heavy heavy part 2
Timapitiriza kuwonetsera kosokonezedwa kwa magalimoto olemera. Tidzayamba gawo lachiwiri ndi chinthu chosirira ndi ambiri, makamaka achinyamata, chinthu chodziwika kuchokera m'mafilimu ambiri abwino kwambiri a thirakitala ya ku America, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawala kuchokera patali ndi chrome-yokutidwa ndi chrome.
galimoto yaku America
Mathirakitala abwino kwambiriс injini yamphamvu patsogolo, chrome yonyezimira padzuwa ndikuboola mlengalenga ndi mipope yowongoka - chithunzi chotere, chopangidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha pop, makamaka mafilimu a kanema, chidzaonekera pamaso pathu tikamaganizira za anthu a ku America a magalimoto. Kawirikawiri, adzakhala masomphenya enieni, ngakhale pali mitundu ina ya magalimoto ku America.
Kodi ndendende kalembedwe ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana amachokera kuti - palibe yankho losakayikira la funso ili, koma mfundo zingapo zitha kupangidwa. Anthu aku America amakonda magalimoto akuluakulukotero izi zikuwonekeranso galimoto, misewu ya ku America nthawi zambiri imakhala yayitali kwambiri ndipo madalaivala amayendetsa makilomita zikwizikwi panthawi imodzi, nthawi zambiri kudutsa m'malo opanda kanthu, ndipo injini yomwe ili kutsogolo imapereka malo ochulukirapo a kabati ya dalaivala, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi chilichonse choyenera. Msasa.
1. Tsogolo la magalimoto aku America - Peterbilt 579EV ndi Kenworth T680 okhala ndi mafuta olowera pakhomo la Pikes Peak yotchuka
Malire azamalamulo pakukula kwa magalimoto ndi ocheperako kuposa ku Europe, mwachitsanzo, magalimoto aku America amatha kukhala akulu komanso akulu. Chimodzi mwa kusiyana kwakukulu ndi liwiro lakwaniritsidwa, ku US, madalaivala amatha kuyendetsa mwachangu chifukwa alibe malire zamagetsi zamagetsi, ku Ulaya, malire nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi 82-85 km / h. Ngakhale kuti tachograph pakali pano chofunika ku Ulaya ndi US, koma kunja iwo makamaka ntchito kulamulira nthawi ntchito dalaivala, ndi ku Old Continent komanso kwa kutsatira malire a liwiro, ndi zipangizo zamakono zatsopano, zomwe zakhala zikugwira ntchito kwa zaka ziwiri, zalandira ntchito yowonjezera, chifukwa chake n'zothekanso kukonza malo a galimotoyo.
Koma magalimoto a "mphuno" sali apamwamba kuposa magalimoto a ku Ulaya mu chirichonse, otsiriza, monga lamulo, ali okonzeka bwino, ali ndi mayankho amakono, ndipo, monga momwe anthu ochepa amadziwira, mphamvu yeniyeni ya injini zawo (pafupifupi 500 KM) ndi. wamkulu kuposa mu Magalimoto a Peterbilt kapena Freightliner (pafupifupi 450 hp). Ndipo chodabwitsa kwambiri n’chakuti nthawi zambiri amachitanso chimodzimodzi. matanki akuluakulu amafuta.
2. Mkati mwa malo ogona a dalaivala mu Freightliner Cascadia
Zaka 125 zapitazo
Iyi ndi nthawi yomwe yadutsa Gottlieb Daimler anamanga galimoto imene masiku ano imatchedwa kuti galimoto yoyamba. Galimotoyi inamangidwa pa fakitale ya Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft ku Cannstat pafupi ndi Stuttgart.
Kwenikweni izo zinali ngolo yokokedwa ndi akavalo, mwa mawonekedwe a nsanja yotsika, yomwe mlengi wa ku Germany anawonjezera injini ya 1,06-lita ya 4-cylinder kumbuyo kwa nkhwangwa yakumbuyo ndi "zododometsa" zamphamvu kwambiri za XNUMX hp. Injini iyi, yotchedwa "phoenix", imatha kuyenda pa petulo, gasi wa uvuni wa coke kapena palafini. Daimler anachilumikiza ndi ekseli yakumbuyo pogwiritsa ntchito lamba.
Panthawiyo, galimoto ya Daimler inali itaphulika bwino kwambiri - chitsulo cham'mbuyo chinali chotsekedwa ndi chopingasa. elliptical zinthundi kumbuyo ndi akasupe achitsulo. Anagwiritsanso ntchito masamba a coilkuteteza kufala kwa zodzidzimutsa ku injini tcheru. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti galimotoyo idagubuduza pazitsulo zolimba zachitsulo, ndipo mkhalidwe wamisewu panthawiyo unasiya kukhudzika. Ngakhale Magalimoto atsopano a Daimler analandilidwa mwachidwi, wogula woyamba anapezeka ku England kokha, kumene anayenera kupikisana ndi mapangidwe a nthunzi omwe amalamulira msika.
