M'nyumba yanga yokhazikika ...

“Kuyenera kukhala kozizira m’nyengo yachisanu,” anatero opambanawo. Zikuoneka kuti si zofunika. Kuonjezera apo, pofuna kutentha kwa kanthawi kochepa, sikuyenera kukhala konyansa, kununkhira komanso kuvulaza chilengedwe.

Pakalipano, tikhoza kukhala ndi kutentha m'nyumba zathu osati chifukwa cha mafuta amafuta, gasi ndi magetsi. Dzuwa, geothermal komanso mphamvu yamphepo yaphatikizana ndi mitundu yakale yamafuta ndi magwero amagetsi m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Mu lipoti ili, sitidzakhudza machitidwe omwe adakali otchuka kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito malasha, mafuta kapena gasi ku Poland, chifukwa cholinga cha phunziro lathu sikuwonetsa zomwe tikudziwa kale, koma kuwonetsa njira zamakono, zowoneka bwino. kuteteza chilengedwe komanso kupulumutsa mphamvu.

Zoonadi, kutenthetsa potengera kuyaka kwa gasi ndi zotuluka zake kumakhalanso wokonda zachilengedwe. Komabe, kuchokera ku malingaliro a ku Poland, zili ndi zovuta kuti tilibe zinthu zokwanira za mafutawa pazosowa zapakhomo.

Madzi ndi mpweya

Nyumba zambiri ndi nyumba zogona ku Poland zimatenthedwa ndi ma boiler ndi ma radiator.

Chowotcha chapakati chili m'chipinda chotenthetsera kapena chipinda cha boiler chanyumbayo. Ntchito yake imachokera ku kupereka kwa nthunzi kapena madzi otentha kudzera m'mapaipi kupita ku ma radiator omwe ali m'zipinda. Radiyeta yachikale - mawonekedwe achitsulo choyimirira - nthawi zambiri amayikidwa pafupi ndi mazenera (1).

1. Chotenthetsera chachikhalidwe

M'makina amakono a radiator, madzi otentha amaperekedwa kwa ma radiator pogwiritsa ntchito mapampu amagetsi. Madzi otentha amatulutsa kutentha kwake mu radiator ndipo madzi ozizira amabwerera ku boiler kuti atenthedwenso.

Ma Radiators amatha kusinthidwa ndi "zaukali" zocheperako kapena zowotchera khoma kuchokera pamawonekedwe okongola - nthawi zina amatchedwanso otchedwa. ma radiator okongoletsera, opangidwa poganizira mapangidwe ndi kukongoletsa kwa malo.

Ma Radiators amtunduwu ndi opepuka kwambiri (ndipo nthawi zambiri amakula) kuposa ma radiator okhala ndi zipsepse zachitsulo. Pakalipano, pali mitundu yambiri ya ma radiator amtunduwu pamsika, omwe amasiyana kwambiri ndi miyeso yakunja.

Makina ambiri otenthetsera amakono amagawana zinthu zofananira ndi zida zoziziritsa, ndipo zina zimapereka zotenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa.

Kusankhidwa HVAC (kutentha, mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza chirichonse ndi mpweya wabwino m'nyumba. Mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi njira yanji ya HVAC yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, cholinga cha zida zonse zotenthetsera ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yotentha kuchokera kugwero lamafuta ndikusamutsira kumalo okhala kuti mukhale ndi kutentha kozungulira.

Makina otenthetsera amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamafuta monga gasi, propane, mafuta otenthetsera, biofuel (monga nkhuni) kapena magetsi.

Mokakamizidwa mpweya machitidwe ntchito ng'anjo yamoto, omwe amapereka mpweya wotentha m'madera osiyanasiyana a nyumba kudzera m'mipata, ndi otchuka ku North America (2).

2. Chipinda chowotchera dongosolo ndi kukakamizidwa kwa mpweya

Iyi ikadali njira yosowa kwambiri ku Poland. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'nyumba zatsopano zamalonda komanso m'nyumba za anthu, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi poyatsira moto. Makina oyendetsedwa ndi mpweya (incl. makina mpweya wabwino ndi kutentha kuchira) sinthani kutentha kwa chipinda mofulumira kwambiri.

M’nyengo yozizira, zimagwira ntchito ngati heater, ndipo kukatentha zimagwira ntchito ngati firiji. Zodziwika bwino ku Europe ndi Poland, makina a CO okhala ndi masitovu, zipinda zowotchera, ma radiator amadzi ndi nthunzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwotcha.

Mpweya woumirizidwa nthawi zambiri umasefa kuti achotse fumbi ndi allergen. Zipangizo za humidification (kapena zowumitsa) zimamangidwanso mu dongosolo.

