Skoda

Zamkatimu Mbiri ya SkodaLogoOwners and managementModels1. Malingaliro Skoda2. HistoricModern Models Mafunso ndi Mayankho: Skoda ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, ikupanga magalimoto onyamula anthu komanso ma crossover apakati. Likulu la kampaniyo lili ku Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic. Mpaka 1991, kampani anali conglomerate mafakitale, amene anakhazikitsidwa mu 1925, ndipo mpaka nthawi imeneyo anali fakitale yaing'ono Laurin & Klement. Lero ndi gawo la VAG (zambiri za gululi zikufotokozedwa mu ndemanga yosiyana). Mbiri ya Skoda Kukhazikitsidwa kwa automaker wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi kuli ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zambiri. Zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi zinatha. Wogulitsa mabuku wa ku Czech Vláclav Klement amagula njinga yamtengo wapatali yakunja, koma posakhalitsa panali mavuto ndi mankhwala, omwe wopanga anakana kukonza. Pofuna "kulanga" wopanga wosakhulupirika, Vlaclav, pamodzi ndi dzina lake, Laurin (anali makina odziwika bwino m'derali, ndi kasitomala kawirikawiri wa bukhu la Clement), adakonza zopangira pang'ono za njinga zawo. Zogulitsa zawo zinali ndi mapangidwe osiyana pang'ono komanso zinali zodalirika kuposa zomwe zimagulitsidwa ndi mpikisano wawo. Kuphatikiza apo, othandizana nawo adapereka chitsimikizo chokwanira pazogulitsa zawo ndikukonzanso kwaulere ngati kuli kofunikira. Fakitaleyi idatchedwa Laurin & Klement ndipo idakhazikitsidwa mu 1895. Njinga za Slavia zinatuluka m'sitolo ya msonkhano. M’zaka ziwiri zokha, kupanga kwakula kwambiri moti kampani yaing’ono yatha kale kugula malo ndi kumanga fakitale yakeyake. Izi ndizo zochitika zazikuluzikulu za wopanga, yemwe adalowa msika wadziko lonse wamagalimoto. 1899 - Kampaniyo imakulitsa kupanga, ndikuyamba kupanga njinga zamoto zake, koma ndi mapulani opanga magalimoto. 1905 - Galimoto yoyamba yaku Czech idawonekera, koma idapangidwabe pansi pa mtundu wa L&K. Chitsanzo choyamba chinatchedwa Voiturette. Pamaziko ake, mitundu ina ya magalimoto idapangidwa, kuphatikiza magalimoto ngakhale mabasi. Galimotoyi inali ndi injini zooneka ngati V za silinda ziwiri. Injini iliyonse inali itazizidwa ndi madzi. Chitsanzocho chinayikidwa pampikisano wamagalimoto ku Austria, komwe adapambana kalasi yamagalimoto amsewu. 1906 - Voiturette imapeza injini yamphamvu 4, ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri galimotoyo itha kukhala ndi 8-cylinder ICE. 1907 - Pofuna kukopa ndalama zowonjezera, adaganiza zosintha udindo wa kampaniyo kuchoka ku kampani yachinsinsi kupita ku kampani yogwirizanitsa. Kupanga kudakula chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa magalimoto opangidwa. Anasangalala kwambiri ndi mpikisano wamagalimoto. Magalimotowo adawonetsa zotsatira zabwino, chifukwa chomwe mtunduwo udatha kuchita nawo mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zopambana zomwe zidawoneka panthawiyo ndi F. Chodabwitsa cha galimoto chinali chakuti injiniyo inali ndi malita 2,4, ndipo mphamvu yake inafika 21 ndiyamphamvu. Dongosolo loyatsira lokhala ndi makandulo omwe amagwira ntchito kuchokera kumagetsi okwera kwambiri ankaonedwa kuti ndi lapadera panthawiyo. Kutengera chitsanzo ichi, zosintha zingapo zidapangidwanso, mwachitsanzo, omnibus, kapena basi yaying'ono. 1908 Kupanga njinga zamoto kutha. M'chaka chomwecho, makina otsiriza a silinda awiri anatulutsidwa. zitsanzo zina zonse analandira 4 yamphamvu injini. 