Makina akuluakulu 4-silinda padziko lapansi

Tsegulani nyumba yagalimoto ndipo pali 90% mwayi woti ungagundane ndi injini yamphamvu inayi. Kapangidwe kake ndi kosavuta komanso kotchipa kupanga, kokwanira, ndipo imapereka zinthu zokwanira magalimoto ambiri.

Komabe, chonde dziwani: ambiri mwa injinizi ali ndi voliyumu yogwira ntchito ya 1,5-2 malita, i.e. voliyumu ya silinda iliyonse si upambana malita 0,5. Nthawi zambiri injini ya ma silinda anayi imakhala ndi malo okulirapo. Ndipo ngakhale pamenepo, ziwerengero ndizokwera pang'ono: 2,3-2,5 malita. Chitsanzo chitsanzo ndi Ford-Mazda Duratec banja, amene ali wamkulu 2,5-lita injini (opezeka Ford Mondeo ndi Mazda CX-7). Kapena, tinene, 2,4-lita, yomwe ili ndi Kia Sportage kapena Hyundai Santa Fe crossovers.

Chifukwa chiyani opanga sawonjezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito? Pali zopinga zingapo. Choyamba, chifukwa cha kugwedezeka: mu injini ya 4-cylinder, mphamvu zopanda malire za mzere wachiwiri sizili bwino, ndipo kuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu kumawonjezera kwambiri kugwedezeka (ndipo izi zimabweretsa kuchepa osati mu chitonthozo komanso kudalirika) . Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yotheka, koma si yophweka - nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi makina osakanikirana a shaft.

Palinso mavuto aakulu a mapangidwe - kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa pisitoni kumatetezedwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa katundu wa inertial, ndipo ngati kukula kwa silinda kumawonjezeka kwambiri, kuyaka kwabwino kwamafuta kumalepheretsa ndipo chiopsezo cha kuphulika chikuwonjezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zovuta ndi kukhazikitsa komweko - mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kutalika kwa chivundikiro chakutsogolo.

Komabe pali mndandanda wautali wazosiyana m'mbiri yamakampani opanga magalimoto. Ma injini dizilo mwadala sanaphatikizidwe mu kusankha Njinga - makamaka magalimoto olemera, amene voliyumu ndi malita 8,5. Ma motors oterowo ndi odekha, kotero kuwonjezeka kwa katundu wonyezimira sikuli kowopsa kwa iwo - pamapeto pake amalumikizidwa ndi liwiro la kudalira kwa quadratic. Komanso, kuyaka kwa injini za dizilo kumasiyana kotheratu.

Mofananamo, zoyesera zosiyanasiyana za kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 sizinaphatikizidwe, monga injini ya petroli ya Daimler-Benz 21,5-lita inayi. Ndiye kulengedwa kwa injini kudakali koyambirira, ndipo mainjiniya sadziwa zambiri zomwe zimachitika mkati mwake. Pachifukwa ichi, malo omwe ali pansipa amangokhala ndi zimphona zokhala ndi ma silinda anayi omwe anabadwa zaka 60 zapitazi.

Toyota 3RZ-FE - 2693 cc

Injiniyo idapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 makamaka kwa HiAce van, Prado SUVs ndi ma Hilux. Zomwe zimafunikira pamakina awa ndizomveka: pakuyendetsa msewu kapena ponyamula katundu, mukufunika torque yabwino pa rpm yotsika komanso kutambasuka kwambiri (ngakhale pakuwononga mphamvu yayikulu). Mtengo wotsika mtengo, womwe ndi wofunikira makamaka pagalimoto zamalonda.