Kuipa kwa machitidwewa ndikufunika kukhazikitsa ma ducts olowera mpweya ndikusungira malo m'makoma. Komanso, mafani nthawi zina phokoso ndi kusuntha mpweya akhoza kufalitsa allergens (ngati unit si bwino anakhalabe).

Kuwonjezera pa machitidwe omwe amadziwika kwambiri kwa ife, i.e. ma radiator ndi mayunitsi operekera mpweya, pali ena, makamaka amakono. Zimasiyana ndi kutentha kwapakati pa hydronic ndi kachitidwe kokakamiza mpweya wabwino chifukwa imatenthetsa mipando ndi pansi, osati mpweya wokha.

Pamafunika atagona mkati konkire apansi kapena pansi matabwa pansi mapaipi pulasitiki anaikira madzi otentha. Ndi dongosolo labata komanso lopanda mphamvu zonse. Sichitenthetsa msanga, koma chimasunga kutentha kwanthawi yayitali.

Palinso "kutaya pansi", komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zomwe zimayikidwa pansi (nthawi zambiri matailosi a ceramic kapena miyala). Amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi madzi otentha ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ang'onoang'ono monga mabafa.

Wina, mtundu wamakono wa kutentha. hydraulic system. Zotenthetsera zamadzi zoyambira pansi zimayikidwa pansi pakhoma kuti athe kukopera mpweya wozizira kuchokera pansi pa chipindacho, ndikuwotcha ndikubwezeretsanso mkati. Amagwira ntchito potentha kwambiri kuposa ambiri.

Makinawa amagwiritsanso ntchito boiler yapakati kutenthetsa madzi omwe amayenda kudzera pa mapaipi kuti azitha kutenthetsa. M'malo mwake, iyi ndi mtundu wosinthidwa wamakina akale a radiator ofukula.

Ma radiator amagetsi amagetsi ndi mitundu ina sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina akuluakulu otenthetsera nyumba. heater magetsimakamaka chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa magetsi. Komabe, amakhalabe njira yotchuka yowotchera yowonjezera, mwachitsanzo m'malo amnyengo (monga ma verandas).

Zotenthetsera zamagetsi ndizosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo kuziyika, zomwe sizifunikira mapaipi, mpweya wabwino kapena zida zina zogawa.

Kuphatikiza pa ma heaters wamba, palinso ma heater owunikira magetsi (3) kapena nyale zotenthetsera zomwe zimasamutsa mphamvu kuzinthu zomwe zimatentha kwambiri. ma electromagnetic radiation.

3. Chowotcha cha infuraredi

Kutengera kutentha kwa thupi lowunikira, kutalika kwa ma radiation a infrared kumachokera ku 780 nm mpaka 1 mm. Ma heater amagetsi a infrared amawunikira mpaka 86% ya mphamvu zawo zolowetsa ngati mphamvu yowunikira. Pafupifupi mphamvu zonse zamagetsi zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa zimasinthidwa kukhala kutentha kwa infrared kuchokera ku filament ndikutumizidwa kupitilira kudzera pazowunikira.

Geothermal Poland

Makina otenthetsera a geothermal - apamwamba kwambiri, mwachitsanzo ku Iceland, ali ndi chidwi chokulirapopomwe akatswiri obowola pansi (IDDP) akulowera mkati mwa gwero la kutentha kwapakati pa dziko lapansi.

Mu 2009, ndikubowola EPDM, mwangozi idatayika m'madzi osungiramo madzi omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita awiri pansi pa dziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, chitsime champhamvu kwambiri cha geothermal m'mbiri chomwe chili ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 2 MW champhamvu chidapezedwa.

Asayansi akuyembekeza kuti afika ku Mid-Atlantic Ridge, phiri lalitali kwambiri lapakati pa nyanja Padziko Lapansi, malire achilengedwe pakati pa ma tectonic plates.

Kumeneko, magma amatenthetsa madzi a m'nyanja mpaka kutentha kwa 1000 ° C, ndipo kupanikizika kumaposa mazana awiri kuposa mphamvu ya mumlengalenga. Pazifukwa zotere, n'zotheka kupanga nthunzi yapamwamba kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya 50 MW, yomwe ili pafupi kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa chitsime cha geothermal. Izi zitha kutanthauza kuthekera kwa kubwezeretsanso ndi 50 zikwi. kunyumba.

Ngati ntchitoyo idakhala yothandiza, yofananayo imatha kuchitika m'maiko ena, mwachitsanzo, ku Russia. ku Japan kapena California.