1911 - Kuyamba kwa Model S, yomwe idalandira injini ya akavalo 14. 1912 - kampaniyo ikutenga wopanga kuchokera ku Reichenberg (tsopano Liberec) - RAF. Kuphatikiza pa kupanga magalimoto okwera, kampaniyo imagwira ntchito yopanga injini wamba, injini za ndege, injini zoyaka mkati ndi plunger komanso zopanda mavavu, zida zapadera (zodzigudubuza) ndi makina aulimi (mapulawo ndi ma motors). 1914 - monga ambiri opanga njira zamakina, kampani yaku Czech idasinthidwanso kuti ikwaniritse zosowa zankhondo mdzikolo. Austria-Hungary itagwa, kampaniyo inayamba kukumana ndi mavuto azachuma. Chifukwa cha izi ndikuti makasitomala omwe kale anali okhazikika adapita kunja, zomwe zidapangitsa kugulitsa zinthu zovuta. 1924 - chomeracho chinawonongeka kwambiri ndi moto waukulu kwambiri, womwe pafupifupi zida zonse zidawonongeka. Pasanathe ngakhale miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene kampaniyo ikuchira ku tsokalo, koma izi sizinapulumutse ku kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kupanga. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kuwonjezeka mpikisano kwa opanga zoweta - Tatra ndi Praga. Mtunduwu umayenera kupanga mitundu yatsopano yamagalimoto. Kampaniyo sinathe kupirira ntchito yotereyi yokha, kotero kuti chisankho chofunikira chimapangidwa chaka chamawa. 1925 - K&L SA idakhala gawo la Czech nkhawa SA Škoda Automobile Works ku Pilsen (tsopano Škoda Holding). Kuyambira chaka chino, galimotoyo imayamba kupanga magalimoto pansi pa mtundu wa Skoda. Tsopano likulu lili ku Prague, ndipo chomera chachikulu chili ku Pilsen. 1930 - Fakitole ya Boleslav yasinthidwa kukhala ASAP (kampani yogulitsa masheya yamagalimoto). 1930 - Mzere waposachedwa kwambiri wamagalimoto ukuwoneka, womwe umalandira chimango chamsana. Kukula kumeneku kunalipira kusowa kwa torsional kulimba kwamitundu yonse yam'mbuyomu. Mbali ina ya magalimoto amenewa anali kuyimitsidwa palokha. 1933 - Kupanga 420 Standart kumayamba. Chifukwa chakuti galimoto inasanduka 350 kg. chopepuka kuposa chomwe chinkatsogolera, chochepa kwambiri komanso chomasuka kuyendetsa, chapeza kutchuka kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, chitsanzocho chinatchedwa Popular. 1934 - Superb yatsopano imayambitsidwa. 1935 - Kupanga kwa Rapid range kuyambika. 1936 - mzere wina wapadera wa Favorit unapangidwa. Chifukwa cha zosintha zinayizi, kampaniyo ikupita patsogolo pakati pa opanga magalimoto ku Czechoslovakia. 1939-1945 kampaniyo idasinthiratu kukwaniritsa malamulo ankhondo a Third Reich. Pofika kumapeto kwa nkhondoyo, pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya mphamvu yopangira mtunduwo inali itawonongeka panthawi ya mabomba. 1945-1960 - Czechoslovakia anakhala dziko socialist, ndi Skoda wapeza udindo kutsogolera kupanga magalimoto. M'nthawi ya nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo anaonekera angapo zitsanzo bwino, monga Felicia, Tudor (1200), Octavia ndi Spartak. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 kunali kuchepa kwakukulu kumbuyo kwa zochitika zapadziko lonse, komabe, chifukwa cha mtengo wa bajeti, magalimoto akupitirizabe kufunidwa osati ku Ulaya kokha. Palinso ma SUV abwino aku New Zealand - Trekka, ndi Pakistan - Skopak. 