Pansi kumangidwa ndi megaprojects anakonza. Zinthu zazikulu ndi zodula zomwe zidzadabwitsa dziko lapansi

Panapita masiku pamene ntchito zamtengo wapatali mamiliyoni ambiri zinachita chidwi. Ngakhale mazana a mamiliyoni a anthu sakusunthanso. Masiku ano, izi zimafuna mabiliyoni ambiri, ndipo mtengo wa ntchito zazikuluzikulu umafika mabiliyoni mazanamazana. Kukwera kwamitengo ndi komwe kumayambitsa izi, koma sichifukwa chofunikira kwambiri cha ziwerengero zazikuluzi. Ntchito zazikulu ndi mapulani azaka za zana la XNUMX ndizokulirapo.

Malo achikhalidwe a megaprojects ndi masomphenya a milatho yayikulu ndi tunnel. Nyumba zingapo zochititsa chidwi zamtunduwu zamangidwa ndipo zikumangidwa padziko lonse lapansi, monga momwe Young Technician adalembera nthawi zambiri. Komabe, zongopeka sizimakhutitsidwa. Amajambula mapulojekiti osatinso "mega", koma ngakhale "giga". Limodzi mwa malingaliro otere ndi, mwachitsanzo, mlatho kudutsa Bering Strait (1), mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana kwa misewu pakati pa North America ndi Asia, kuchepera pang'ono komabe mlatho wofuna kulambalala Isthmus of Darien pakati pa North ndi South America, yomwe pakali pano sikuyenda ndi galimoto iliyonse ndipo iyenera kusunthidwa ndi nyanja, mlatho ndi ngalande pakati pa Gibraltar ndi Africa, ngalande yolumikiza Sweden ndi Finland popanda kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito boti kapena kudutsa Gulf of Bothnia, ngalande zolumikiza Japan ndi Korea, China kupita ku Taiwan, Egypt kupita ku Saudi Arabia pansi pa Nyanja Yofiira, ndi Ngalande ya Sakhalin-Hokkaido yolumikiza Japan ndi Russia. .

Awa ndi ma projekiti omwe amatha kugawidwa ngati giga. Pakali pano iwo ali makamaka zongopeka. Mamba ang'onoang'ono, i.e. zisumbu zopanga zomangidwa ku Azerbaijan, ntchito yaikulu yokonzanso zinthu ku Turkey ku Istanbul ndi kumanga mzikiti watsopano ku Mecca Masjid al-Haram ku Saudi Arabia kupitirira madola XNUMX biliyoni. Ngakhale pali zovuta zambiri pakukhazikitsa malingaliro olimba mtima awa mndandanda wa megaprojects m'malo mwake, idzatenga nthawi yayitali. Pali zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zomwe amavomerezera.

Mmodzi wa iwo ndi kukula kwa Metropolitan. Pamene anthu akuchoka kumidzi kupita ku mizinda ndi malo omwe anthu akukula, kufunikira kwa ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito kumakula. Ayenera kuthana ndi zoyendetsa ndi zolumikizirana, kasamalidwe ka madzi, kuseweredwa kwa zimbudzi, kupereka magetsi. Zosowa za anthu okhazikika m'mizinda zimaposa zosowa za anthu obalalika kumidzi. Sizokhudza zofunikira zokhazokha, komanso zokhumba, zizindikiro za mzinda waukulu. Pali chikhumbo chokulirakulira chofuna kutchuka ndi kusangalatsa dziko lonse lapansi. Megaprojects iwo amakhala magwero a kunyada kwa dziko ndi chizindikiro cha udindo kwa otukuka chuma. Kwenikweni, apa pali nthaka yachonde yamabizinesi akuluakulu.

Inde, palinso gulu la zifukwa zomveka bwino zachuma. Ntchito zazikulu zimatanthauza ntchito zambiri zatsopano. Kuthana ndi mavuto a ulova ndi kudzipatula kwa anthu ambiri ndikofunikirakupanga zothawirako. Kugulitsa kwakukulu m'machulukidwe, milatho, madamu, misewu yayikulu, ma eyapoti, zipatala, malo otalikirapo, minda yamphepo, zida zamafuta akunyanja, zosungunulira zotayira, zosungunulira za aluminiyamu, njira zolumikizirana, Masewera a Olimpiki, maulendo apamlengalenga ndi mlengalenga, ma accelerators, mizinda yatsopano, ndi ntchito zina zambiri. . kulimbikitsa chuma chonse.

Chifukwa chake, 2021 ndi chaka chopitilira ndalama zambiri zazikulu monga projekiti ya London Crossrail, kukweza kwakukulu kwa ma metro omwe alipo, projekiti yayikulu kwambiri yomanga yomwe idachitikapo ku Europe, kukulitsa kwa LNG ku Qatar, projekiti yayikulu kwambiri ya LNG dziko lokhala ndi mphamvu zokwana matani 32 miliyoni pachaka, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito zingapo zazikulu, monga kumanga mu 2021 malo akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ochotsa mchere m'madzi a m'nyanja mumzinda wa Agadir, Morocco.