4. Kuwoneratu zomwe zimatchedwa. mphamvu yozama ya geothermal

Poyerekeza, Poland ili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri ya geothermal, popeza 80% ya gawo la dzikoli ili ndi zigawo zitatu za kutentha kwapakati: Central European, Carpathian ndi Carpathian. Komabe, mwayi weniweni wogwiritsa ntchito madzi a geothermal zimakhudza 40% ya gawo la dzikoli.

Kutentha kwamadzi amadzi osungirawa ndi 30-130 ° C (m'malo ena ngakhale 200 ° C), ndipo kuya kwa zochitika m'matanthwe a sedimentary ndi 1 mpaka 10 km. Kutuluka kwachilengedwe ndikosowa kwambiri (Sudety - Cieplice, Löndek-Zdrój).

Komabe, izi ndi zina. kutentha kwakuya ndi zitsime mpaka 5 Km, ndi zina, otchedwa. mpweya wozama kwambiri, momwe kutentha kumatengedwa kuchokera pansi pogwiritsa ntchito kuyika kosaya kwambiri (4), kawirikawiri kuchokera ku zochepa mpaka 100 mamita.

Machitidwewa amachokera ku mapampu otentha, omwe ndi maziko, ofanana ndi mphamvu ya geothermal, kuti apeze kutentha kwa madzi kapena mpweya. Akuti pali kale makumi masauzande a mayankho otere ku Poland, ndipo kutchuka kwawo kukukula pang'onopang'ono.

Pampu yotenthetsera imatenga kutentha kuchokera kunja ndikusamutsa m'nyumba (5). Imawononga magetsi ochepa poyerekeza ndi makina otenthetsera wamba. Kunja kukakhala kotentha, kumatha kukhala kosiyana ndi chowongolera mpweya.

5. Dongosolo la pampu yosavuta ya compressor kutentha: 1) condenser, 2) valavu yopumira - kapena capillary, 3) evaporator, 4) kompresa

Mtundu wotchuka wa pampu yotenthetsera mpweya ndi mini split system, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti ductless. Zimakhazikitsidwa ndi kagawo kakang'ono kakunja ka kompresa ndi imodzi kapena zingapo zapanyumba zowongolera mpweya zomwe zitha kuwonjezeredwa mosavuta kuzipinda kapena madera akutali a nyumbayo.

Mapampu otentha amalangizidwa kuti akhazikitsidwe m'malo ocheperako. Zimakhalabe zogwira mtima m'nyengo yotentha komanso yozizira kwambiri.

Kutentha kwa mayamwidwe ndi kuziziritsa sagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magetsi, koma ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu ya geothermal kapena gasi. Pampu yotenthetsera imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi pampu ina iliyonse yotentha, koma imakhala ndi mphamvu yosiyana ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito njira ya ammonia ngati firiji.

Zophatikiza ndi zabwino

Kukhathamiritsa kwamphamvu kwachitika bwino pamakina osakanizidwa, omwe amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapampu otentha ndi magwero amphamvu ongowonjezera.

Mtundu umodzi wa hybrid system ndi Pampu yotentha kuphatikiza ndi condensing boiler. Pampuyo imatenga pang'ono katunduyo pamene kutentha kuli kochepa. Pakafunika kutentha kwambiri, boiler yolumikizira imatenga ntchito yotenthetsera. Mofananamo, pampu yotentha imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi boiler yolimba yamafuta.

Chitsanzo china cha dongosolo la haibridi ndi kuphatikiza unit condensing ndi solar matenthedwe dongosolo. Dongosolo loterolo likhoza kukhazikitsidwa m'nyumba zomwe zilipo komanso zatsopano. Ngati mwiniwake wa kukhazikitsa akufuna kudziyimira pawokha potengera magwero amphamvu, pampu yotentha imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi unsembe wa photovoltaic ndipo motero amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangidwa ndi njira zawo zanyumba zowotchera.

Kuyika kwa dzuwa kumapereka magetsi otsika mtengo kuti azitha kuyendetsa pampu yotentha. Magetsi owonjezera opangidwa ndi magetsi omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji mnyumbamo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulipiritsa batire lanyumbayo kapena kugulitsidwa ku gridi ya anthu.

Ndikoyenera kutsindika kuti majenereta amakono ndi makina opangira matenthedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zida zolumikizira intaneti ndipo imatha kuwongoleredwa patali pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yapa tabuleti kapena foni yam'manja, nthawi zambiri kuchokera kulikonse padziko lapansi, zomwe zimapatsanso eni malo kuti akwaniritse ndikusunga ndalama.

Palibe chabwino kuposa mphamvu zodzipangira tokha

Inde, makina aliwonse otentha amafunikira magwero amagetsi mulimonse. Chinyengo ndi kupanga iyi njira yotsika mtengo komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri.

