Kutuluka kwachisokonezo
Zamkatimu
Momwe ukadaulo wamakono ukusinthira magalimoto othamangitsa
Kutsika kwa mpweya kumathandiza kuchepetsa mafuta. Pachifukwa ichi, pali mwayi waukulu wachitukuko. Pakadali pano, akatswiri azamatsenga amavomereza malingaliro a omwe adapanga.
"Makina Olowetsa Mlengalenga Kwaomwe Sangathe Kupanga Njinga Zamoto." Mawu awa adanenedwa ndi Enzo Ferrari mzaka za m'ma 60 ndikuwonetseratu malingaliro aopanga ambiri a nthawiyo pazinthu zamakono zagalimoto. Komabe, patatha zaka khumi zokha vuto lamafuta loyamba lidabwera ndipo machitidwe awo onse amasintha kwambiri. Nthawi zomwe mphamvu zonse zosagwirizana ndi kayendedwe ka galimoto, makamaka zomwe zimabwera chifukwa chodutsa mlengalenga, zimagonjetsedwa ndi mayankho ambiri, monga kuwonjezera kusunthika ndi mphamvu zamainjini, mosasamala kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amadya, amapita, ndipo mainjiniya ayamba yang'anani njira zothandiza kwambiri kuti mukwaniritse zolinga zanu.
Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wa aerodynamics umakutidwa ndi fumbi loumbidwa pang'ono, koma sizatsopano kwenikweni kwa opanga. Mbiri yaukadaulo imawonetsa kuti ngakhale mzaka makumi awiri, ubongo wopita patsogolo komanso wopanga zinthu monga waku Germany Edmund Rumpler ndi wa ku Hungary Paul Jaray (yemwe adayambitsa kupembedza kwa Tatra T77) adapanga mawonekedwe osanjikiza ndikuyika maziko oyendetsera njira yamagetsi yamagalimoto. Adatsatiridwa ndi gulu lachiwiri la akatswiri owonera zamagetsi monga Baron Reinhard von Könich-Faxenfeld ndi Wunibald Kam, omwe adapanga malingaliro awo m'ma 1930.
Zikuwonekeratu kwa aliyense kuti ndi liwiro lowonjezereka pamabwera malire, pamwamba pake kukana mpweya kumakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuyendetsa galimoto. Kupanga kwa mawonekedwe opangidwa bwino kwambiri kungathe kusuntha malirewo m'mwamba kwambiri ndipo kumawonetsedwa ndi otchedwa flow coefficient Cx, popeza mtengo wa 1,05 uli ndi cube inverted perpendicular to airflow (ngati imazunguliridwa ndi madigiri 45 motsatira mbali yake, kotero kuti m'mphepete mwake chakumtunda ndi kutsika mpaka 0,80). Komabe, coefficient iyi ndi gawo limodzi lokha la kukana mpweya - kukula kwa malo akutsogolo agalimoto (A) kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa ngati chinthu chofunikira. Yoyamba mwa ntchito ya aerodynamicists ndi kupanga malo oyera, aerodynamically kothandiza (zinthu zomwe, monga momwe tidzaonera, pali zambiri m'galimoto), zomwe pamapeto pake zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa coefficient. Kuti muyeze chomalizachi, pakufunika ngalande yamphepo, yomwe ndi malo okwera mtengo komanso ovuta kwambiri - chitsanzo cha izi ndi ngalande ya BMW ya 2009 miliyoni ya euro yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 170. Chigawo chofunika kwambiri mmenemo si zimakupiza chimphona, amene amadya magetsi kwambiri kotero kuti amafunikira osiyana thiransifoma siteshoni, koma wodzigudubuza wolondola choyimitsira amene amayesa mphamvu zonse ndi mphindi zimene ndege mpweya akugwira pa galimoto. Ntchito yake ndikuwunika momwe galimoto ikugwirizanirana ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya ndikuthandizira akatswiri kuti aphunzire tsatanetsatane ndikusintha m'njira yoti asamangopangitsa kuti ikhale yogwira mtima, komanso mogwirizana ndi zofuna za opanga. . Kwenikweni, zigawo zazikulu zomwe galimoto imakumana nazo zimachokera pamene mpweya kutsogolo kwake ukugwedezeka ndi kusuntha ndipo - chinthu chofunika kwambiri - kuchokera ku chipwirikiti champhamvu kumbuyo kwake. Kumeneko, malo otsika kwambiri amapangidwa omwe amakonda kukoka galimoto, yomwe imasakanikirana ndi mphamvu ya vortex, yomwe aerodynamicists imatchanso "chisangalalo chakufa". Pazifukwa zomveka, kumbuyo kwa zitsanzo za malo, mlingo wa kuchepetsa kupanikizika ndipamwamba, chifukwa chake kutuluka kwa coefficient kumawonongeka.