Kukopa chidwi

Malinga ndi katswiri wina wapadziko lonse wa Indian-American Strategist, Paraga Khanna, tikukhala chitukuko cholumikizidwa padziko lonse lapansichifukwa ndi zomwe timamanga. "Tikukhala ndi zida zopangira zida zopangira anthu mabiliyoni atatu pomwe chiwerengero chathu chikuyandikira mabiliyoni asanu ndi anayi," adatero Hanna poyankhulana. "M'malo mwake, tikuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana madola XNUMX thililiyoni kuzinthu zofunikira kwa anthu mabiliyoni aliwonse padziko lapansi."

Zikuoneka kuti monga momwe ma projekiti onse akuluakulu omwe akukonzekera pano ndi omwe ayambika akupita patsogolo, titha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pazaka 40 zikubwerazi kuposa zaka 4 zapitazi.

Zitsanzo za masomphenya olimba mtima ndizosavuta kuzipeza. Megaprojects monga Grand Canal Nicaragua, Tokyo-Osaka Magnetic Railway ku Japan, Mayiko Kuyeserera kwa fusion reactor [ITER] ku France, nyumba yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ku Azerbaijan, khwalala la mafakitale la Delhi-Mumbai ku India, ndi mzinda wa Mfumu Abdullah ku Saudi Arabia. Funso lina - liti komanso muzochitika ziti - masomphenya awa adzakwaniritsidwa konse. Komabe, nthawi zambiri kulengeza kokha kwa megaproject kumakhala ndi zokopa zazikulu komanso zowoneka bwino pazachuma zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha chidwi chochulukirachulukira cha chidwi cha atolankhani kuzungulira mzinda, chigawo ndi boma.

Ndikuyembekeza kukopa chidwi, mwina India adayamba zaka zambiri zapitazo kumanga chiboliboli chachitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chiboliboli cha mamita 182 cha Sardar Patel, yemwe anali nduna yoyamba ya zamkati ndi Wachiwiri kwa Prime Minister wa India wodziyimira pawokha. Poyerekeza, chiboliboli cha Chief Crazy Horse ku South Dakota, chomwe chinatenga zaka makumi ambiri kuti chimangidwe, chiyenera kupitirira mamita 170. Nyumba zonsezi zimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zimatchulidwa m'mabuku ambiri. Choncho nthawi zina chiboliboli chachikulu chimakhala chokwanira, ndipo sikoyenera kuchimaliza.

Malinga Ku Benta Flivbjerg, pulofesa wa kasamalidwe ku yunivesite ya Oxford, gawo lazachuma lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi megaprojects pano ndi 8% yazinthu zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti zambiri megaprojects kuposa mtengo, ndipo ambiri a iwo amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti amange kuposa momwe adakonzera, ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pachuma chamasiku ano padziko lonse lapansi.

Flivbjerg adawonanso kuti oyang'anira polojekiti amakonda kuyerekeza zopindulitsa zomwe amayembekezeredwa, kupeputsa mtengo, ndikukokomeza zopindulitsa zamtsogolo pazachuma komanso zachuma. Komabe, ngakhale zinthu zitavuta, nthawi zambiri anthu samasamala. Sasamalira zonena za phindu losawerengeka, ndalama zowononga, kapena ndewu zandale zomwe zimafunikira kuti pakhale kuwala kobiriwira. Amangofuna kuti chinachake chatanthauzo chichitike m'dera lawo kapena dera lawo, zomwe zimakopa chidwi cha dziko.

Komabe, megalomania yopanda kanthu m'derali ikucheperachepera. Mbiri yakale megaprojectsmonga mapiramidi ku Egypt ndi Khoma Lalikulu la China akhala akupirira umboni wotsimikizira kuti anthu achita bwino, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya anthu yomwe idapangidwa. Masiku ano ndi zoposa kukula, ndalama ndi kufunika kwa polojekitiyi. Ma megaprojects akuchulukirachulukira kukhala ndi gawo lenileni lazachuma. Ngati dziko likulitsa ndalama zonse zogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga kufika pa $ 9 thililiyoni pachaka, monga momwe Parag Khanna afotokozera pamwambapa, kufunikira kwa megaprojects ku chuma kudzakwera kuchokera pa 8% yomwe ilipo. Padziko lonse lapansi GDP mpaka pafupifupi 24%, poganizira zotsatira zake zonse. Choncho, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro abwino kungathe kuwerengera pafupifupi kotala la chuma cha dziko.