Pamapeto pake, ntchito zotere zimakhala ndi mphamvu zopangidwira "kunyumba" mumitundu yotchedwa microgeneration () kapena Mtengo wa microTPP ,

Malinga ndi tanthawuzo, iyi ndi njira zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kutentha ndi magetsi (off-grid) pogwiritsa ntchito zida zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono zogwirizanitsa mphamvu.

Microcogeneration ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo onse omwe pakufunika magetsi ndi kutentha panthawi imodzi. Ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri machitidwe ophatikizika ndi onse omwe amalandila (6) ndi zipatala ndi malo ophunzirira, malo ochitira masewera, mahotela ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zaboma.

6. Home mphamvu dongosolo

Masiku ano, injiniya wamagetsi wamba ali kale ndi matekinoloje angapo opangira mphamvu kunyumba ndi pabwalo: dzuwa, mphepo ndi gasi. (biogas - ngati alidi "ake").

Chifukwa chake mutha kukwera padenga, zomwe siziyenera kusokonezedwa ndi ma jenereta otentha komanso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kutenthetsa madzi.

Itha kufikanso yaying'ono makina opangira mphepopa zosowa za munthu payekha. Nthawi zambiri amaikidwa pamitengo yokwiriridwa pansi. Zing'onozing'ono za iwo, ndi mphamvu ya 300-600 W ndi voteji ya 24 V, zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa padenga, malinga ngati mapangidwe awo asinthidwa ndi izi.

M'nyumba, zomera zopangira mphamvu za 3-5 kW nthawi zambiri zimapezeka, zomwe, malingana ndi zosowa, chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi zina zotero. - iyenera kukhala yokwanira kuyatsa, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo, mapampu amadzi a CO ndi zosowa zina zazing'ono.

Machitidwe okhala ndi matenthedwe otsika pansi pa 10 kW ndi magetsi a 1-5 kW amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mabanja. Lingaliro lakugwiritsa ntchito "micro-CHP" yotere ndikuyika magwero a magetsi ndi kutentha mkati mwa nyumbayo.

Ukadaulo wopangira mphamvu yamphepo yam'nyumba ukuwongoleredwa. Mwachitsanzo, makina amphepo ang'onoang'ono a Honeywell operekedwa ndi WindTronics (7) okhala ndi nsaru yofanana ndi gudumu la njinga yokhala ndi masamba, pafupifupi 180 cm m'mimba mwake, amapanga 2,752 kWh pa liwiro lapakati la 10 m/s. Mphamvu zofananira zimaperekedwa ndi ma turbine a Windspire okhala ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka.

7. Ma turbines ang'onoang'ono a Honeywell oyikidwa padenga la nyumba

Pakati pa matekinoloje ena opezera mphamvu kuchokera kuzinthu zongowonjezwdwa, ndikofunikira kulabadira biogas. Mawu ambiriwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza mpweya woyaka womwe umapangidwa pakuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, monga zinyalala, zinyalala zapakhomo, manyowa, zinyalala zaulimi ndi zaulimi, ndi zina.

Tekinoloje yochokera ku cogeneration yakale, ndiko kuti, kuphatikizika kwa kutentha ndi magetsi kuphatikizira kutentha ndi magetsi amagetsi, mu "kang'ono" kake kakang'ono kwambiri. Kusaka njira zabwinoko komanso zogwira mtima kukupitilirabe. Pakalipano, machitidwe akuluakulu angapo amatha kudziwika, kuphatikizapo: injini zobwerezabwereza, makina opangira gasi, makina a injini ya Stirling, kuzungulira kwa organic Rankine, ndi maselo amafuta.

Injini yamphamvu amasintha kutentha kukhala mphamvu yamakina popanda kuyaka mwamphamvu. Kutentha kwamadzimadzi ogwira ntchito - gasi amachitidwa ndi kutentha khoma lakunja la chowotcha. Popereka kutentha kuchokera kunja, injiniyo imatha kuperekedwa ndi mphamvu zoyambirira kuchokera ku gwero lililonse: mafuta amafuta, malasha, nkhuni, mitundu yonse yamafuta a gasi, biomass komanso mphamvu yadzuwa.

Injini yamtunduwu imaphatikizapo: ma pistoni awiri (ozizira ndi ofunda), chowotcha chotsitsimutsa komanso chosinthira kutentha pakati pamadzi ogwirira ntchito ndi magwero akunja. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito pozungulira ndikubwezeretsanso, zomwe zimatenga kutentha kwa madzi ogwira ntchito pamene akuyenda kuchokera kumalo otentha kupita kumalo ozizira.