3. Galimoto yoyamba ya Gotlieb Daimler mu 1896.
Daimler anapitirizabe kuwongolera galimotopopanga matembenuzidwe atsopano ndi zitsanzo. Patapita zaka ziwiri, mu 1898 galimoto adapeza mawonekedwe omwe kwa nthawi yoyamba adasiyanitsa bwino ndi magalimoto onyamula katundu ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo anali ndi zotsatira zabwino pa mphamvu yake yolemetsa - injiniyo inayikidwa kutsogolo kwa chitsulo cha kutsogolo. Daimler ndi magalimoto ake, ndipo pambuyo pake magalimoto ofanana ndi apainiya ena amagalimoto, anali oyenerera nthawi yoyenera ya mbiriyakale - kusintha kwa mafakitale kunali kukulirakulira ndipo katundu wopangidwa mochuluka akulowa mumsika womwe umayenera kugawidwa mwachangu komanso pamlingo waukulu. . . Ndipo mpaka lero palibe chomwe chasintha pankhaniyi.
Tirem zamtsogolo
Kuyambira kale tiyeni tidumphe m'tsogolo tsopano chifukwa magalimoto i msika wonyamula katundukomanso onse makampani amakono amagalimotoikulowa m'nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu. Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti, zachilengedwe komanso kubweretsa zatsopano, makamaka ndi mpweya wokwanira, pamlingo waukulu. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti chifukwa cha zenizeni za msika uwu ndi mapangidwe a magalimoto, ngakhale kulemera kwawo ndi mphamvu yapamwamba ya mphamvu, kusintha kumeneku kudzakhala kosinthika osati kusintha. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti kugwira ntchito pa ma drive atsopano sikukuchitidwanso ndikuyikidwa mwadongosolo.
4. 10,6-lita 3-silinda injini ya dizilo sikisi piston kuchokera ku Achates Power.
Akatswiri ambiri ochokera ntchito zoyendera ndipo opanga amaneneratu kuti ngakhale mkati mwa zaka zisanu zikubwerazi, ulamuliro wa magalimoto a dizilo udzakhala wosatsutsika. Pali malingaliro ena owongolera kuyendetsa uku, mwachitsanzo, kupangidwa kwaposachedwa kwa kampani yaku America Achates Power - dizilo yamasilinda atatu ndi ma pistoni asanu ndi limodzi, omwe akuyembekezeka kuwotcha mafuta ochepera 8 peresenti ndikutulutsa pafupifupi 90 peresenti. ma oxide ochepa a nayitrogeni. Injini iyi iyenera kukhala yachangu kwambiri chifukwa chophatikiza ma silinda awiri otsutsana mu pistoni. Onse pamodzi amapanga chipinda chimodzi choyaka moto ndikugwirizanitsa mphamvu ya wina ndi mzake, ndikumasulira kuti ikhale yoyenda.
Gawo lotsatira la chitukuko, ndithudi, magetsi, ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, magalimoto ambiri a padziko lapansi angakhale akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za Eurostat, 45 peresenti. Pazinthu zonse zoyendetsedwa ndi msewu ku Europe zimadutsa mtunda wochepera 300 km. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi theka la magalimoto onse ku EU akhoza kukhala ndi magetsi. Magalimoto amagetsi ayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'matauni omwe safuna maulendo ataliatali, pamene magalimoto oyendetsa bwino kwambiri a haidrojeni adzapeza ntchito pamayendedwe apakhomo ndi akunja.
5. Magalimoto amagetsi a Volvo
6. Mayendedwe amtsogolo molingana ndi Daimler: Mercedes-Benz eActros, Mercedes-Benz eActros LongHaul ndi Mercedes-Benz GenH2 Truck.
Kuti tiwonetse zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito zitsanzo za mmodzi mwa opanga magalimoto akuluakulu - Daimler ndi Volvo, omwe, kuwonjezera apo, adapanga mgwirizano posachedwapa wotchedwa. Cellcentric, cholinga chake ndi kukula kwa injini ya haidrojeni. Daimler ayamba kupanga zoyamba posachedwa serial heavy-duty galimoto yoyendetsedwa ndi batire yamagetsi yamagetsi - Mercedes-Benz eActros, yokhala ndi makilomita oposa 200, kampaniyo inalengezanso galimoto yamagetsi yamagetsi, Mercedes-Benz eActros LongHaul. Mphamvu yake yosungiramo batire imodzi ikakhala pafupifupi 500 km.
