Injini yoyaka yamkati

Kwa zaka zana, mota woyaka wamkati wagwiritsidwa ntchito njinga zamoto, magalimoto oyendetsa ndi magalimoto. Mpaka pano, imakhalabe mtundu wamagalimoto wochuluka kwambiri. Koma kwa ambiri, mfundo yogwirira ntchito komanso makina oyaka amkati sadziwika. Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa zovuta kumvetsetsa komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wamagalimoto.

Matanthauzidwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chofunikira pa injini iliyonse yoyaka moto ndikoyatsa kwazitsulo kosakanikirana mwachindunji m'chipinda chake chogwirira ntchito, osati pazofalitsa zakunja. Pakadali pano kuyaka kwamafuta, mphamvu yamafuta yomwe amalandila imayambitsa magwiridwe antchito a injini.

ReatKupanga mbiri

Asanabwere makina oyaka amkati, magalimoto oyenda okha anali ndi injini zoyaka zakunja. Mayunitsi otere amayendetsedwa ndi mpweya wampweya wopangidwa ndi kutenthetsa madzi mu thanki ina.

Kapangidwe ka injini ngati kameneka kanali kwakukulu komanso kosagwira ntchito - kupatula kulemera kwakukulu kwa kuyika, kuti athane ndi maulendo ataliatali, mayendedwe amayeneranso kukoka mafuta abwino (malasha kapena nkhuni).

Poona vuto ili, mainjiniya ndi opanga zinthu adayesa kuthana ndi funso lofunika: momwe angaphatikizire mafuta ndi thupi lamagetsi. Pochotsa zinthu monga kukatentha, thanki yamadzi, condenser, evaporator, pampu, ndi zina zambiri. zinali zotheka kuchepetsa kwambiri kulemera kwa mota.

Kupanga injini yoyaka yamkati mwanjira yodziwika kwa woyendetsa wamakono kunachitika pang'onopang'ono. Nazi zochitika zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ICE yamakono ipangidwe:

• 1791 A John Barber amapangira chopangira mafuta chomwe chimagwira ntchito potulutsa mafuta, malasha ndi nkhuni m'malo obwerera. Mpweyawo, limodzi ndi mpweya, zidaponyedwa mchipinda choyaka moto ndi kompresa. Mpweya wotentha womwe umayamba chifukwa chapanikizika udaperekedwa kwa oyendetsa ndegeyo ndikuwusintha.
• 1794 Robert Street amavomereza injini ya mafuta.
• 1799 Philippe Le Bon chifukwa cha mafuta a pyrolysis amalandira mpweya wowala kwambiri. Mu 1801 akuti akufuna kuigwiritsa ntchito ngati mafuta a injini zamafuta.
• 1807 François Isaac de Rivaz - patent yokhudza "kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zophulika ngati gwero la mphamvu mu injini." Pamaziko a chitukuko, amapanga "Odziyendetsa okha".
• 1860 Etienne Lenoir adachita upainiya poyambitsa makina oyendera magetsi oyendera magetsi ndi mpweya. Makinawo adayamba kugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu yakunja. Kupanga kumeneku kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito pamabwato, koma sikunayikidwe pamagalimoto oyendetsa okha.
• 1861 Alphonse Bo De Rocha akuwulula kufunikira kokakamira mafuta musanayatse, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale lingaliro lantchito yoyaka mkati mwa injini (kudya, kupanikizika, kuyaka ndikukula ndikumasula).
• 1877 Nikolaus Otto amapanga injini yoyaka mkati yoyaka 12 hp.
• 1879 Karl Benz amavomereza kuyendetsa magalimoto awiriwo.
• Zaka za m'ma 1880. Ogneslav Kostrovich, Wilhelm Maybach ndi Gottlieb Daimler nthawi imodzi akupanga kusintha kwa carburetor kwa injini yoyaka yamkati, ndikuwakonzekeretsa kupanga.

