Chipangizo ndi njira yoyendetsera "dongosolo loyambira"

M'mizinda ikuluikulu, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamsewu kwakhala gawo la moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa oyendetsa galimoto. Galimoto ili mothinana, injini ikupitirizabe kuchita ulesi ndikudya mafuta. Pofuna kuchepetsa mafuta ndi mpweya, opanga magalimoto apanga njira yatsopano "yoyambira-kuyimitsa". Opanga amalankhula chimodzimodzi za zabwino za ntchitoyi. M'malo mwake, dongosololi lili ndi zovuta zambiri.

Mbiri ya dongosolo loyimitsira poyambira

Poyang'ana kukwera kwamitengo ya mafuta ndi dizilo, nkhani yosunga mafuta ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ikadali yofunikira kwa oyendetsa magalimoto ambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, kuyenda mumzinda nthawi zonse kumalumikizidwa ndikuima pamaloboti, nthawi zambiri ndikudikirira mumsewu. Ziwerengero zimati: injini yagalimoto iliyonse imagwira ntchito mpaka 30% yanthawiyo. Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta komanso kutulutsa zinthu zovulaza m'mlengalenga kumapitilizabe. Chovuta kwa opanga makina ndikuyesa kuthetsa vutoli.

Zomwe zidachitika koyamba kuti zikwaniritse ntchito zamagalimoto zamagalimoto zidayambitsidwa ndi Toyota m'ma 70s azaka zapitazo. Poyesera, wopanga adayamba kuyika makina pa mitundu yake yomwe imazimitsa mota pambuyo pa mphindi ziwiri zosagwira. Koma dongosololi silinagwirebe.

Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, nkhawa yaku France Citroen idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito chida chatsopano cha Start Stop, chomwe pang'onopang'ono chidayamba kukhazikitsidwa pamagalimoto opanga. Poyamba, magalimoto okha ndi injini ya haibridi anali ndi iwo, koma kenako adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto okhala ndi injini wamba.

Zotsatira zofunikira kwambiri zidakwaniritsidwa ndi Bosh. Makina oyambira oyimilira opangidwa ndi opanga awa ndiosavuta komanso odalirika. Lero lidayikidwa mgalimoto zawo ndi Volkswagen, BMW ndi Audi. Omwe amapanga makinawo akuti chipangizocho chitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi 8%. Komabe, ziwerengero zenizeni ndizotsika kwambiri: pakuyesa kunapezeka kuti mafuta amachepa ndi 4% pokhapokha momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku m'mizinda.

Ambiri opanga makina apanganso malo awo oyimitsira oyambira ndikupanga makina a injini. Izi zikuphatikiza machitidwe:

• ISG (Idle Stop & Go) от Kia;
• STARS (Starter Alternator Reversible System), yoyikidwa pamagalimoto a Mercedes ndi Citroen;
• SISS (Smart Idle Stop System) yopangidwa ndi Mazda.

Mfundo zoyendetsera chipangizocho

Ntchito yayikulu yoyimitsira poyambira ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, phokoso komanso kutulutsa kwa zinthu zovutitsa m'mlengalenga pomwe injini ikuyenda. Pazifukwa izi, makina oyimitsira othamangitsidwa amaperekedwa. Chizindikiro cha izi chitha kukhala:

• kuimitsa galimoto kwathunthu;
• kusalowerera ndale ya kusankha zida ndikutulutsa chomenyera chowombera (cha magalimoto omwe ali ndi kufalitsa kwamanja);
• kukanikiza kuphwanya kwa mabuleki (kwa magalimoto omwe ali ndi zotengera zodziwikiratu).

Pomwe injini imatseka, zamagetsi zonse zamagalimoto zoyendetsedwa ndi batri.

Pambuyo poyambiranso injini, galimoto imayamba mwakachetechete ndikupitiliza ulendo.

• M'magalimoto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira inayake, makinawo amayambitsa injini ikamagwedezeka.
• Injini yamagalimoto omwe ali ndi zotumiza zokha amayambiranso kugwira ntchito dalaivala atachotsa phazi.