M'machitidwe awa, gwero la kutentha ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya womwe umapangidwa panthawi yoyaka mafuta. M'malo mwake, kutentha kwa dera kumasamutsidwa kumalo otsika kutentha. Pamapeto pake, kuyendetsa bwino kumadalira kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa magwerowa. Madzi ogwira ntchito a injini yamtunduwu ndi helium kapena mpweya.

Ubwino wa injini za Stirling ndi: kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri, kutsika kwaphokoso, kuchepa kwamafuta poyerekeza ndi machitidwe ena, liwiro lotsika. Inde, sitiyenera kuiwala za zofooka, zomwe zazikulu ndizo mtengo wa kukhazikitsa.

Cogeneration njira monga Chizungulire cha Rankine (kuchira kwa kutentha mumayendedwe a thermodynamic) kapena injini ya Stirling imafuna kutentha kokha kuti igwire ntchito. Gwero lake likhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena geothermal. Kupanga magetsi motere pogwiritsa ntchito osonkhanitsa ndi kutentha kumakhala kotchipa kusiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maselo a photovoltaic.

Ntchito yachitukuko ikuchitikanso mafuta cell ndi ntchito zawo mu cogeneration zomera. Imodzi mwa njira zatsopano zamtunduwu pamsika ndi ClearEdge. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zenizeni zamakina, ukadaulo uwu umasintha gasi mu silinda kukhala haidrojeni pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba. Ndiye palibe moto pano.

Selo la haidrojeni limapanga magetsi, amenenso amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kutentha. Ma cell amafuta ndi mtundu watsopano wa chipangizo chomwe chimalola kuti mphamvu yamakina amafuta a gaseous (nthawi zambiri hydrogen kapena hydrocarbon mafuta) atembenuzidwe bwino kwambiri kudzera mu electrochemical reaction kukhala magetsi ndi kutentha - popanda kufunikira kuwotcha gasi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakina, monga momwe zilili, mwachitsanzo, mu injini kapena ma turbines a gasi.

Zinthu zina zimatha kuyendetsedwa osati ndi haidrojeni, komanso ndi gasi wachilengedwe kapena otchedwa. reformate (kukonzanso gasi) wopezeka chifukwa cha hydrocarbon mafuta processing.

Madzi otentha accumulator

Tikudziwa kuti madzi otentha, omwe ndi kutentha, amatha kuwunjikana ndikusungidwa m'chidebe chapadera chapakhomo kwa kanthawi. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonedwa pafupi ndi osonkhanitsa dzuwa. Komabe, si onse amene angadziwe kuti pali chinthu choterocho nkhokwe zazikulu za kutenthamonga zounjikira mphamvu zazikulu (8).

8. Kutentha kwabwino kwambiri ku Netherlands

Matanki osungira akanthawi kochepa amagwira ntchito movutikira mumlengalenga. Amatetezedwa bwino ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakuwongolera zofunidwa panthawi yanthawi yayitali. Kutentha m’matangi otere kumatsika pang’ono 100°C. Ndikoyenera kuwonjezera kuti nthawi zina pa zosowa za makina otenthetsera, akasinja akale amafuta amasinthidwa kukhala ma accumulators otentha.

Mu 2015, German woyamba tray yapawiri zone. Tekinoloje iyi ndi yovomerezeka ndi Bilfinger VAM.

Njira yothetsera vutoli imachokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa wosanjikiza wosinthika pakati pa madera apamwamba ndi apansi a madzi. Kulemera kwa chigawo chapamwamba kumapangitsa kupanikizika kumunsi, kotero kuti madzi osungidwa mmenemo amatha kutentha kuposa 100 ° C. Madzi a kumtunda amazizira mofananamo.

Ubwino wa yankho ili ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pamene kusunga voliyumu yofanana poyerekeza ndi thanki ya mumlengalenga, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo ndalama zotsika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi miyezo ya chitetezo poyerekeza ndi zotengera zokakamiza.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, zosankha zokhudzana ndi pansi pansi mphamvu yosungirako. Malo osungira madzi pansi pa nthaka akhoza kukhala a konkire, zitsulo kapena pulasitiki yowonjezeredwa ndi fiber. Zotengera za konkire zimamangidwa pothira konkriti pamalowo kapena kuchokera kuzinthu zopangiratu.

Chophimba chowonjezera (polymer kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri) nthawi zambiri chimayikidwa mkati mwa hopper kuti zitsimikizire kuti kufalikira kumafalikira. Chophimba choteteza kutentha chimayikidwa kunja kwa chidebecho. Palinso nyumba zokhazikika ndi miyala kapena zokumbidwa pansi, komanso m'madzi.