Kuphatikiza pa injini zopangira mafuta, Trinkler Motor idawonekera mu 1899. Kupangidwa kumeneku ndi mtundu wina wamafuta amkati oyaka (osakhala compressor mafuta othamanga kwambiri), ogwiranso ntchito pamalingaliro a Rudolf Diesel. Kwa zaka zapitazi, zida zamagetsi, mafuta ndi dizilo, zakula bwino, zomwe zawonjezera mphamvu zake.

Mitundu ya makina oyaka mkati

Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe amachitidwe oyaka moto amkati, amagawidwa malinga ndi njira zingapo:

• Mwa mtundu wa mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito - dizilo, mafuta, gasi.
• Malinga ndi kuzirala - madzi ndi mpweya.
• Kutengera dongosolo la zonenepa - mu mzere ndi V woboola pakati.
• Malinga ndi njira yokonzekera mafuta osakaniza - carburetor, gasi ndi jekeseni (zosakaniza zimapangidwa kunja kwa injini yoyaka mkati) ndi dizilo (mkatikati).
• Malinga ndi mfundo ya poyatsira mafuta osakaniza - poyatsira mokakamizidwa komanso kudziyatsa (monga mayunitsi a dizilo).

Zipangizo zimasiyananso ndi kapangidwe kake ndi luso:

• Pisitoni, momwe chipinda chogwirira ntchito chimakhala muzipilala. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti injini zoyaka zamkati zoterezi zidagawika m'magulu angapo:
  • carburetor (carburetor ali ndi udindo wopanga chisakanizo chogwira ntchito);
  • jekeseni (chisakanizocho chimaperekedwa mwachindunji kuzakudya zochulukirapo kudzera m'mabampu)
  • dizilo (poyatsira osakaniza kumachitika chifukwa cha chilengedwe cha kuthamanga mkati chipinda).
  • Rotary-piston, yodziwika ndi kutembenuka kwa mphamvu yamafuta kukhala mphamvu yama makina chifukwa cha kuzungulira kwa rotor limodzi ndi mbiri. Ntchito ya rotor, yomwe kayendedwe kake kama 8-ku mawonekedwe, imasinthiratu ntchito za ma piston, nthawi ndi crankshaft.
  • Mpweya wamafuta, momwe mota imayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yamafuta yomwe imapezeka potembenuza ozungulira ndi masamba ofanana ndi tsamba. Imayendetsa shaft turbine.

Chiphunzitsochi, pakuwona koyamba, chikuwoneka chomveka. Tsopano tiyeni tiwone zigawo zikuluzikulu za powertrain.

Chipangizo cha ICE

Mapangidwe amthupi amaphatikizira zinthu zotsatirazi:

• yamphamvu;
• tiyipukuse limagwirira;
• njira yogawa gasi;
• kachitidwe kotengera ndi poyatsira wa osakaniza kuyaka ndi kuchotsa zinthu kuyaka (utsi mpweya).

Kuti mumvetsetse komwe gawo lirilonse lili, ganizirani za kapangidwe ka mota:

Chiwerengero cha 6 chikuwonetsa komwe silinda ili. Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zamagetsi oyaka mkati. Mkati mwa silindayo muli pisitoni, yosankhidwa ndi nambala 7. Imaphatikizidwa ndi ndodo yolumikizira ndi crankshaft (mu chithunzi, chosankhidwa ndi nambala 9 ndi 12, motsatana). Kusuntha pisitoni mmwamba ndi pansi mkati mwa silinda kumayambitsa mapangidwe oyenda mozungulira a crankshaft. Kumapeto kwa wolima pali flywheel, yomwe ikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi pansi pa nambala 10. Ndikofunikira kusinthasintha yunifolomu kwa shaft. Gawo lapamwamba lamphamvu limakhala ndi mutu wandiweyani, womwe uli ndi mavavu osakanikirana ndi mpweya wotulutsa utsi. Amawonetsedwa pansi pa nambala 5.

Kutsegula kwa mavavu kumakhala kotheka chifukwa cha makamera a camshaft, osankhidwa nambala 14, kapena kani, zinthu zake zotumizira (nambala 15). Kuzungulira kwa camshaft kumaperekedwa ndi zida za crankshaft, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi nambala 13. Pamene pisitoni imayenda momasuka mu silinda, imatha kutenga malo awiri ovuta kwambiri.