Zinthu zowononga mlengalenga
Chotsatiracho chimadalira osati pa zinthu monga mawonekedwe onse a galimoto, komanso pazigawo zenizeni ndi malo. M'machitidwe, mawonekedwe onse ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amakono ali ndi gawo la 40 peresenti ya kukana mpweya, kotala lomwe limatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe a chinthu ndi mawonekedwe monga magalasi, magetsi, mbale ya laisensi, ndi tinyanga. 10% ya kukana kwa mpweya kumachitika chifukwa chakuyenda m'mabowo kupita ku mabuleki, injini ndi gearbox. 20% ndi zotsatira za vortex mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yapansi ndi kuyimitsidwa, ndiko kuti, zonse zomwe zimachitika pansi pagalimoto. Ndipo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti mpaka 30% ya kukana kwa mpweya ndi chifukwa cha ma vortices opangidwa mozungulira mawilo ndi mapiko. Chiwonetsero chothandiza cha chodabwitsa ichi chimapereka chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha izi - mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito kuchokera ku 0,28 pa galimoto imatsika mpaka 0,18 pamene mawilo amachotsedwa ndipo mabowo a mapiko amaphimbidwa ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa mawonekedwe a galimotoyo. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti magalimoto onse otsika modabwitsa, monga Honda Insight yoyamba ndi galimoto yamagetsi ya GM EV1, amabisa zotchingira kumbuyo. Mawonekedwe onse a aerodynamic ndi kumapeto kotsekeka kutsogolo, chifukwa chakuti galimoto yamagetsi safuna mpweya wambiri wozizira, amalola opanga GM kupanga chitsanzo cha EV1 ndi coefficient ya 0,195 yokha. Tesla model 3 ili ndi Cx 0,21. Kuchepetsa vortex kuzungulira mawilo mu magalimoto ndi injini kuyaka mkati, otchedwa. "Nsalu zotchinga" mu mawonekedwe a mpweya wowonda wowongoka wowongoka amawongoleredwa kuchokera pabowo lakutsogolo, ndikuwomba kuzungulira mawilo ndikukhazikitsa ma vortices. Kuthamanga kwa injini kumachepetsedwa ndi zotsekera za aerodynamic, ndipo pansi patsekeka kwathunthu.
Kutsika kwa mphamvu zoyezedwa ndi choyimitsa, kutsika kwa Cx. Malinga ndi muyezo, amayezedwa pa liwiro la 140 Km / h - mtengo wa 0,30 Mwachitsanzo, zikutanthauza kuti 30 peresenti ya mpweya amene galimoto imadutsa imathandizira kuti liwiro lake. Ponena za malo akutsogolo, kuwerenga kwake kumafuna njira yosavuta kwambiri - chifukwa cha izi, mothandizidwa ndi laser, mawonekedwe akunja agalimoto amafotokozedwa poyang'ana kutsogolo, ndipo malo otsekedwa m'mamita lalikulu amawerengedwa. Izi pambuyo pake zimachulukitsidwa ndi chotulukapo kuti mupeze mpweya wokwanira wagalimoto mu masikweya mita.
Kubwereranso ku mbiri yakale ya kufotokozera kwathu kwa aerodynamic, tikuwona kuti kupangidwa kwa njira yoyezera mafuta ogwiritsira ntchito mafuta (NEFZ) mu 1996 kunakhala ndi gawo loyipa pakusinthika kwamagalimoto (omwe adapita patsogolo kwambiri m'ma 1980). ) chifukwa cha aerodynamic factor imakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa chifukwa cha nthawi yochepa yothamanga kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti coefficient yothamanga imachepa pakapita nthawi, kuonjezera kukula kwa magalimoto m'kalasi iliyonse kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa dera lakutsogolo ndipo motero kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya. Magalimoto monga VW Golf, Opel Astra ndi BMW 7 Series anali ndi kukana kwa mpweya wapamwamba kuposa omwe adawatsogolera m'ma 1990. Izi zimalimbikitsidwa ndi gulu lamitundu yochititsa chidwi ya ma SUV okhala ndi malo ake akulu akutsogolo komanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto. Galimoto yamtunduwu imadzudzulidwa makamaka chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kwakukulu, koma pochita izi zimatengera kufunika kocheperako ndi liwiro lowonjezereka - pamene mukuyendetsa kunja kwa mzinda pa liwiro la pafupifupi 90 km / h, gawo la kukana mpweya ndi. pafupifupi 50 peresenti, Pa liwiro la misewu yayikulu, imawonjezeka kufika pa 80 peresenti ya chiwopsezo chonse chomwe galimoto imakumana nayo.
Chubu cha Aerodynamic
Chitsanzo china cha momwe mpweya umakanikira pamagalimoto ndi mtundu wa Smart city. Galimoto yokhala ndi anthu awiri itha kukhala yokhotakhota komanso yosakhazikika m'misewu yamizinda, koma thupi lalifupi komanso lokwanira bwino siligwira bwino ntchito poyerekeza ndi kuwonera mlengalenga. Poyang'ana kumbuyo kwa kulemera kopepuka, kulimbana ndi mpweya kumakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndipo ndi Smart imayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa liwiro la 50 km / h. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti idasowa chiyembekezo chotsika mtengo ngakhale idapangidwa mopepuka.