Ecology ndi zachuma zimagwirizana

Kutentha m'nyumba kumadalira osati momwe timatenthetsera, koma koposa zonse momwe timatetezera ku kutentha kwa kutentha ndikuyendetsa mphamvu momwemo. Chowonadi cha zomangamanga zamakono ndikugogomezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, chifukwa chomwe zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira zimakwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri pazachuma ndi ntchito.

Izi ndi ziwiri "eco" - zachilengedwe ndi chuma. Zoyikidwa mochulukira nyumba zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu Amadziwika ndi thupi lophatikizana, momwe chiopsezo chotchedwa milatho yozizira, i.e. madera a kutaya kutentha. Izi ndizofunikira pakupeza zizindikiro zing'onozing'ono ponena za chiŵerengero cha dera la magawo akunja, omwe amaganiziridwa pamodzi ndi pansi pansi, mpaka kuchuluka kwamoto.

Malo otchinga, monga ma conservatories, amayenera kumangirizidwa ndi dongosolo lonselo. Amayang'ana kutentha koyenera, panthawi imodzimodziyo akupereka ku khoma lotsutsana ndi nyumbayo, zomwe sizimakhala zosungirako zokha, komanso radiator yachilengedwe.

M'nyengo yozizira, kubisa kwamtunduwu kumateteza nyumbayo ku mpweya wozizira kwambiri. Mkati, mfundo ya kamangidwe ka malowa imagwiritsidwa ntchito - zipinda zili kumwera, ndipo zipinda zothandizira - kumpoto.

Maziko a nyumba zonse zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi njira yoyenera yotenthetsera kutentha kwapansi. Kutulutsa mpweya wamakina ndi kubwezeretsa kutentha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, i.e. ndi obwezeretsanso, omwe, kuwomba mpweya "wogwiritsidwa ntchito", amasunga kutentha kwake kuti atenthe mpweya wabwino womwe umawombedwa mnyumbamo.

Muyezo umafika pamagetsi a dzuwa omwe amakulolani kutentha madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa. Otsatsa ndalama omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chilengedwe amaikanso mapampu otentha.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu zomwe zida zonse ziyenera kuchita ndikuwonetsetsa kutenthetsa kwambiri kutentha. Chifukwa chake, magawo akunja ofunda okha amamangidwa, zomwe zimalola kuti denga, makoma ndi denga pafupi ndi nthaka zikhale ndi choyezera choyenera chotengera kutentha kwa U.

Makoma akunja ayenera kukhala osachepera awiri, ngakhale makina atatu ndi abwino kwambiri kuti apeze zotsatira zabwino. Mandalama akupangidwanso m'mawindo apamwamba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri okhala ndi mapanelo atatu komanso mbiri yotetezedwa mokwanira ndi thermally. Mazenera akulu aliwonse ndi omwe ali mbali yakumwera kwa nyumbayo - kumbali yakumpoto, glazing imayikidwa molunjika komanso yaying'ono kwambiri.

Zipangizo zamakono zimapita patsogolo kwambiri nyumba zopanda pakekudziwika kwa zaka makumi angapo. Omwe apanga lingaliro ili ndi Wolfgang Feist ndi Bo Adamson, omwe mu 1988 ku Lund University adapereka mapangidwe oyamba a nyumba yomwe imafunikira pafupifupi palibe zowonjezera zowonjezera, kupatula chitetezo ku mphamvu ya dzuwa. Ku Poland, nyumba yoyamba yokhazikika idamangidwa mu 2006 ku Smolec pafupi ndi Wroclaw.

M'malo okhazikika, ma radiation a solar, kuchira kwa kutentha kuchokera ku mpweya wabwino (kuchira) ndi kutentha kuchokera kuzinthu zamkati monga zida zamagetsi ndi okhalamo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulinganiza kutentha kwa nyumbayo. Pokhapokha panthawi ya kutentha kwambiri, kutentha kwina kwa mpweya komwe kumaperekedwa kumalo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Nyumba yongokhala ndi lingaliro, mtundu wina wa kamangidwe kake, kusiyana ndi luso lamakono ndi luso linalake. Kutanthauzira uku kumaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana zomanga zomwe zimaphatikiza chikhumbo chochepetsera mphamvu zamagetsi - zosakwana 15 kWh/m² pachaka - komanso kutaya kutentha.

Kuti tikwaniritse magawowa ndikusunga ndalama, magawo onse akunja mnyumbayo amadziwika ndi koyefifi yotsika kwambiri yotengera kutentha kwa U. Chigoba chakunja cha nyumbayo chiyenera kukhala chosasunthika kutulutsa mpweya wosalamulirika. Mofananamo, kujowina kwazenera kumawonetsa kutayika kochepa kwambiri kwa kutentha kuposa njira zokhazikika.