Kugwira ntchito kwabwino kwa injini yoyaka kwamkati kumatha kungowonetsedwa ndikungopereka mafuta osakaniza munthawi yoyenera. Pochepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito zamagalimoto pakuzimitsa kutentha ndikupewa kuvala msanga kwa zida zoyendetsa, amapaka mafuta.

Mfundo za injini yoyaka yamkati

Makina oyaka amkati amakono amayendera mafuta omwe amayatsidwa mkati mwazitsulo ndi mphamvu zomwe zimachokera. Kusakaniza kwa mafuta ndi mpweya kumadyetsedwa kudzera mu valavu yolowera (mu injini zambiri pali ziwiri pa silinda). Pamalo omwewo, imayatsa chifukwa cha kuthetheka komwe kumachitika kuthetheka pulagi... Pakaphulika kakang'ono, mpweya womwe uli m'chipindacho umakulirakulira. Imayambitsa pisitoni yolumikizidwa ndi KShM.

Ma injini a dizilo amagwira ntchito mofananamo, njira zoyaka zokha zimayambitsidwa mosiyana pang'ono. Poyamba, mpweya wamphamvu umapanikizika, womwe umapangitsa kuti utenthe. Pisitoniyo asanafike ku TDC pakapakidwe kake, jakisoni amafalitsa mafuta. Chifukwa cha mpweya wotentha, mafuta amayatsa okha popanda kuthetheka. Komanso, ndondomekoyi ndi yofanana ndi kusintha kwa mafuta kwa injini yoyaka mkati.

KShM imasinthira mayendedwe obwezeretsa gulu la pisitoni kukhala kusinthasintha crankshaft... Makokedwe amapita ku flywheel, kenako ku makina oyendetsera kapena othamangitsira ndipo pamapeto pake pamayendedwe oyendetsa.

Njirayi pomwe pisitoni imakwera kapena kutsika amatchedwa sitiroko. Njira zonse mpaka zibwerezedwe zimatchedwa kuzungulira.

Njira imodzi imaphatikizapo kuyamwa, kupanikizika, kuyatsa pamodzi ndi kukula kwa mpweya wopangidwa, kutulutsa.

Pali mitundu iwiri yamagalimoto:

1. Pakazungulira kawiri, chopingasa chimatembenuka kamodzi kuzungulira, ndipo pisitoni imatsikira pansi ndikukwera.
2. Pazoyenda zinayi, crankshaft itembenuka kawiri kuzungulira, ndipo pisitoni ipanga mayendedwe anayi onse - idzatsika, kuwuka, kugwa, kuwuka.

PrincipleKugwira ntchito kwa injini yama stroke

Dalaivala akuyambitsa injini, sitata imayika mawilo oyenda, chikwangwani chimatembenuka, KShM imasuntha pisitoni. Mukafika ku BDC ndikuyamba kukwera, chipinda chogwirira ntchito chimadzaza kale ndi chosakanikirana.

Pamwamba pakatikati pa pisitoni, imayatsa ndikuyiyika pansi. Kupitiliranso mpweya kumachitika - mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umasunthidwa ndi gawo latsopano la chisakanizo choyaka moto. Kutsuka kumatha kukhala kosiyana kutengera kapangidwe ka mota. Chimodzi mwazosinthazi chimapereka kudzaza danga la sub-piston ndi mafuta-air osakaniza ikakwera, ndipo pisitoni ikatsika, imafinyidwa mchipinda chosungira cha silinda, ndikuchotsa zinthu zoyaka.

Mukusintha kwama mota ngati uku, palibe dongosolo la nthawi yamagetsi. Pisitoni yokha imatsegula / kutseka polowera / kubwereketsa.

Magalimoto otere amagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wamagetsi ochepa, chifukwa kusinthana kwa gasi mkati mwawo kumachitika chifukwa chobwezeretsa mpweya wamafuta ndi gawo lina la mafuta osakaniza mpweya. Popeza kusakaniza komwe kumagwirako kumachotsedwa pang'ono ndi utsi, kusinthaku kumadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi ma analogi anayi.