Ngakhale zophophonya za Smart, komabe, njira ya makolo ya Mercedes pamayendedwe amlengalenga ndi chitsanzo cha njira yokhazikika, yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika pakupanga mawonekedwe abwino. Zinganenedwe kuti zotsatira za ndalama muzitsulo zamphepo ndi kugwira ntchito mwakhama m'derali zikuwonekera makamaka mu kampaniyi. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha zotsatira za njirayi ndi chakuti S-Class yamakono (Cx 0,24) imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa ya mphepo kuposa Golf VII (0,28). Popeza malo ochulukirapo amkati, mawonekedwe amtundu wophatikizika adapeza malo akulu akutsogolo, ndipo mayendedwe oyenda ndi oyipa kuposa a S-kalasi chifukwa chautali wamtali, womwe sulola kuti pakhale malo owongolera. ndipo makamaka chifukwa chakuthwa kusintha kwa kumbuyo, kulimbikitsa mapangidwe vortices. VW inali yotsimikiza kuti Golf ya m'badwo watsopano wachisanu ndi chitatu idzakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri za mpweya komanso mawonekedwe otsika komanso osavuta, koma ngakhale mapangidwe atsopano ndi kuyesa, izi zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa galimotoyo. ndi mtundu uwu. Komabe, ndi gawo la 0,275, iyi ndiye Gofu yothamanga kwambiri yomwe idapangidwapo. Mafuta otsika kwambiri ojambulidwa a 0,22 pagalimoto yokhala ndi injini yoyaka mkati ndi Mercedes CLA 180 BlueEfficiency.
Ubwino wamagalimoto amagetsi
Chitsanzo china chofunikira pakapangidwe kabwino ka mlengalenga motsutsana ndi kulemera kwake ndi mitundu yaukadaulo yamakono komanso magalimoto amagetsi ambiri. Pankhani ya Prius, mwachitsanzo, kufunikira kwa mawonekedwe othamanga kwambiri kumanenanso chifukwa chakuti liwiro likuchulukirachulukira, mphamvu ya hybrid powertrain imachepa. Pankhani yamagalimoto amagetsi, chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwama mileage pamagetsi chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri. Malinga ndi akatswiri, kuchepa kwa makilogalamu 100 kumakulitsa mayendedwe agalimoto ndimakilomita ochepa chabe, koma mbali ina, kuuluka bwino kwa mlengalenga ndikofunikira kwambiri pagalimoto yamagetsi. Choyamba, chifukwa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa magalimoto amenewa kumawathandiza kuti apezenso mphamvu zina zomwe amachira, ndipo chachiwiri, chifukwa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imalola kuti ichepetse kuchuluka kwa kulemera poyambira, ndipo magwiridwe ake amachepera kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zimafunikira mpweya wozizira pang'ono, womwe umalola kutsegula pang'ono kutsogolo kwa galimoto, komwe, monga tidawonera, ndiye komwe kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa thupi. China chomwe chimalimbikitsa opanga mapangidwe kuti apange njira zowonongera bwino kwambiri mumitundu yamtundu wosakanizidwa wamakono ndi njira yothamangitsira yamagetsi yokhayokha, kapena yotchedwa. kuyenda panyanja. Mosiyana ndi mabwato oyendetsa sitima, pomwe mawuwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mphepo imayenera kuyendetsa bwatolo, mgalimoto, ma mileage oyendera magetsi angakwere ngati galimotoyo ilibe mpweya wambiri. Kupanga mawonekedwe opendekera bwino ndi njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yochepetsera mafuta.
Kugwiritsa ntchito koefficients kwamagalimoto ena otchuka:
Mercedes Simplex
Kupanga 1904, Cx = 1,05
Rumpler dontho ngolo
Kupanga 1921, Cx = 0,28
Mtundu wa Ford T
Kupanga 1927, Cx = 0,70
Chitsanzo choyesera cha Kama
Chopangidwa mu 1938, Cx = 0,36.
Galimoto yolembera ya Mercedes
Kupanga 1938, Cx = 0,12
VW Basi
Kupanga 1950, Cx = 0,44
Volkswagen "Kamba"
Kupanga 1951, Cx = 0,40
Panhard Dina
Chopangidwa mu 1954, Cx = 0,26.
Zowonjezera
Chopangidwa mu 1957, Cx = 0,36.
MG EKITU 181
Kupanga kwa 1957, Cx = 0,15
Citroen DS 19
Kupanga 1963, Cx = 0,33
NSU Sport Prince
Kupanga 1966, Cx = 0,38
Mercedes S 111
Kupanga 1970, Cx = 0,29
Volvo 245 Malo
Kupanga 1975, Cx = 0,47
Audi 100
Kupanga 1983, Cx = 0,31
Zambiri zaife
Kupanga 1985, Cx = 0,29
Gulu la Lamborghini
Kupanga 1990, Cx = 0,40
Toyota Prius 1
Kupanga 1997, Cx = 0,29