N'zotheka kuwonjezera zina, kuwonjezera pa ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe sizili zachuma kuchokera ku kukhazikitsidwa kwa megaprojects. Ichi ndi gawo lonse la zolimbikitsa zamakono zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zatsopano, kulingalira, ndi zina zotero. Kwa akatswiri opanga mapulojekiti amtunduwu, pali malo odzitamandira, mwachidwi akukankhira malire a luso lamakono ndi chidziwitso. Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti zambiri mwa zoyesayesa zazikuluzi zimatsogolera ku chilengedwe cha zinthu zokongola, cholowa chosatha cha chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Zongopeka kuchokera pansi panyanja kupita kumtunda wakuya

Kuphatikiza pa milatho ikuluikulu, tunnel, nyumba zazitali, nyumba zomangira zomwe zikukulirakulira mpaka mizinda yatsopano yonse, mawailesi amafalitsa masiku ano. mapangidwe amtsogolozomwe zilibe kufalikira komwe kumadziwika. Iwo zachokera yeniyeni luso mfundo monga ntchito zambiri zomanga njanji mumayendedwe a Hyperloop vacuumIzi nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa potengera zonyamula anthu. Amalimbikitsa malingaliro atsopano monga maukonde apadziko lonse lapansi otumizira ndi kugawa makalata, maphukusi ndi maphukusi. Makina a positi a pneumatic anali odziwika kale m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Nanga bwanji ngati, munthawi ya chitukuko cha e-commerce, kupanga zoyendera zapadziko lonse lapansi?

2. Masomphenya a elevator ya mumlengalenga

Zili Ndemanga Pazandale. Mtsogoleri waku China Xi Jinping adalengeza ntchitoyi pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo. Njira ya Silk, yomwe iyenera kufotokozeranso njira zamalonda za China ndi mayiko a Eurasia, kumene pafupifupi theka la anthu padziko lapansi amakhala. Msewu wakale wa silika unamangidwa nthawi ya Aroma pakati pa China ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo. Pulojekiti yatsopanoyi imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwama projekiti akulu kwambiri omwe amawononga ndalama zokwana $900 biliyoni. Komabe, palibe pulojekiti imodzi yokha yomwe ingatchulidwe kuti New Silk Road. Ndizovuta kwambiri ndalama zomwe zimatsogolera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, amaonedwa ngati ndondomeko ya ndale kusiyana ndi ntchito yodziwika bwino ya zomangamanga.

Pali zokhumba zina ndi mayendedwe, osati ma projekiti enieni masomphenya kwambiri zam'tsogolo zam'mlengalenga. Malo megaprojects amakhalabe m'gawo la zokambirana, osati kukhazikitsa. Izi zikuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, malo ochitirako mlengalenga, migodi pa ma asteroids, makina opangira magetsi a orbital, zonyamula ma orbital (2), maulendo apakatikati, ndi zina zambiri. Ndizovuta kunena za ntchitozi ngati chinthu chotheka. M'malo mwake, mkati mwa maphunziro osiyanasiyana asayansi, pali zotsatira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masomphenyawa akwaniritsidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mavumbulutsidwe aposachedwa okhudza kusamutsidwa bwino kwa mphamvu kuchokera kumayendedwe ozungulira dzuwa kupita ku Earth.

3. Lingaliro la nyumba yoyandama yodziyimira yokha yoyandama kuchokera ku Zaha Hadid Architects.

M'munda wokongola, koma mpaka pano zowonera masomphenya a madzi osiyanasiyana (3) ndi pansi pa madzi, zisumbu zoyandama - malo ochezera alendo, minda yoyandama ya zomera zapadziko lapansi ndi zamoyo zam'madzi zam'madzi, i.e. kulima zomera zam'madzi zam'madzi ndi zinyama, kuyenda panyanja kapena pansi pamadzi malo okhalamo, mizinda komanso mayiko onse.

M'munda wa futurism, palinso megaclimate ndi nyengomwachitsanzo, kuwongolera zochitika zanyengo zowopsa monga mvula yamkuntho ndi mikuntho, matalala ndi mikuntho yamchenga, ndi kusamalira zivomezi. M'malo mwake, tikupanga ntchito zazikulu "zoyang'anira" kukula kwa zipululu, monga tawonetsera pa "Great Green Wall" ku sub-Saharan Africa (4). Ntchito imeneyi yakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri. Ndi zotsatira zotani?

4. Great Green Wall Project ku Africa

Mayiko khumi ndi limodzi omwe akuwopsezedwa ndi kukula kwa Sahara - Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Mauritania ndi Senegal agwirizana kubzala mitengo kuti asiye kutayika kwa malo olima.