Chimodzi mwamaubwino amtundu woyaka wamkati wamkati ndikutsutsana pang'ono pakazungulira, koma nthawi yomweyo amatentha kwambiri.

Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya injini yama stroke

Magalimoto ambiri ndi magalimoto ena amakhala ndi injini zamaoko anayi. Makina ogwiritsa ntchito gasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuperekera chisakanizo chogwira ntchito ndikuchotsa mpweya. Imayendetsedwa kudzera pagalimoto yoyendetsa nthawi yolumikizidwa ndi crankshaft pulley ndi lamba, unyolo kapena zida zamagalimoto.

Kusinthasintha camshaft imakweza / kutsitsa mavavu olowera / otulutsira omwe ali pamwambapa. Njirayi imatsimikizira kutseguka kofananirana kwa ma valve ofanana kuti apereke zosakaniza zoyaka ndikuchotsa mpweya wotulutsa utsi.

M'magetsi amenewa, kuzungulira kumachitika motere (mwachitsanzo, injini yamafuta):

1. Pakadali pomwe injini idayambitsidwa, sitata idatembenuza chowuluka, chomwe chimayendetsa crankshaft. Valavu yolowera imatsegulidwa. Makina opendekera amatsitsa pisitoni, ndikupanga zingalowe mu silinda. Pali kuyamwa sitiroko kwa mpweya mafuta osakaniza.
2. Kusunthira kumtunda kuchokera pansi pakufa, pisitoni imakanikiza mafutawo. Ili ndiye gawo lachiwiri - kupanikizika.
3. Pisitoniyo ali pamwamba pakufa, pulagi yamoto imatulutsa kamoto kamene kamayatsa chisakanizo. Chifukwa cha kuphulika, mipweya imakula. Kupsyinjika kwakukulu mu silinda kumapangitsa pisitoni kutsika. Ili ndiye gawo lachitatu - poyatsira ndikukula (kapena kugwira ntchito sitiroko).
4. Chipilala chozungulira chomwe chimazungulira chimasunthira pisitoni m'mwamba. Pakadali pano, camshaft imatsegula valavu yotulutsa momwe piston yomwe ikukwera imatulutsira mpweya wotulutsa utsi. Ili ndiye bala lachinayi - kumasulidwa.

SystemsMachitidwe othandizira a injini yoyaka mkati

Palibe injini yamakono yoyaka mkati yomwe imatha kugwira ntchito payokha. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mafuta akuyenera kutulutsidwa kuchokera mu thanki yamafuta kupita ku injini, iyenera kuyatsa nthawi yoyenera, ndikuti injiniyo "isakomokere" ndi mpweya wa utsi, uyenera kuchotsedwa munthawi yake.

Mbali zosinthasintha zimafunikira mafuta nthawi zonse. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumachitika panthawi yoyaka, injini iyenera kuzirala. Njira izi sizimaperekedwa ndi mota womwewo, chifukwa chake injini zoyaka zamkati zimagwira ntchito limodzi ndi machitidwe othandizira.

Njira yoyatsira

Njira yothandizirayi idapangidwa kuti izitha kuyaka munthawi yake chisakanizo choyaka pamalo oyenera a pisitoni (TDC pakukakamizidwa). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zoyaka zamkati zamafuta ndipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Gwero la mphamvu. Injini ikapuma, ntchitoyi imagwiridwa ndi batri (momwe mungayambitsire galimoto ngati batire lafa, werengani nkhani yapadera). Pambuyo poyambitsa injini, gwero lamagetsi ndi jenereta.
• Chithunzithunzi loko. Chida chomwe chimatseka magetsi kuti chiziyatsa kuchokera ku magetsi.
• Chipangizo chosungira. Magalimoto ambiri amafuta amakhala ndi koyilo koyatsira. Palinso mitundu momwe mumakhala zinthu zingapo - imodzi pachimake. Iwo atembenuza voteji otsika kuchokera batire kwa voteji mkulu zofunika kulenga kuthetheka apamwamba.
• Wogulitsa-wosokoneza poyatsira. M'magalimoto a carburetor, uyu ndi wofalitsa, mwa ena ambiri, njirayi imayang'aniridwa ndi ECU. Zipangizozi zimafalitsa mphamvu zamagetsi kuma plug oyenera.

