s 1,5… 6,0.
3. Kachulukidwe, kg / m³ 833,5, 863,4… XNUMX, XNUMX.
4. pophulikira, ^ºC - 30 ... 62 (malingana ndi mtundu wa injini).
5. kuthira point, ^ºC, osapitirira -5.

Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha mafuta a dizilo malinga ndi GOST 305-2013 ndi kutentha kwa ntchito, komwe mafuta amagawidwa m'chilimwe L (ntchito panja kutentha kuchokera ku 5).^ºC ndi pamwamba), off-season E (ntchito panja kutentha osati pansi -15^ºC), yozizira Z (ntchito panja kutentha osati pansi -25 ... -35^ºC) ndi Arctic A (ntchito panja kutentha kuchokera -45^ºC ndi pansipa).

GOST 1667-68 imakhazikitsa zofunikira pamafuta amagalimoto pakuyika kwa dizilo yapakatikati ndi yotsika. Gwero la zopangira mafuta oterowo ndi mafuta okhala ndi sulfure wambiri. Mafuta amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri ya DT ndi DM (yomalizayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini za dizilo zotsika kwambiri).

Zofunikira zazikulu zamafuta a dizilo:

1. Viscosity, cSt - 20 ... 36.
2. Kachulukidwe, kg / m³ - 930.
3. pophulikira, ^ºC - 65 ... 70.
4. kuthira point, ^ºC, osachepera -5.
5. Madzi, %, osapitirira 0,5.

Ntchito yayikulu yamafuta a DM:

1. Viscosity, cSt - 130.
2. Kachulukidwe, kg / m³ - 970.
3. pophulikira, ^ºC-85.
4. kuthira point, ^ºC, osachepera -10.
5. Madzi, %, osapitirira 0,5.

Kwa mitundu yonse iwiri, zizindikiro za mapangidwe a zigawozo zimayendetsedwa, komanso kuchuluka kwa zonyansa zazikulu (sulfure ndi mankhwala ake, asidi ndi alkalis).

GOST 32511-2013 imatanthauzira zofunikira pamafuta a dizilo osinthidwa omwe amakwaniritsa EN 590:2009+A1:2010 ku Europe. Maziko a chitukuko anali GOST R 52368-2005. Muyezo umatanthawuza mikhalidwe yaumisiri yopangira mafuta oteteza zachilengedwe okhala ndi zinthu zochepa zomwe zili ndi sulfure. Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino zopangira mafuta a dizilo zimayikidwa motere:

1. Nambala ya Cetane - 51.
2. Kukhuthala, mm²/c – 2….4,5.
3. Kachulukidwe, kg / m³ 820, 845… XNUMX, XNUMX.
4. pophulikira, ^ºC-55.
5. kuthira point, ^ºC, osachepera -5 (malingana ndi mtundu wa mafuta).
6. Madzi, %, osapitirira 0,7.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwamafuta, magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa kupezeka kwa ma methyl esters a ma organic acid ovuta adatsimikiziridwa.

GOST R 53605-2009 imakhazikitsa zofunikira zaukadaulo pazigawo zazikulu za feedstock zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta a biodiesel. Imatanthauzira lingaliro la biodiesel, limalemba zofunikira pakutembenuka kwa injini za dizilo, limakhazikitsa zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito methyl esters yamafuta acid, omwe ayenera kukhala mumafuta. GOST ndinazolowera European muyezo EN590:2004.

Zofunikira zaukadaulo zamafuta malinga ndi GOST 32511-2013:

1. Nambala ya Cetane - 55 ... 80.
2. Kachulukidwe, kg / m³ 860, 900… XNUMX, XNUMX.
3. Kukhuthala, mm²/c – 2….6.
4. pophulikira, ^ºC-80.
5. kuthira point, ^ºNdi -5…-10.
6. Madzi, %, osapitirira 8.

GOST R 55475-2013 imatanthawuza zomwe zimapangidwira nyengo yozizira ndi mafuta a dizilo, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku distillate yamafuta ndi gasi. Mafuta a dizilo, omwe amapangidwa ndi muyezo uwu, amadziwika ndi magawo awa:

1. Nambala ya Cetane - 47 ... 48.
2. Kachulukidwe, kg / m³ 890, 850… XNUMX, XNUMX.
3. Kukhuthala, mm²/c – 1,5….4,5.
4. pophulikira, ^ºC - 30 ... 40.
5. kuthira point, ^ºC, osapitirira -42.
6. Madzi, %, osapitirira 0,2.

Kuyang'ana mafuta a dizilo pamalo okwerera mafuta a WOG/OKKO/Ukr.Avto. Dizilo mu chisanu -20.

Kufotokozera mwachidule mitundu yamafuta a dizilo

Mafuta a dizilo amasiyanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

Malinga ndi zomwe zili sulfure, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyanjana kwamafuta ndi chilengedwe:

• kalasi I (mpaka 350 mg/kg sulfure);
• kalasi II (mpaka 50 mg/kg sulfure);
• kalasi III (mpaka 10 mg/kg ya sulfure).

Pam'munsi malire a filterability. Mafuta 6 amayikidwa:

• A - kuchepetsa malire a filterability 5ºС;
• B - kuchepetsa malire a kusefa 0^ºC;
• C - kuchepetsa malire a filterability -5^ºC;
• D - kuchepetsa malire a filterability -10^ºC;
• E - kuchepetsa malire a filterability -15^ºC;
• F - kuchepetsa malire a filterability -20^ºC.

Kuwonjezera pa madera omwe ali ndi nyengo yozizira:

• gulu 0 (-20^ºNDI);
• gulu 1 (-26^ºNDI);
• gulu 2 (-32^ºNDI);
• gulu 3 (-38^ºNDI);
• gulu 4 (-44^ºC).

Kwa zomera za dizilo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, kalata K imalowetsedwanso muzolemba, zomwe zimatsimikizira teknoloji yopanga mafuta - catalytic dewaxing. Mitundu yotsatirayi yayikidwa:

• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kosachepera -32^ºC;
• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kosachepera -38^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kosachepera -44^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kosachepera -48^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kosachepera -52^ºC.

Mndandanda wathunthu wazizindikiro umaperekedwa mu ziphaso zamtundu wamafuta a dizilo.