Mu 2007, African Union idapereka lingaliro loti pakhale chotchinga pafupifupi makilomita zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri kudutsa kontinenti. Ntchitoyi imayenera kupanga anthu opitilira 350. ntchito ndikupulumutsa mahekitala 18 miliyoni a malo. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwachedwa. Pofika chaka cha 2020, mayiko a Sahel anali atamaliza 4 peresenti yokha. polojekiti. Izi ndizabwino kwambiri ku Ethiopia, komwe mbande zokwana 5,5 biliyoni zabzalidwa. Zomera ndi mbande 16,6 miliyoni zokha zidabzalidwa ku Burkina Faso, pomwe 1,1 miliyoni zokha zidabzalidwa ku Chad. Choipitsitsacho n’chakuti, pafupifupi mitengo 80 pa XNUMX iliyonse ya mitengo yobzalidwa iyenera kuti inafa.

Kuphatikiza pa mfundo yakuti mayiko omwe akukhudzidwa ndi polojekitiyi ndi osauka ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nkhondo zankhondo, chitsanzochi chikuwonetsa momwe malingaliro olakwika okhudza nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi ntchito zokonza chilengedwe. Sikelo imodzi ndi lingaliro losavuta silokwanira, chifukwa chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zovuta kuyendetsa machitidwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, poyang'anizana ndi ntchito zazikulu zachilengedwe zomwe zapangidwa mwachidwi, ziyenera kuletsedwa.

Skyscraper Brake Race

Nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa kuti megaprojects zamakono kwambiri, yomangidwa kale kapena yokonzedweratu ndipo ikumangidwa, ili ku Asia, Middle East kapena Far East. Pali chowonadi mu izi, koma masomphenya olimba mtima akubadwa kwina. Chitsanzo - lingaliro kumanga chilumba cha kristalo, nyumba yayikulu yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a nsanja yayitali komanso yotambasuka yokhala ndi malo okwana 2 m² ku Moscow (500). Ndi kutalika kwa 000 m, idzakhala imodzi mwa nyumba zazitali kwambiri padziko lapansi. Sikuti ndi skyscraper chabe. Ntchitoyi imatengedwa ngati mzinda wodziyimira pawokha mkati mwa mzindawu, wokhala ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, malo owonetsera zisudzo ndi ma cinema. Zimaganiziridwa kuti uwu ndi mtima wamoyo, wa kristalo wa Moscow.

5. Masomphenya a Crystal Island ku Moscow

Pakhoza kukhala pulojekiti yaku Russia. Mwina ayi. Chitsanzo cha Saudi Arabia, chomwe ndi nyumba yaitali kwambiri padziko lonse yoposa kilomita imodzi yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti Kingdom Tower, ikusonyeza kuti ikhoza kukhala yosiyana, ngakhale ntchito yomanga itayamba kale. Pakadali pano, ndalama zachiarabu m'malo otalikirapo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zayimitsidwa. Malinga ndi polojekitiyi, skyscraper idayenera kupitilira 1 km ndikukhala ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito 243 m². Cholinga chachikulu cha nyumbayi chinali kukhala hotelo ya Four Seasons. Malo a maofesi ndi makondomu apamwamba adakonzedwanso. Nsanjayo inkayeneranso kukhala ndi malo apamwamba kwambiri oonera zakuthambo.

Ili ndi udindo ngati imodzi mwazochititsa chidwi kwambiri, komabe ikugwira ntchito yomanga. Falcon City of Wonders Ku Dubai. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti bizinesi ndi zosangalatsa za 12 m² ziwonetsa zodabwitsa zina zisanu ndi ziwiri zapadziko lapansi, kuphatikiza Eiffel Tower, Taj Mahal, mapiramidi, nsanja yotsamira ya pisa, Minda Yolendewera ya ku Babulo, Great Wall of China (6). Kuphatikiza apo, padzakhala malo ogulitsira, malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, malo ochitira mabanja, malo ochitira masewera, malo ophunzirira, ndi nyumba zopitilira 5 zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, malo ndi kukula kwake.

6. Kuchuluka kwa zodabwitsa zapadziko lonse lapansi mu polojekiti ya Falcon City of Wonders ku Dubai

Panopa ikumangidwa Burj KhalifaNgakhale kuti akulengeza mokweza, kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwatsika pang'ono. Zomangamanga zomwe zidatumizidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa, ngakhale ku China, komwe tsopano ndi nyumba yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndizotsika pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa anatumizidwa Shanghai Tower, umene ndi wautali kwambiri skyscraper osati Shanghai, komanso China lonse, ndi kutalika kwa mamita 632 ndi okwana m'dera 380 m². Mu likulu lakale la nyumba zapamwamba, New York, zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, 000 World Trade Center (yomwe kale inali Freedom Tower) inamangidwa pamtunda wa mamita 1 pamalo a World Trade Center omwe anawonongedwa mu 541. Ndipo palibe chapamwamba chomwe sichinamangidwebe ku USA.