SystemDongosolo loyambira

Kuyaka kumafunikira kuphatikiza zinthu zitatu: mafuta, mpweya, komanso poyatsira. Ngati kutulutsa kwamagetsi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito - ntchito yoyatsira, ndiye kuti makina opangira mafuta amapereka mpweya ku injini kuti mafuta athe kuyatsa.

Njirayi ili ndi:

• Kudya mpweya - chitoliro cha nthambi chomwe mpweya wabwino umadutsamo. Njira yolandirira imadalira pakusintha kwa injini. M'magetsi amlengalenga, mpweya umayamwa chifukwa chopanga zingalowe zopangidwa mu silinda. Mumitundu yama turbocharged, njirayi imalimbikitsidwa ndikusinthasintha kwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri, komwe kumawonjezera mphamvu ya injini.
• Fyuluta yamlengalenga idapangidwa kuti itsukire kutuluka kwa fumbi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
• Valavu yampweya ndi valavu yomwe imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mpweya wolowa mgalimoto. Zimayendetsedwa mwina mwa kukanikiza pakhomopo kapena zamagetsi zamagetsi.
• Kudyetsa kochulukirapo ndi dongosolo la mapaipi olumikizidwa ndi chitoliro chimodzi. Mu jakisoni wa injini zoyaka zamkati, valavu yokhotakhota imayikidwa pamwamba ndi chopangira mafuta pachitsulo chilichonse. Pazosintha za carburetor, carburetor imayikidwa pazowonjezera zingapo, momwe mpweya umasakanikirana ndi mafuta.

Kuwonjezera mpweya, mafuta ayenera kuperekedwa kwa zonenepa ndi. Pachifukwa ichi, makina opanga mafuta apangidwa, okhala ndi:

• thanki yamafuta;
• mafuta - mapaipi ndi mapaipi omwe mafuta kapena dizilo amayendera kuchokera mu thankiyo kupita ku injini;
• carburetor kapena injector (ma nozzle omwe amapopera mafuta);
• mpope mafutakupopera mafuta kuchokera mu thanki kupita ku carburetor kapena chida china chosakaniza mafuta ndi mpweya;
• fyuluta yamafuta yotsuka mafuta kapena dizilo ku zinyalala.

Lero, pali zosintha zambiri zamagetsi momwe zosakaniza zogwirira ntchito zimadyetsedwa muzipilala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwa machitidwe awa pali:

• jekeseni wosakwatiwa (mfundo ya carburetor, koma ndi nozzle);
• Kugawidwa jekeseni (mphukira yapayokha imayikidwa pamiyeso iliyonse, chopangira mafuta chopangira mpweya chimapangidwa panjira yodziyimira yambiri);
• jekeseni wapadera (mphuno imapopera mankhwala osakaniza molunjika)
• jekeseni wophatikizika (kuphatikiza mfundo ya jekeseni wachindunji ndi wogawidwa)

Dongosolo 📌Lubrication

Malo onse opaka zinthu zachitsulo amayenera kufewetsedwa kuti aziziritsa ndi kuchepetsa kuvala. Pofuna kuteteza izi, makinawo ali ndi makina othira mafuta. Imatetezanso magawo azitsulo ku makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndikuchotsa ma kaboni. Dongosolo kondomu tichipeza:

• sump - dziwe lomwe lili ndi mafuta a injini;
• Pampu yamafuta yomwe imapangitsa kukakamiza, chifukwa chake mafuta amadzimadzi amalowera mbali zonse zamagalimoto;
• fyuluta yamafuta yomwe imamangirira tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timachitika chifukwa cha magalimoto;
• magalimoto ena amakhala ndi chozizirirapo mafuta kuti kuziziritsa kowonjezera kwa mafuta opangira injini.