1987 - kupanga mtundu wosinthidwa wa Favorit kumayamba, womwe umapangitsa kuti mtunduwo ugwe. Kusintha kwa ndale ndi ndalama zambiri pakupanga zinthu zatsopano zinakakamiza otsogolera chizindikiro kuti ayang'ane abwenzi akunja kuti akope ndalama zambiri. 1990 - nkhawa ya VAG idasankhidwa kukhala mnzake wodalirika wakunja. Mpaka kumapeto kwa 1995, kampani ya makolo imapeza 70% ya magawo amtunduwo. Mu 2000, kampaniyo imadutsa pansi pa ulamuliro wa nkhawa, pamene magawo ena onse awomboledwa. 1996 - Octavia ilandila zosintha zingapo, zofunika kwambiri zomwe ndi nsanja yopangidwa ndi Volkswagen. Chifukwa cha zosintha zingapo kuti apititse patsogolo luso lazogulitsa, makina opanga ku Czech akupeza mbiri yotsika mtengo, koma yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. Izi zimathandiza kuti mtunduwo uchite zoyeserera zosangalatsa. 1997-2001, imodzi mwazoyeserera, Felicia Fun, idapangidwa, yomwe idapangidwa mthupi la galimoto yonyamula ndipo idakhala ndi utoto wowala. 2016 - dziko la oyendetsa galimoto lidawona crossover yoyamba kuchokera ku Skoda - Kodiaq. 2017 - kampaniyo imabweretsa cholozera chotsatira cha Karoq. Boma la mtundu walengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zamabizinesi, zomwe cholinga chake chinali kukhazikitsa mitundu itatu yatsopano pofika 2022. Izi ziphatikiza ma hybrids 10 ndi magalimoto amagetsi odzaza. 2017 - pa chiwonetsero cha magalimoto ku Shanghai, mtunduwo umapereka chithunzithunzi choyamba chagalimoto yamagetsi kumbuyo kwa gulu la SUV - Vision. Mtunduwu umachokera pa nsanja ya VAG MEB. 2018 - mtundu wamagalimoto amtundu wa Scala umawonekera pazowonetsa zamagalimoto. 2019 - kampaniyo idayambitsa Kamiq subcompact crossover. M'chaka chomwechi, galimoto yamagetsi yamagetsi yamtundu wa Citigo-e iV yokonzekera kupanga-yokonzeka. Mafakitale ena a automaker amasinthidwa pang'ono kuti apange mabatire malinga ndi ukadaulo wa VAG. Logo M'mbiri yonse, kampani anasintha chizindikiro pansi pa katundu wake kangapo: 1895-1905 - chitsanzo choyamba cha njinga ndi njinga zamoto anavala chizindikiro Slavia, amene anapangidwa mu mawonekedwe a gudumu njinga ndi masamba linden mkati. 1905-25 - logo ya mtunduwo yasinthidwa kukhala L & K, yomwe idayikidwa mozungulira masamba omwewo a linden. 1926-33 - dzina la mtunduwu linasinthidwa kukhala Skoda, lomwe linawonetsedwa nthawi yomweyo mu logo ya kampani. Panthawiyi dzina la chizindikirocho linayikidwa mu oval ndi malire ofanana ndi Baibulo lapitalo. 1926-90 - mofanana, pazitsanzo zina za kampaniyo, mawonekedwe odabwitsa amawoneka, ofanana ndi muvi wowuluka ndi mapiko a mbalame. Mpaka pano, palibe amene akudziwa motsimikiza chomwe chinali chitukuko cha zojambula zoterezi, koma tsopano zikudziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi buku lina, poyenda ku America, Emil Skoda nthawi zonse ankatsagana ndi Mmwenye, yemwe mbiri yake kwa zaka zambiri inali pazithunzi za maofesi a kampaniyo. Muvi wowuluka kumbuyo kwa silhouette iyi imawonedwa ngati chizindikiro chakukula kwachangu ndikukhazikitsa matekinoloje aluso pazogulitsa zamtunduwo. 