Chipangizo cha "poyambira"

Kapangidwe ka "poyambira-kuyimitsa" kumakhala ndi njira zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi chida chomwe chimapereka kuyambiranso kwa injini zoyaka zamkati. Omalizawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri:

• sitata yolimbitsa;
• jenereta yosinthika (yoyambira-jenereta).

Mwachitsanzo, njira yoyambira poyambira ya Bosh imagwiritsa ntchito choyambira chapadera cha moyo wautali. Chipangizocho chidapangidwa kuti chikhale ndi ICE yambiri ndipo chimakhala ndi makina olimbikitsira oyendetsa, omwe amatsimikizira kuyambika kwa injini yodalirika, yachangu komanso yabata.

Ntchito za e-boma ndi izi:

• kuyimitsa kwakanthawi ndi injini;
• kuwunika pafupipafupi kulipiritsa kwa batri.

Kapangidwe kake, makinawa amakhala ndi masensa, oyang'anira ndi othandizira. Zipangizo zomwe zimatumiza zizindikiritso pazoyang'anira zimaphatikizapo masensa:

• kutembenuza magudumu;
• kusintha kwa crankshaft;
• kukanikiza brake kapena clutch pedal;
• kusalowerera ndale mubokosi lamagiya (kungoyendetsa chabe);
• batire, etc.

Makina oyang'anira injini omwe ali ndi pulogalamuyo yoyikidwa poyambira amasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chomwe chimalandira zizindikilo kuchokera kuma sensa. Udindo wamachitidwe oyang'anira amachitidwa ndi:

• jakisoni jakisoni;
• poyatsira koyilo;
• sitata.

Mutha kuloleza ndi kuletsa kuyimitsidwa koyambira pogwiritsa ntchito batani lomwe lili pagulu lazida kapena pamakonzedwe agalimoto. Komabe, ngati chindapusa cha batriya sichokwanira, makinawo amadzichotsa zokha. Batire ikangopatsidwa ndalama zokwanira, injini yoyambira ndikuyimitsa imayambiranso kugwira ntchito.

"Start-stop" ndi kuchira

Zomwe zachitika posachedwa kwambiri ndi njira yoyambira poyimilira ndi kupezanso mphamvu pakumanga braking. Ndi katundu wolemera pa injini yoyaka yamkati, jenereta imazimitsidwa kuti isunge mafuta. Pakadutsa braking, makinawo amayambiranso kugwira ntchito, chifukwa chake batire imalipidwa. Umu ndi momwe mphamvu imapezedwera.

Mbali yapadera ya machitidwewa ndikugwiritsa ntchito jenereta yosinthika, yomwe imatha kugwira ntchito poyambira.

Makina oyambitsanso oyambanso kugwira ntchito amatha kugwira ntchito ngati batire ndi 75%.

Zofooka za chitukuko

Ngakhale zabwino zoonekeratu zogwiritsa ntchito "start-stop" makinawa, makinawa ali ndi zovuta zina zofunika kuziganizira ndi omwe ali ndi magalimoto.

• Katundu wolemera pa batri. Magalimoto amakono ali ndi zida zambiri zamagetsi, zomwe betri imayenera kugwira ntchito injini ikayimitsidwa. Katundu wolemetsa wotere samapindulitsa batire ndipo amawononga mwachangu.
• Kuvulaza ma injini turbocharged. Kuzimitsa pafupipafupi kwa injini ndi chopangira magetsi sikulandirika. Ngakhale kuti magalimoto amakono okhala ndi ma turbines ali ndi ma turbocharger okhala ndi mpira, amangochepetsa chiopsezo chotenthetsera injini injini ikazimitsidwa mwadzidzidzi, koma osachotseratu. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kuti eni magalimoto otere asiye kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyambira.
• Kuvala kwambiri injini. Ngakhale galimoto ilibe chopangira mphamvu, kukhazikika kwa injini komwe kumayambira pamalo aliwonse kumatha kuchepetsedwa.

Poganizira zabwino zonse ndi zoyipa zake zogwiritsa ntchito poyambira, mwini galimoto aliyense amasankha yekha ngati kuli koyenera kupulumutsa mafuta ochepa kapena ngati kuli bwino kusamalira ntchito yodalirika komanso yolimba ya injini, ndikusiya kuti ichite.