Komano Volvo Trucks tangokhazikitsa magalimoto atatu olemera amagetsi: FM, FMX ndi FH. Iwo ali ndi mphamvu ya 490 kW ndi makokedwe pazipita 2400 Nm. kufika 540 kWh, amene ayenera kupereka nkhokwe mphamvu pafupifupi 300 Km. Volvo yalengeza kuti pofika chaka cha 2030, theka la magalimoto ogulitsidwa ku Ulaya adzakhala ndi injini yamagetsi kapena ma hydrogen mafuta. Komabe, kuyambira 2040, makampani onsewa amangofuna kugulitsa magalimoto okhala ndi injini zotulutsa ziro.
7. Magalimoto a Kenworth T680 FCEV amadzaza mafuta ndi haidrojeni pa siteshoni ya Port of Los Angeles.
paubwenzi mafuta cell ndipo kupambana kumayembekezeredwa kumapeto kwa zaka khumi. Cellcentric yomwe tatchulayi ikukonzekera kuyamba kupanga mu 2025. hydrogen mafuta maselo Sikelo. Galimoto yoyamba ya Daimler kugwiritsa ntchito lusoli. Galimoto ya Mercedes-Benz GenH2Pogwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni yamadzimadzi, yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa ya gaseous haidrojeni, iyenera kufanana ndi momwe galimoto yanthawi zonse yoyendera dizilo iyenera kukhala yotalikirapo kuposa 1000 km. GenH2 Truck ndi chisonyezero chabwino cha kumene makongoletsedwe a ma trakitala apita - adzakhala atali pang'ono, osinthika komanso aerodynamic, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pamayendedwe obiriwira.
Kukula kwa kayendedwe ka zachilengedwe izi sizidzakhudza magalimoto okha, komanso misewu yomwe amayendamo. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi misewu yoyeserera yamagetsi yomwe yatsegulidwa posachedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ku Germany ndi Sweden.
magalimoto osakanizidwa ali ndi ma pantographs, ndipo maukonde olumikizana amatambasulidwa pamsewu pazithandizo. Dongosolo likangolumikizidwa ndi dongosolo, injini yoyaka mkati imazimitsidwa ndipo galimotoyo imayendera magetsi. Kuyendetsa mumachitidwe amagetsi ndikotheka kwa makilomita angapo mutasiya mzere chifukwa cha mphamvu yosungidwa mu mabatire. Komabe, tanthawuzo la kumanga misewu yotereyi limayambitsa mikangano yambiri, makamaka ponena za kusintha kwa hydrogen.
8. Scania R 450 yokhala ndi pantograph panjanji yamagetsi
Kusintha kwina kofunikira komwe kukutiyembekezera mtsogolo, m'malo mwapang'onopang'ono magalimoto achikhalidwe ndi magalimoto oyenda okha. Mwina m'tsogolo pang'ono adzakhala muyezo magalimoto opanda ma cabschifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi madalaivala ndipo sizidzafunikanso. Njira imodzi kapena imzake, makina oyamba otere adapangidwa kale, iwo Galimoto yaku Sweden Einride T-Pod. Chochititsa chidwi, sichingagulidwe, njira yokhayo ndi lendi.
Magalimoto akuluakulu odziyimira pawokha oyamba Ayesedwanso mozama kwakanthawi, mpaka pano makamaka m'malo otsekedwa pomwe njira zachitetezo ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma avomerezedwanso posachedwa kuti aziyendetsa misewu ina ku US.
Gawo lotsatira pakupanga mayendedwe odziyimira pawokha lidzakhala zoyendera za Hub-2hub, ndiye kuti, zoyendera motsatira njira zapakati pakati pa malo opangira zinthu. Poyamba, magalimoto adzayendetsedwa ndi anthu, omwe, komabe, pang'onopang'ono azingoyang'ana momwe zinthu ziliri, ndikuyika kuyendetsa galimoto kwa woyendetsa ndege, monga momwe zakhalira kale pamayendedwe apamlengalenga. Pamapeto pake, kuyenda pakati pa malowa kuyenera kukhala kodziyimira pawokha, ndipo madalaivala amoyo angafunikire kugawira zotengera kumaloko ang'onoang'ono.
10. Yesani galimoto yodziyimira payokha yaku America Peterbilt 579
11. Vera - thirakitala yodziyimira yokha Volvo yokhala ndi chidebe
Kwenikweni autonomous transport ziyenera kutero ndalama zambiri (kuchepetsa mtengo wa magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto ndi malipiro a madalaivala), Mofulumira (palibe chifukwa chopumula kwa woyendetsa, zomwe zimawonjezera nthawi yagalimoto kuchokera pa 29% mpaka 78%), osasamala zachilengedwe (kusalala kwakukulu) opindulitsa kwambiri (maulendo ochulukirapo = maoda ambiri) i otetezeka (kuchotsa chinthu chosadalirika chamunthu).