Gigantomania kuchokera kumalekezero a dziko kupita ku ena

Iwo amalamulira mndandanda wa megaprojects malinga ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa iwo. ntchito za zomangamanga. Ntchito yomangayi ndi yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse imene ikuchitika panopa. Al Maktoum International Airport ku Dubai (7). Ikamalizidwa, bwalo la ndege lizitha kulandira nthawi imodzi ndege zokulirapo 200. Mtengo wa gawo lachiwiri la kukulitsa bwalo la ndege lokha ndi woposa $32 biliyoni. Ntchito yomanga idayenera kumalizidwa mu 2018, komabe gawo lomaliza la kukulitsako lachedwa ndipo palibe tsiku lenileni lomaliza.

7. Kuwoneka kwa chimphona chachikulu cha Al Maktoum Airport ku Dubai.

Yomangidwa ku Saudi Arabia yoyandikana nayo. Jabeil II Industrial project inakhazikitsidwa mu 2014. Akamaliza, ntchitoyi iphatikiza malo ochotsa mchere okwana ma cubic metres 800, malo opangira mafakitale opitilira 100, komanso malo oyenga mafuta omwe amatha kupanga osachepera 350 cubic metres. migolo patsiku, komanso mailosi a njanji, misewu ndi misewu yayikulu. Ntchito yonse ikuyembekezeka kumalizidwa mu 2024.

Zimachitika kudera lomwelo la dziko lapansi Zosangalatsa ndi zosangalatsa zovuta Dubailand. Ntchitoyi ya $ 64 biliyoni ili pamalo a 278 km2 ndipo idzakhala ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi: malo osungiramo masewera, malo ochitira masewera, zokopa alendo, zipatala, zokopa zasayansi ndi mahotela. Malowa aphatikizanso hotelo yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yokhala ndi zipinda 6,5 komanso malo ogulitsira omwe ali pafupifupi masikweya mita miliyoni. Kumalizidwa kwa polojekitiyi kukukonzekera 2025.

China ikuwonjezera pamndandanda wawo wautali wamapulojekiti omanga ndi zomangamanga zomwe zikuchitika ku South-North Water Transfer Project (8), China. 50% ya anthu amakhala kumpoto kwa China. mwa anthu a m’dzikoli, koma anthu 20 pa 48 alionse amathandizidwa. Madzi aku China. Pofuna kupeza madzi kumene akufunikira, dziko la China likumanga ngalande zikuluzikulu zitatu, zotalika pafupifupi makilomita 44,8, kuti madzi azibweretsa kumpoto kwa mitsinje ikuluikulu ya dzikolo. Ntchitoyi ikuyembekezeka kutha mkati mwa zaka XNUMX ndipo idzapereka madzi okwana ma cubic metres XNUMX biliyoni chaka chilichonse.

8. Ntchito ya China North-South

Ikumangidwanso ku China. ndege yaikulu. Akamaliza, Beijing International Airport ikuyembekezeka kupitilira Dubai Al Maktoum International Airport, yomwe ikuyenera kumangidwanso malinga ndi ndalama zomanga, malo apansi, manambala okwera ndi ndege. Gawo loyamba la ntchitoyi linamalizidwa mu 2008, ndipo kukulitsa kwina kukukonzekera kumalizidwa pofika 2025.

Zikuwoneka kuti mayiko ena aku Asia akuchitira nsanje kukula kochititsa chidwi kwa Arabian Peninsula ndi China ndipo akuyambanso ntchito zazikulu. Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor ilidi mu ligi iyi, yomwe ili ndi zigawo zopitilira makumi awiri, mizinda isanu ndi itatu yanzeru, ma eyapoti awiri, mapulojekiti asanu amagetsi, njira ziwiri zoyendera mwachangu komanso malo awiri oti amangidwe. Gawo loyamba la polojekitiyi, njira yonyamula katundu yolumikiza mizinda iwiri ikuluikulu ku India, yachedwa ndipo mwina siyikhala yokonzeka mpaka 2030, ndipo gawo lomaliza liyenera kumalizidwa mu 2040.

Wamng'onoyo adatenganso nawo gawo mumpikisano wamagulu akulu akulu. Sri Lanka. Colombo idzamangidwa pafupi ndi likulu la boma. Nyanja, malo atsopano azachuma omwe amapikisana ndi Hong Kong ndi Dubai. Ntchito yomangayi, yothandizidwa ndi osunga ndalama aku China ndipo ikuyenera kumalizidwa kale kuposa 2041, ikhoza kuwononga ndalama zokwana $ 15 biliyoni.

Kumbali ina, Japan, yomwe kwanthaŵi yaitali yakhala yotchuka chifukwa cha njanji zake zothamanga kwambiri, ikumanga njira yatsopano. Chuo Shinkansen Magnetic Railroadzomwe zidzakuthandizani kuyenda mofulumira kwambiri. Sitimayi ikuyembekezeka kuyenda liŵiro la makilomita 505 pa ola ndipo imatenga anthu apaulendo kuchokera ku Tokyo kupita ku Nagoya, kapena kuti makilomita 286, m’mphindi 40. Akukonzekera kumaliza ntchitoyi pofika 2027. Pafupifupi 86 peresenti ya Mzere Watsopano wa Tokyo-Nagoya udzayenda mobisa, zomwe zidzafunika kumanga ngalande zazitali zambiri zatsopano.