1999-2011 - mawonekedwe oyambira a logo amakhalabe omwewo, mtundu wakumbuyo kokha umasintha ndipo chithunzicho chimakhala chowoneka bwino. Mithunzi yobiriwira ikuwonetsa kuyanjana kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu. 2011 - chizindikiro cha mtunduwu chimasinthanso pang'ono. Kumbuyo tsopano kuli koyera, kupangitsa mawonekedwe a muvi wowuluka kukhala wowoneka bwino, pomwe utoto wobiriwira ukupitilizabe kuwonetsa kayendetsedwe ka chitukuko cha mayendedwe abwino. Eni ndi kasamalidwe Poyambirira, mtundu wa K&L unali wopangidwa mwachinsinsi. Nthawi imene kampani anali ndi eni awiri (Klement ndi Laurin) ndi 1895-1907. Mu 1907, kampaniyo inalandira udindo wa kampani yogwirizanitsa katundu. Monga JSC, mtunduwo unalipo mpaka 1925. Kenaka panali kuphatikizika ndi kampani ya Czech joint-stock yamakampani opanga magalimoto, omwe anali ndi dzina la Skoda. Nkhawa iyi imakhala mwiniwake wabizinesi yaying'ono. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90 za m'ma XX, kampaniyo imayamba kuyenda bwino pansi pa utsogoleri wa Volkswagen Group. Wokondedwayo pang'onopang'ono amakhala mwini wa chizindikirocho. Skoda VAG imalandira ufulu wonse ku matekinoloje ndi mphamvu zopanga za automaker mu 2000. Zitsanzo Pano pali mndandanda wamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe idagubuduza pamzere wamtundu wa automaker. 1. M'mbuyomu Skoda 1949 - 973 Beta; 1958 - 1100 Mtundu wa 968; 1964 - F3; 1967-72 - 720; 1968 - 1100 GT; 1971 - 110 SS Ferat; 1987 - 783 Favorite Coupe; 1998 - Felicia Golden Prague; 2002 - Masamba; 2002 - Fabia Paris Edition; 2002 - Tudor; 2003 - The Roomster; 2006 - Yeti II; 2006 - Joyster; 2007 - Fabia Super; 2011 - Masomphenya D; 2011 - Mission L; 2013 - Masomphenya C; 2017 - Masomphenya E; 2018 - Vision X. 2. Mbiri Kupanga magalimoto ndi kampani akhoza kugawidwa mu nthawi zingapo: 1905-1911. Mitundu yoyamba ya K&L imawonekera; 1911-1923 K&L ikupitilizabe kutulutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera magalimoto ofunikira omwe adapangidwa; 1923-1932 Mtundu umadutsa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Skoda JSC, zitsanzo zoyamba zimawonekera. Zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zinali 422 ndi 860; 1932-1943 Zosintha 650, 633, 637 zimawonekera. Chitsanzo Chotchuka chinali chopambana kwambiri. Mtunduwu umayambitsa kupanga Rapid, Favorit, Superb; 1943-1952 The Superb (OHV kusinthidwa), Tudor 1101 ndi VOS akutuluka pamzere wa msonkhano; 1952-1964 Kupanga kwa Felicia, Octavia, 1200 ndi kusinthidwa kwa mndandanda wa 400 (40,45,50) kumayamba; 1964-1977 Mndandanda wa 1200 umapangidwa m'matupi osiyanasiyana. Mtundu wa Octavia umalandira gulu la station wagon (Combi). Chitsanzo cha 1000 MB chikuwoneka; 1980-1990 Pazaka 10 izi, mtunduwo watulutsa mitundu iwiri yokha 110 R ndi 100 pazosintha zosiyanasiyana; 1990-2010 Magalimoto ambiri othamanga amalandila zosintha za "m'badwo woyamba, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu" kutengera zomwe zidachitika pa VAG. Ena mwa iwo ndi Octavia, Felicia, Fabia, Superb. Ma Yeti compact crossovers ndi Roomster minivans akuwonekera. Zitsanzo zamakono Mndandanda wa zitsanzo zatsopano zamakono zikuphatikizapo: 2011 - Citigo; 2012 - Mofulumira; 2014 - Fabia III; 2015 - Wopambana III; 2016 – Kodiaq; 2017 - Karoq; 2018 - Scala; 2019 - Octavia IV; 2019 - Kamiq. Pomaliza, tikupereka mwachidule mitengo kumayambiriro kwa 2020: Mafunso ndi Mayankho: Ndi dziko liti lomwe limapanga magalimoto a Skoda? Mafakitole amphamvu kwambiri a kampaniyo ali ku Czech Republic. Nthambi zake zili ku Russia, Ukraine, India, Kazakhstan, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Poland. Mwini wa Skoda ndi ndani? Oyambitsa Vaclav Laurin ndi Vaclav Klement. Mu 1991 kampaniyo inakhazikitsidwa.