Mawindo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti achepetse kutayika, monga kuwomba kawiri ndi insulating argon wosanjikiza pakati pawo kapena glazing katatu. Ukadaulo wa Passive umaphatikizanso kumanga nyumba zokhala ndi madenga oyera kapena opepuka omwe amawonetsa mphamvu yadzuwa m'chilimwe osati kuyamwa.

Kutentha kobiriwira ndi machitidwe ozizira amapita patsogolo. Makina osasunthika amapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chizitha kutentha komanso kuziziritsa popanda chitofu kapena zoziziritsa kukhosi. Komabe, palinso malingaliro nyumba zogwira ntchito - kupanga mphamvu zowonjezera. Amagwiritsa ntchito makina osiyanasiyana otenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa opangidwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu ya geothermal kapena magwero ena, otchedwa mphamvu yobiriwira.

Kupeza njira zatsopano zopangira kutentha

Asayansi akuyang'anabe njira zothetsera mphamvu zatsopano, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zomwe zingatipatse mphamvu zatsopano zatsopano, kapena njira zobwezeretsera ndikuzisunga.

Miyezi ingapo yapitayo tinalemba za lamulo lachiwiri lowoneka ngati lotsutsana la thermodynamics. kuyesa Prof. Andreas Schilling kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Zurich. Anapanga chipangizo chomwe, pogwiritsa ntchito gawo la Peltier, chinaziziritsa chidutswa cha mkuwa cha magalamu asanu ndi anayi kuchokera kutentha pamwamba pa 100 ° C mpaka kutentha pansi pa kutentha kwa chipinda popanda mphamvu yakunja.

Popeza imagwira ntchito yoziziritsa, iyeneranso kutentha, yomwe ingapangitse mwayi kwa zipangizo zatsopano, zogwira mtima kwambiri zomwe sizikusowa, mwachitsanzo, kuyika mapampu otentha.

Komanso, mapulofesa Stefan Seeleke ndi Andreas Schütze ochokera ku yunivesite ya Saarland agwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi kuti apange chipangizo chotenthetsera komanso choziziritsa chogwira ntchito bwino, chosawononga chilengedwe potengera kutulutsa kutentha kapena kuziziritsa kwa mawaya oyendetsedwa. Dongosololi silifuna zinthu zapakatikati, zomwe ndi zabwino zake zachilengedwe.

Doris Soong, wothandizira pulofesa wa zomangamanga ku yunivesite ya Southern California, akufuna kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka mphamvu zomanga zokutira thermobimetallic (9), zida zanzeru zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati khungu la munthu - mwachangu komanso mwachangu zimateteza chipindacho ku dzuwa, kupereka mpweya wokwanira kapena, ngati kuli kofunikira, kudzipatula.

9. Doris Soong ndi bimetals

Pogwiritsa ntchito luso limeneli, Soong anapanga dongosolo mawindo a thermoset. Pamene dzuŵa likuyenda mlengalenga, tile iliyonse yomwe imapanga dongosolo imayenda paokha, mofanana ndi izo, ndipo zonsezi zimakongoletsera ulamuliro wotentha m'chipindamo.

Nyumbayo imakhala ngati chamoyo chamoyo, chomwe chimachita paokha ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimachokera kunja. Ili silo lingaliro lokhalo la nyumba "yamoyo", koma zimasiyana chifukwa sizifuna mphamvu zowonjezera zosuntha. Zinthu zakuthupi za zokutira zokha ndizokwanira.

Pafupifupi zaka XNUMX zapitazo, nyumba yogonamo inamangidwa ku Lindas, Sweden, pafupi ndi Gothenburg. opanda machitidwe otentha m’lingaliro lachikale (10). Lingaliro lokhala m'nyumba zopanda masitovu ndi ma radiator ku Scandinavia ozizira zidayambitsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana.

10. Imodzi mwa nyumba zongokhala zopanda chotenthetsera ku Lindos, Sweden.

Lingaliro la nyumba linabadwa momwe, chifukwa cha njira zamakono zamakono ndi zipangizo, komanso kusinthika koyenera kwa chilengedwe, lingaliro lachikhalidwe la kutentha monga chotsatira chofunikira chogwirizanitsa ndi zomangamanga zakunja - Kutentha, mphamvu - kapena ngakhale ndi ogulitsa mafuta adathetsedwa. Ngati tiyamba kuganiza mofananamo za kutentha m’nyumba mwathu, ndiye kuti tili panjira yoyenera.

Kutentha kwambiri, kutentha...kutentha!