Dziko la US, lomwe, ndi njira zake zamisewu yayikulu, mosakayikira lili pamwamba pa mndandanda wa ma megaprojects okwera mtengo kwambiri, silinadziwike posachedwapa chifukwa cha ntchito zazikuluzikuluzi. Komabe, sitinganene kuti palibe chimene chikuchitika kumeneko. Ntchito yomanga njanji yothamanga kwambiri ku California, yomwe idayamba mu 2015 ndipo ikuyembekezeka kumalizidwa ndi 2033, iyenera kulumikiza mizinda isanu ndi itatu mwa mizinda ikuluikulu khumi yaku California, mu ligi.

Ntchito yomangayi idzachitika m'magawo awiri: gawo loyamba lidzagwirizanitsa Los Angeles ndi San Francisco, ndipo gawo lachiwiri lidzakulitsa njanji ku San Diego ndi Sacramento. Sitimayi idzakhala yamagetsi, zomwe sizofanana ku US, ndipo zidzayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zowonjezera. Kuthamanga kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi njanji za ku Ulaya zothamanga kwambiri, i.e. mpaka 300 Km / h. Kuyerekeza kwaposachedwa ndi kuti maukonde atsopano a njanji zothamanga kwambiri ku California awononga $80,3 biliyoni. Nthawi yoyenda kuchokera ku Los Angeles kupita ku San Francisco ichepetsedwa kukhala maola awiri ndi mphindi 40.

Idzamangidwanso ku UK. Megaproject Koleiova. Ntchito ya HS2 yavomerezedwa ndi boma. Idzawononga $ 125 biliyoni. Gawo loyamba, lomwe liyenera kumalizidwa mu 2028-2031, lidzagwirizanitsa London ndi Birmingham ndipo lidzafunika kumanga pafupifupi 200 km ya mizere yatsopano, masiteshoni atsopano ambiri ndi kukonzanso zamakono zamakono.

Ku Africa, Libya yakhala ikugwira ntchito ya Great Man Made River (GMR) kuyambira 1985. M'malo mwake, inali ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yothirira padziko lonse lapansi, yothirira mahekitala opitilira 140 a nthaka yolimidwa ndikuwonjezera kwambiri kupezeka kwa madzi akumwa m'matawuni ambiri aku Libya. GMR imalandira madzi ake kuchokera ku Nubian Sandstone pansi pa aquifer. Ntchitoyi idayenera kumalizidwa mu 2030, koma popeza kumenyana ndi mikangano zakhala zikuchitika ku Libya kuyambira 2011, tsogolo la ntchitoyi silikudziwika bwino.

Mu Afirika, enanso akulinganizidwa kapena akumangidwa ntchito zazikulu zamadzizomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa mikangano, osati zachilengedwe zokha. Ntchito yomanga Damu la Great Renaissance pamtsinje wa Nile ku Ethiopia idayamba mu 2011 ndipo masiku ano imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Africa. Chomera chopangira magetsi chamadzi ichi chikuyembekezeka kupanga pafupifupi magigawati a 2022 amagetsi ntchito ikamalizidwa mu 6,45. Damuli linawononga ndalama zokwana madola 5 biliyoni kuti limangidwe. Mavuto a pulojekitiyi samangokhala ndi malipiro osakwanira kwa anthu omwe athawa kwawo, komanso chipwirikiti pamtsinje wa Nile, ku Egypt ndi Sudan, mayiko omwe akukhudzidwa kuti damu la Ethiopia likuwopseza kusokoneza kayendetsedwe ka madzi.

Zina zotsutsana projekiti yayikulu yamagetsi yamadzi ku Africa, Damu la Inga 3 ku Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ngati atamangidwa, ndiye kuti ndiye dziwe lalikulu kwambiri ku Africa. Komabe, akutsutsidwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe a zachilengedwe ndi oimira anthu ammudzi, omwe amayenera kusamutsidwa kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi.

Kusungidwa kwa mizinda yakale - kumanga mizinda yatsopano

Ntchito zochititsa chidwi m'madera ambiri zikuchitika m'madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zitsanzo zamaumisiri odabwitsa komanso kukonzekera molimba mtima komwe kumapangitsa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi. Zitsanzo nyumba zoteteza Venice ku kusefukira kwa madzi. Pofuna kuthana ndi chiwopsezochi, ntchito idayamba mu 2003 pa MOSE, njira yayikulu yotchinga ya $ 6,1 biliyoni. Ntchito yayikulu, yomwe imayenera kukhazikitsidwa mu 2011, sidzatha mpaka 2022.

