Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matupi agalimoto?

Zida zamagalimoto zamagalimoto ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza zabwino, mawonekedwe kapena mawonekedwe omwe aliyense ayenera kupereka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zigawo, kapangidwe kapena matupi amgalimoto omwe amaphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu.

Monga lamulo, zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana popanga thupi ndizo zolinga zokwaniritsa kuchepetsa kulemera ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ndi chitetezo cha msonkhanowu chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zopepuka, koma zida zamphamvu.

Zida zoyambira matupi amgalimoto

Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga bodywork zaka zapitazi ndi izi:

•  Zipangizo zachitsulo: zitsulo ndi zitsulo zosakaniza
• Ma aluminiyamu
• Kasakaniza wazitsulo magnesium
• Mapulasitiki ndi ma allo awo, atha kulimbikitsidwa kapena ayi
• Thermosetting resins yokhala ndi fiberglass kapena kaboni
• Galasi

Pazinthu zisanu zamagalimoto, chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kutsatiridwa ndi pulasitiki, aluminium ndi fiberglass, zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ma SUV masiku ano. Kuphatikiza apo, pazinthu zina zamagalimoto apamwamba kwambiri, zida za magnesium ndi kaboni fiber zikuyamba kuphatikizidwa.

Ponena za gawo lazinthu zilizonse, ndikuyenera kudziwa kuti chitsulo chimapezeka mgalimoto zambiri, makamaka pakati komanso otsika. Komanso m'magalimoto apakatikati, nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza zotayidwa ngati ma hood ndi zina. Mofananamo, zikafika pagalimoto zoyambira, magawo a aluminiyamu amatsogola. Pali magalimoto pamsika okhala ndi matupi opangidwa ndi zotayidwa zonse, monga Audi TT, Audi Q7 kapena Range Rover Evoque.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti mafelemu amatha kupangidwa ndi chitsulo, chokongoletsedwa ndi ma hubcaps opangidwa ndi pulasitiki kapena aluminiyamu kapena magnesium alloy.

Komano, pulasitiki ilipo kwambiri m'magalimoto amakono (mpaka 50% ya magawo, m'magalimoto ena - pulasitiki), makamaka mkati mwa galimoto. Ponena za zida zagalimoto yamagalimoto, pulasitiki imatha kupezeka kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa mabampu, zida za thupi, magalasi owoneka bwino a thupi ndi magalasi, komanso zomangira ndi zinthu zina zokongoletsera. Pali mitundu ya Renault Clio yomwe ili ndi zotchingira kutsogolo za pulasitiki kapena chitsanzo china chocheperako, monga Citroen C4. Coupe, zomwe zimamangiriridwa kukhomo lakumbuyo, zopangira.

Mapulasitiki amatsatiridwa ndi fiberglass, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa pulasitiki, ndikupanga zinthu zopangira zinthu monga mabampu akutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, polyester yolimba kapena epoxy resins imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mapangidwe. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazipangizo pokonzekera, ngakhale mumitundu ina ya Renault Space thupi limapangidwa ndi zinthu izi. Zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malo ena agalimoto, monga oyimilira kutsogolo (Citroen C8 2004), kapena kumbuyo (Citroen Xantia).

Zamakono mawonekedwe ndi gulu lazida zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matupi

Popeza zida zosiyanasiyana zamagalimoto zimatha kuonongeka ndipo zimafunikira kukonzedwa mumsonkhanowu, ndikofunikira kudziwa mawonekedwe awo kuti abweretse kukonzanso, kusonkhana ndi kulumikizana, munthawi iliyonse.

Zipangizo zachitsulo

Chitsulo, motero, ndi chitsulo chofewa, cholemera komanso chokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za dzimbiri ndi zowonongeka. Ngakhale zili choncho, zinthuzo ndizosavuta kupanga, kupanga ndi kuwotcherera, komanso ndizokwera mtengo. Chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zamagalimoto amgalimoto chimapangidwa ndi mpweya wochepa (0,1% mpaka 0,3%). Ma alloys amenewa amadziwika kuti low carbon steels. Kuphatikiza apo, silicon, manganese ndi phosphorous amawonjezeredwa kuti apititse patsogolo makinawo, mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina. Nthawi zina, zowonjezera zimakhala ndi zolinga zenizeni, kuuma kwachitsulo kumakhudzidwa ndi ma alloys omwe ali ndi zitsulo zina monga niobium, titaniyamu, kapena boron, ndipo njira zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza makhalidwe, monga kuzimitsa kapena kutentha kuti apange. zitsulo zolimba kwambiri kapena zokhala ndi machitidwe ogundana.