Kutentha exchanger glossary

Kutentha kwapakati (CO) - m'lingaliro lamakono amatanthauza kukhazikitsa komwe kutentha kumaperekedwa kuzinthu zotentha (radiator) zomwe zili m'malo. Madzi, nthunzi kapena mpweya amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawira kutentha. Pali makina a CO okhala ndi nyumba imodzi, nyumba, nyumba zingapo, komanso mizinda yonse. Poikapo nyumba imodzi, madzi amazungulira ndi mphamvu yokoka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kachulukidwe ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, ngakhale izi zikhoza kukakamizidwa ndi pampu. M'makhazikitsidwe akuluakulu, njira zoyendetsera zokakamiza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chipinda cha boiler - bizinesi yamafakitale, ntchito yayikulu yomwe ndikupanga sing'anga yotentha kwambiri (nthawi zambiri madzi) pamaneti otentha a mzinda. Machitidwe achikhalidwe (maboiler omwe amayendera mafuta oyaka) ndi osowa masiku ano. Izi ndichifukwa choti kuchuluka kwapamwamba kwambiri kumatheka ndi kuphatikiza kupanga kutentha ndi magetsi m'mafakitale opangira magetsi. Kumbali inayi, kupanga kutentha kokha pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka kukupeza kutchuka. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ya geothermal imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa izi, koma matenthedwe akulu adzuwa amamangidwa momwemo.

osonkhanitsa kutentha madzi zofunika zapakhomo.

Nyumba yokhazikika, nyumba yopulumutsa mphamvu - mulingo womanga womwe umadziwika ndi magawo ambiri otsekemera a magawo akunja ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu panthawi yogwira ntchito. Kufunika kwa mphamvu m'nyumba zongokhala ndi 15 kWh/(m²·chaka), pomwe m'nyumba zanthawi zonse kumatha kufika 120 kWh/(m²·chaka). M'nyumba zopanda pake, kuchepa kwa kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti sagwiritsa ntchito njira yotenthetsera yachikhalidwe, koma kutentha kowonjezera kwa mpweya wabwino. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kulinganiza kufunika kwa kutentha.

kuwala kwa dzuwa, kutentha kutentha kuchokera ku mpweya wabwino (kuchira), komanso kupindula kwa kutentha kuchokera kuzinthu zamkati monga zipangizo zamagetsi kapena ngakhale okhalamo okha.

Gzheinik (colloquially - radiator, kuchokera ku French calorifère) - chowotcha chamadzi kapena mpweya wa nthunzi, chomwe ndi chinthu chapakati pa kutentha kwapakati. Pakali pano, ma radiator omwe amapangidwa ndi zitsulo zowotcherera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. M'makina atsopano otenthetsera apakati, ma radiator opangidwa ndi zingwe sagwiritsidwanso ntchito, ngakhale munjira zina mawonekedwe amapangidwe amalola kuwonjezera zipsepse zambiri, motero kusintha kosavuta kwa mphamvu ya radiator. Madzi otentha kapena nthunzi imayenda kudzera mu chotenthetsera, chomwe nthawi zambiri sichichokera ku CHP. Madzi omwe amadyetsa unsembe wonse amatenthedwa mu chotenthetsera kutentha ndi madzi kuchokera pazitsulo zotentha kapena mu boiler, ndiyeno amapita kwa olandira kutentha, monga ma radiator.

Boiler yapakati - chipangizo choyatsira mafuta olimba (malasha, nkhuni, coke, etc.), mpweya (gasi wachilengedwe, LPG), mafuta amafuta (mafuta amafuta) kuti azitenthetsa zoziziritsa kukhosi (nthawi zambiri madzi) zomwe zimazungulira CH. M'mawu wamba, chowotcha chapakati chimatchedwa chitofu molakwika. Mosiyana ndi ng'anjo, yomwe imatulutsa kutentha kwa chilengedwe, chotenthetsera chimatulutsa kutentha kwa chinthu chomwe chimanyamula, ndipo thupi lotentha limapita kumalo ena, mwachitsanzo, ku heater, komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

chowotchera condensing - chipangizo chokhala ndi chipinda choyaka moto chotsekedwa. Ma boiler amtunduwu amalandira kutentha kwina kochokera ku mipweya ya chitoliro, yomwe m'maboiler achikhalidwe amatuluka kudzera mu chumney. Chifukwa cha izi, zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, kufika mpaka 109%, pamene muzojambula zachikhalidwe zimakhala mpaka 90% - i.e. amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotsika mtengo zowotcha. Zotsatira za condensing boilers zimawoneka bwino mu kutentha kwa mpweya wa flue. M'ma boilers achikhalidwe, kutentha kwa mpweya wa flue ndi woposa 100 ° C, ndipo muzitsulo zopangira mpweya ndi 45-60 ° C.