Kumbali ina ya dziko lapansi, Jakarta, likulu la dziko la Indonesia, ali ndi mavuto akumira m’nyanja pang’onopang’ono, mofanana ndi mzinda wa Venice. Monga Venice, mzindawu umalimbana ndi vuto lomwe liripoli pomanga mipanda ikuluikulu. Vutoli, lalitali makilomita 35, limatchedwa Garuda wamkulu (9) ikuyembekezeka kumalizidwa ndi 2025 pamtengo wa $ 40 biliyoni. Komabe, akatswiri sagwirizana ngati polojekiti yayikuluyi ikhala yolimba mokwanira kuti ipulumutse likulu la Indonesia kumadzi a m'nyanja…

9. Ntchito ya Garuda ku Jakarta

Garuda wamkulu chinachake ngati likulu latsopano la Indonesia akuyenera. Egypt ikufunanso kumanga likulu latsopano. Makilomita makumi anayi kum'mawa kwa Cairo yayikulu komanso yodzaza anthu, mzinda watsopano woyera udzamangidwa pofika 2022 pamtengo wa $ 45 biliyoni. Idzakonzedwa bwino komanso mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, idzakhala yochititsa chidwi ndi nyumba zazitali kwambiri, nyumba zapa Parisian, malo obiriwira owoneka bwino kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwa New York's Central Park, ndi paki yamutu kuwirikiza kanayi kukula kwa Disneyland. Kumbali ina ya Nyanja Yofiira, Saudi Arabia ikufuna kumanga mzinda watsopano wanzeru woyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka pofika chaka cha 2025 mu polojekiti yotchedwa Neom (10).

10. Kukonzekera mzinda waukulu NEOM pa Nyanja Yofiira

Thermonuclear fusion ndi telescope kwambiri

Kuchokera pafupi.Mabingu a satellite mbale zokulirapo, ku maziko a polar m'mphepete mwa Dziko Lapansi ndi kuyika kwapamwamba kwambiri komwe kumatithandiza kulowa mumlengalenga - izi ndi zomwe mapulojekiti a mega-science amawoneka. Nawa mwachidule mapulojekiti asayansi omwe akuyenera kutchedwa megaprojects.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi ntchito yaku California National choyatsira, yomwe ili ndi laser yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutenthetsa ndi kufinya mafuta a haidrojeni, kuyambitsa kusintha kwa nyukiliya. Akatswiri ndi makontrakitala anamanga malo pamwamba pa mabwalo atatu mpira, pofukula 160 55 kiyubiki mamita lapansi ndi backfilling pa 2700 kiyubiki mamita. kiyubiki mita konkire. Pazaka khumi zakugwira ntchito pamalowa, zoyeserera zopitilira XNUMX zachitika, chifukwa chomwe tayandikira. kaphatikizidwe wopatsa mphamvu.

Malo okwana $1,1 biliyoni omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita oposa atatu pamwamba pa nyanja m'chipululu cha Atacama ku Chile akumangidwa. Telesikopu yayikulu kwambiri, ELT(11) imakhala telescope yayikulu kwambirimonga idamangidwa kale.

Chipangizochi chidzatulutsa zithunzi zomveka kakhumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi kuposa izi. The Extremely Large Telescope, yoyendetsedwa ndi European Southern Observatory, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kale chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zakuthambo padziko lonse lapansi pa Very Large Telescope (VLT), iphunzira za ma exoplanets. Kapangidwe kameneka kadzakhala kokulirapo kuposa bwalo la Roman Colosseum ndipo chidzapambana zida zonse zakuthambo zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi. galasi lake lalikulu, wopangidwa ndi magalasi ang'onoang'ono 798, adzakhala ndi m'mimba mwake zosaneneka 39 mamita. Ntchito yomanga inayamba mu 2017 ndipo ikuyembekezeka kutenga zaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Kuwala koyamba kukukonzekera 2025.

11 Telescope Yachikulu Kwambiri

Ikumangidwanso ku France. ITERkapena International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Iyi ndi projekiti yayikulu yomwe ikuphatikiza mayiko 35. Mtengo wa ntchito imeneyi ndi pafupifupi $20 biliyoni. Izi ziyenera kukhala zopambana popanga magwero amphamvu a thermonuclear.

European Split Source (ESS), yomangidwa mu 2014 ku Lund, Sweden, idzakhala malo ofufuzira apamwamba kwambiri pantchitoyi. neutroni m'dziko lapansi ikakonzeka pofika 2025. Ntchito yake yayerekezedwa ndi maikulosikopu omwe amagwira ntchito pamlingo wa subatomic. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wochitidwa ku ESS ziyenera kupezeka kwa onse omwe ali ndi chidwi - malowa adzakhala gawo la polojekiti ya European Open Science Cloud.

Ndizovuta kuti musatchule za polojekiti yomwe idzalowe m'malo pano Hadron Collider wamkulu ku Geneva, yotchedwa Future Circular Collider, ndi Chinese accelerator design Circular Electron Positron Collider ndi kuwirikiza katatu kukula kwa LHC. Yoyamba iyenera kumalizidwa ndi 2036, ndipo yachiwiri ndi 2030. Komabe, ma megaprojects asayansi awa, mosiyana ndi omwe tafotokozera pamwambapa (ndipo akumangidwa kale), akuimira chiyembekezo chosadziwika bwino.