Kumbali inayi, kuchepetsedwa kwa chidwi cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni kapena kusintha kwa zodzikongoletsera kumatheka powonjezera gawo lochepa la aluminium, komanso kukulitsa ndi kukulitsa kapena kuyatsa.

Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi aloyi, ma steels amagawidwa ndikugawidwa motere:

• Chitsulo, chokhazikika kapena chosindikizidwa.
• Mkulu mphamvu steels.
• Chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri.
• Ultra-mkulu mphamvu steels: mkulu mphamvu ndi ductility (Fortiform), ndi boron, etc.

Kuti muwone molondola kuti chinthu chamagalimoto chimapangidwa ndi chitsulo, ndikokwanira kuyesa mayeso ndi maginito, pomwe mtundu wa aloyi ungapezeke potengera zolemba za wopanga.

Ma aluminiyamu

Aluminiyamu ndi zitsulo zofewa zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa zitsulo zambiri ndipo zimakhala zodula komanso zovuta kukonza ndi kugulitsa. Komabe, amachepetsa kulemera poyerekeza ndi zitsulo mpaka 35%. ndipo sichikhudzidwa ndi okosijeni, zomwe ma alloys achitsulo amatha kutengeka.

Aluminium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chopangira matupi amgalimoto ndipo imapangidwa ndi zitsulo monga magnesium, zinc, silicon kapena mkuwa, ndipo imakhalanso ndi zitsulo zina monga chitsulo, manganese, zirconium, chromium kapena titaniyamu kuti ikwaniritse makina awo ... Ngati ndi kotheka, scandium imawonjezedwanso kukonza machitidwe azitsulo pazitsulo.

Alloys zama aluminiyamu amagawidwa molingana ndi mndandanda womwe umakhalapo, kotero kuti ma alloys onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani agalimoto ndi gawo la mndandanda wa 5000, 6000 ndi 7000.

Njira inanso yopangira ma alloys awa ndikuthekera kowumitsa. Izi ndizotheka kwa 6000 ndi 7000 aloyi mndandanda, pamene 5000 mndandanda si.

Zida zopangira

Kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki kwakula chifukwa cha kulemera kwake, kuthekera kwakukulu komwe kumapereka, kukana kwawo makutidwe ndi mtengo wotsika. M'malo mwake, mavuto ake akulu ndikuti amanyoza magwiridwe antchito pakapita nthawi, komanso amakhala ndi zovuta ndikufalitsa, zomwe zimafunikira njira zingapo zokonzekera, kukonza ndi kuchira.

Ma polima omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani agalimoto agawidwa motere:

• Thermoplastics, mwachitsanzo, Polycarbonate (PC), Polypropylene (PP), Polyamide (PA), Polyethylene (PE), Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) kapena kuphatikiza.
• Thermosetting ngati Resins, epoxy resins (EP), magalasi opangira ma galasi (GRP) ngati PPGF30, kapena resin polyester, osakhuta (UP).
• Olimbikitsa.

Mtundu wa pulasitiki ukhoza kuzindikirika kudzera mu nambala yake yolemba, zolemba zaukadaulo kapena mayeso ena ake.

Galasi

Malinga ndi momwe amakhalira, galasi yamagalimoto imagawidwa:

• Mawindo kumbuyo
• Zenera lakutsogolo
• Mawindo apambali
• Magalasi oteteza

Ponena za mtundu wa galasi, amasiyana:

• Laminated galasi. Amakhala ndi magalasi awiri okutidwa ndi pulasitiki Polivinil Butiral (PVB), yomwe imakhalabe pakati pawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kanema kumachotsa chiopsezo chophwanyidwa ndi magalasi, kumalola kulocha kapena kuda, kumathandizira kumamatira.
• Galasi mtima. Awa ndi magalasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakapangidwe kazipangizo, kuphatikiza kupsinjika kwamphamvu. Izi zimawonjezera kwambiri malo osweka, ngakhale atadutsa malirewa, galasi limaswa zidutswa zambiri.

Kudziwika kwa mtundu wa galasi, komanso zina zambiri za izo, zili pa silkscreen / cholemba pagalasi palokha. Pomaliza, ziyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti zenera lakutsogolo ndi chitetezo chomwe chimakhudza mwachindunji masomphenya a woyendetsa, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti zizikhala bwino, kuzikonza kapena kuzisintha ngati kuli kofunikira, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsimikizika zopangira magalasi, kukonza ndi kulumikiza.

Pomaliza

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zamagalimoto kumakwaniritsa zosowa za opanga kuti azigwirizana ndi gawo lililonse lagalimoto. Mbali inayi, malamulo okhwima a zachilengedwe amafunika kuti achepetse kulemera kwa galimoto, ndichifukwa chake kuchuluka kwazitsulo zazitsulo ndi zinthu zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani agalimoto zikukula.