Dongosolo la Kutulutsa

Makina otulutsa utsi wapamwamba amatsimikizira kuchotsedwa kwa mpweya wa utsi kuchokera kuzipinda zogwirira ntchito zama cylinders. Magalimoto Modern okonzeka ndi dongosolo utsi monga zinthu izi:

• kuchuluka kwa utsi komwe kumachepetsa kunjenjemera kwa mpweya wotentha;
• chitoliro cholandirira, chomwe chimatulutsa mpweya wochulukitsa (monga kuchuluka kwa utsi, umapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosagwiritsa ntchito kutentha);
• chothandizira kutsuka utsi kuchokera kuzinthu zoyipa, zomwe zimalola kuti galimotoyo izitsatira miyezo yachilengedwe;
• resonator - mphamvu yocheperako pang'ono kuposa choyimira chachikulu, chopangidwa kuti muchepetse liwiro la utsi;
• chosakanizira chachikulu, mkati mwake momwe muli magawo omwe amasintha kayendedwe ka mpweya wa utsi kuti muchepetse kuthamanga kwawo komanso phokoso.

OlKozirala dongosolo

Njira yowonjezerayi imalola kuti mota iziyenda mosatenthedwa. Amathandizira kutentha kwa injinipamene icho chatsekedwa. Kotero kuti chizindikiro ichi sichidutsa malire ovuta ngakhale galimoto itaima, dongosololi lili ndi magawo awa:

• radiator yozizirayopangidwa ndi machubu ndi mbale zomwe zimapangidwira kutentha kwachangu pakati pa mpweya wozizira komanso wozungulira;
• zimakupiza zomwe zimapereka kutuluka kwamlengalenga kwakukulu, mwachitsanzo, ngati galimoto ili pamsewu wamagalimoto ndipo radiator siziwombedwa mokwanira;
• Pampu yamadzi, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi yozizira, yomwe imachotsa kutentha pamakoma otentha a silinda;
• thermostat - valavu yomwe imatseguka injini ikayamba kutentha (isanayambike, yozizira imazungulira bwalo laling'ono, ndipo ikatsegula, madzi amayenda mu radiator).

Synchronous ntchito iliyonse yothandizira imathandizira kuyendetsa bwino kwa injini yoyaka yamkati.

Cy Zoyendetsa Injini

Kuzungulira kumatanthauza zochita zomwe zimabwerezedwa mu silinda limodzi. Magalimoto oyendetsa sitiroko anayi amakhala ndi makina omwe amachititsa kuti ziziyenda zonsezi.

Mu injini yoyaka mkati, pisitoni imasinthanso (mmwamba / pansi) pamphamvu. Ndodo yolumikizira ndi chidutswa cholumikizidwa nacho chimasinthira mphamvu imeneyi kukhala kusinthana. Panthawi imodzi - pisitoni ikafika kuchokera kutsika kwambiri mpaka pamwamba ndi kumbuyo - crankshaft imasinthira mozungulira mzere wake.

Kuti izi zitheke, mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya amayenera kulowa mu silinda, ayenera kupsinjidwa ndikuwotchera, ndipo zoyaka ziyeneranso kuchotsedwa. Zonsezi zimachitika mosintha kamodzi. Zochita izi zimatchedwa mipiringidzo. Pali zinayi mwazigawo zinayi:

1. Kudya kapena kuyamwa. Pogunda kumeneku, chophatikizira cha mpweya chimayamikiridwa mu kabowo ka silinda. Imalowa kudzera mu valavu yotseguka yotseguka. Kutengera mtundu wamafuta, mafuta amasakanikirana ndi mpweya wambiri kapena mwachindunji mu silinda, monga ma injini ya dizilo;
2. Kupanikizika. Pakadali pano, mavavu olowera ndi kutulutsa atsekedwa. Pisitoni imasunthira mmwamba chifukwa cha crankhaft ya crankshaft, ndipo imazungulira chifukwa chokwapula zikwapu zina m'miyala yoyandikana nayo. Mu injini yamafuta, VTS imakanikizidwa m'mlengalenga angapo (10-11), ndipo mu injini ya dizilo - opitilira 20 atm;
3. Ntchito sitiroko. Pakadali pomwe pisitoni imayima pamwamba kwambiri, chosakanikiracho chimayatsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito phula. Mu injini ya dizilo, njirayi ndi yosiyana pang'ono. Mmenemo, mpweya umapanikizika kwambiri kwakuti kutentha kwake kumalumphira pamtengo womwe dizilo imayatsa yokha. Pakangophulika chisakanizo cha mafuta ndi mpweya, mphamvu yotulutsidwa ilibe kopita, ndipo imasunthira pisitoni pansi;
4. Zinthu zoyaka zimamasulidwa. Pofuna kudzaza chipindacho ndi gawo latsopano lazitsulo zosakanikirana, mpweya womwe umapangidwa chifukwa cha kuyatsa uyenera kuchotsedwa. Izi zimachitika sitiroko yotsatira pamene pisitoni ikukwera. Pakadali pano valavu yotsegula imatsegulidwa. Pisitoniyo ikafika pakatikati pakufa, mkombero (kapena seti ya zikwapu) mu silinda ina imatsekedwa ndipo njirayi imabwerezedwa.

VantZabwino ndi zoyipa za ICE

Masiku ano njira yabwino kwambiri yamagalimoto yamagalimoto ndi ICE. Zina mwa zabwino za mayunitsi awa ndi izi:

• zosavuta kukonza;
• chuma pamaulendo ataliatali (zimadalira voliyumu yake);
• gwero lalikulu logwirira ntchito;
• kupezeka kwa oyendetsa galimoto azopeza ndalama zambiri.

Galimoto yoyenera sinapangidwebe, motero mayunitsiwa amakhalanso ndi zovuta zina:

• makina ovuta kwambiri ndi makina ena ofanana, kukonzanso kwawo kumakhala kotsika mtengo kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, ma mota a EcoBoost);
• Imafuna kukonza bwino mafuta, kugawa poyatsira ndi machitidwe ena, omwe amafunikira maluso ena, apo ayi injini sigwira ntchito moyenera (kapena siyiyambira konse);
• kulemera kwambiri (poyerekeza ndi magetsi amagetsi);
• kuvala kwa makina ojambulira.

Ngakhale amakonzekeretsa magalimoto ambiri ndi mitundu ina yamagalimoto (magalimoto "oyera" oyendetsedwa ndi magetsi), ma ICE azikhala ndi mpikisano kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa chakupezeka kwawo. Mitundu yamagalimoto yama hybrid ndi yamagetsi ikutchuka, komabe, chifukwa chokwera mtengo kwamagalimoto otere komanso mtengo wamagwiritsidwe awo, sanapezeke kwa woyendetsa wamba.

Mafunso wamba:

Kodi injini yoyaka mkati ndi yotani? Ichi ndi mtundu wamagulu amagetsi, pomwe chipinda choyaka moto chatsekedwa, momwe mphamvu yamafuta imapangidwira (chifukwa cha kuyatsa kwa mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya) ndikusandulika mphamvu yamagetsi.

Ndani Anayambitsa Injini Yoyaka Mkati? Chitsanzo cha injini yoyaka moto yapadziko lonse lapansi idapezeka ndi Etven Lenoir wopanga ku France mu 1860. Woyamba anayi sitiroko mkati kuyaka injini, malinga ndi chiwembu cha amene mwamtheradi mphamvu zonse mayunitsi ntchito, anatulukira Nikolaus Otto.

Kodi injini ndi yotani? ICE yosavuta kwambiri imakhala ndi cholembera chomwe chimalumikiza ndodo yolumikizira, gulu lama silinda-pisitoni, chipikacho chimakutidwa pamwamba ndi mutu wamphamvu wokhala ndi magawidwe amagetsi (camshaft ndi ma valve), kudya ndi kutulutsa utsi dongosolo, mafuta ndi poyatsira.