Megaprojects akhoza kusinthidwa kosatha, chifukwa mndandanda wa maloto, mapulani, ntchito zomanga ndi zinthu zomwe zamangidwa kale, zomwe, ndithudi, zimakhala ndi ntchito zothandiza, koma koposa zonse zimakondweretsa, zimakula nthawi zonse. Ndipo zidzapitirira chifukwa zokhumba za mayiko, mizinda, amalonda ndi ndale sizimachepa.

Ntchito zotsika mtengo kwambiri za mega padziko lapansi nthawi zonse, zomwe zilipo komanso zomwe sizinapangidwe

(Dziwani: Mitengo ili pamitengo yapano ya US$)

• Channel Tunnel, UK ndi France. Adakhazikitsidwa mu 1994. Mtengo: $ 12,1 biliyoni.

• Kansai International Airport, Japan. Adakhazikitsidwa mu 1994. Mtengo: $ 24 biliyoni.

• Big Dig, pulojekiti yamsewu yomwe ili pansi pa mzinda wa Boston, USA. Adakhazikitsidwa mu 2007. Mtengo: $ 24,3 biliyoni.

• Toei Oedo Line, mzere waukulu wa Tokyo Subway yokhala ndi masiteshoni 38, Japan. Adakhazikitsidwa mu 2000. Mtengo: $ 27,8 biliyoni.

• Hinckley Point C, NPP, UK. Pakukula. Mtengo: mpaka $ 29,4 biliyoni.

• Hong Kong International Airport, China. Inayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1998. Mtengo: $ 32 biliyoni.

• Njira yamapaipi a Trans-Alaska, USA. Adakhazikitsidwa mu 1977. Mtengo: $ 34,4 biliyoni.

• Kukula kwa Dubai World Central Airport, United Arab Emirates. Pakukula. Mtengo: $ 36 biliyoni

• Great Man-Made River Irrigation Project, Libya. Kumangidwabe. Mtengo: kuposa $ 36 biliyoni.

• International Business District Smart City Songdo, South Korea. Pakukula. Mtengo: $ 39 biliyoni

• Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed ​​​​Railway, China. Adalandiridwa mu 2011 Mtengo: $ 40 biliyoni

• Damu la Three Gorges, China. Adalandiridwa mu 2012 Mtengo: $ 42,2 biliyoni

• Damu la Itaipu, Brazil/Paraguay. Adakhazikitsidwa mu 1984. Mtengo: $ 49,1 biliyoni.

• Ntchito zoyendera za ku Germany zophatikiza njanji, misewu ndi maukonde amadzi pansi pa dzina lodziwika bwino la Unity, Germany. Kumangidwabe. Mtengo: $ 50 biliyoni.

• Malo amafuta a Kashagan, Kazakhstan. Idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2013. Mtengo: $ 50 biliyoni.

• AVE high-speed njanji network, Spain. Kukulabe. Mtengo pofika 2015: $ 51,6 biliyoni

• Seattle City Rail Expansion Project, Sound Transit 3, USA. Pokonzekera. Mtengo: $ 53,8 biliyoni

• Dubailand theme park and entertainment complex, United Arab Emirates. Pokonzekera. Mtengo: $ 64,3 biliyoni.

• Mlatho wa Honshu-Shikoku, Japan. Adakhazikitsidwa mu 1999. Mtengo: $ 75 biliyoni.

• California High-Speed ​​​​Rail Network Project, USA. Pokonzekera. Mtengo: $ 77 biliyoni.

• Kumwera kupita ku North Water Transfer Project, China. Zili mkati. Mtengo: $ 79 biliyoni.

• Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project, India. Pokonzekera. Mtengo: $ 100 biliyoni.

• Mfumu Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia. Pakukula. Mtengo: $ 100 biliyoni

• Mzinda pazilumba zopanga Forest City, Malaysia. Pokonzekera. Mtengo: $ 100 biliyoni

• Msikiti Waukulu wa Mecca, Masjid al-Haram, Saudi Arabia. Zili mkati. Mtengo: $ 100 biliyoni.

• London-Leeds High Speed ​​​​Rail, High Speed ​​​​2, UK. Pokonzekera. Mtengo: $ 128 biliyoni.

• International Space Station, polojekiti yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mtengo: $ 165 biliyoni

• Ntchito ya mzinda wa Neom pa Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Pokonzekera. Mtengo: 230-500 biliyoni madola.

• Persian Gulf Railway, mayiko a Gulf. Pakukula. Mtengo: $ 250 biliyoni.

• Interstate Highway System, USA. Kukulabe. Mtengo: $ 549 biliyoni