Injini ya 2,7-lita ndi yakale kwambiri mu mzere wa mafuta "anayi" a mndandanda wa RZ. Kuyambira pachiyambi, adapangidwa ndi chiyembekezo chowonjezera voliyumu, kotero kuti chipika chokhazikika chachitsulo chinasonkhanitsidwa mozama kwambiri: mtunda wa pakati pa ma silinda unali wokwana mamilimita 102,5. Kuonjezera voliyumu malita 2,7, yamphamvu awiri ndi pisitoni sitiroko ndi 95 millimeters. Mosiyana ndi ma injini ang'onoang'ono a RZ, iyi ili ndi ma shafts kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka.

Kwa nthawi yake, injini ili ndi kapangidwe kamakono kwambiri, koma popanda zosowa: chitsulo chachitsulo chimaphimbidwa ndi mutu wa 16-valve, chimakhala ndi nthawi, yopanda ma hydraulic lifters. Mphamvu ndi 152 ndiyamphamvu, koma makokedwe apamwamba a 240 Nm amapezeka pa 4000 rpm.

Mu 2004, injini yosinthidwa yokhala ndi index ya 2TR-FE idatulutsidwa, yomwe idalandira mutu watsopano wa silinda wokhala ndi ma hydraulic compensators ndi chosinthira chagawo panjira (ndipo kuyambira 2015 - potuluka). mphamvu zake wakhala mophiphiritsa kuchuluka kwa 163 ndiyamphamvu, koma makokedwe pazipita 245 NM tsopano likupezeka pa 3800 rpm.

GM L3B - 2727 cc

Izi ndi zomwe kutsitsa kumawoneka ngati ku America: Mosiyana ndi injini za 8-silinda zachilengedwe, General Motors ikupanga injini yayikulu yayikulu yamphamvu yopitilira 2,7 malita.

Kuyambira pachiyambi, injiniyo idapangidwa kuti ikhale yojambula zazikulu. Kwa makokedwe ochulukirapo pama revs otsika, amapangidwa ndi sitiroko yayitali kwambiri: bore ndi 92,25 millimeters ndi piston stroke ndi 102 millimeters.

Nthawi yomweyo, injini idapangidwa molingana ndi mitundu yamakono kwambiri: jekeseni wamafuta owongoka (okhala ndi ma jekeseni ofananira nawo), kusintha kwa gawo, makina oyimitsira silinda pakatundu pang'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito, pampu yamagetsi yamafuta oziziritsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chipilala chamutu ndi mutu ndizopangidwa ndi aloyi ya aluminiyamu, ndipo zochuluka za utsi zimaphatikizidwa pamutu, BorgWarner turbocharger ili ndi njira ziwiri komanso yosakanikirana ndi geometry.

Mphamvu ya Turbo injini ukufika 314 ndiyamphamvu, ndi makokedwe ndi 473 NM pa 1500 rpm. Imayikidwa pamitundu yoyambira yagalimoto yayikulu ya Chevrolet Silverado (m'bale wa Chevrolet Tahoe SUV), koma kuyambira chaka chamawa idzakhazikitsidwa pansi pa hood ... m'malo mwake, pamtundu wake "wolemekezeka" wa CT4-V. Kwa iye, mphamvu zidzawonjezedwa kwa 4 ndiyamphamvu, ndi makokedwe pazipita - mpaka 325 NM.

GM LLV

Chakumapeto kwa zaka zana, General Motors adakhazikitsa banja lonse la ma injini ogwirizana a Atlas opangira ma crossovers apakatikati, ma SUV ndi ma pickups. Onsewa ali ndi mitu yamavalavu amakono anayi, sitiroko ya pistoni yomweyi (102 millimeter), ma diameter awiri (93 kapena 95,5 millimeters) ndi ma cylinders angapo (anayi, asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi).

Ma silinda anayi ali ndi zizindikiro LK5 ndi LLV, voliyumu yawo yogwira ntchito ndi 2,8 ndi 2,9 malita, ndipo mphamvu yawo ndi 175 ndi 185 ndiyamphamvu. Monga injini yamoto, iwo ali "wamphamvu" khalidwe - makokedwe pazipita (251 ndi 258 NM) anafika pa 2800 rpm. Amatha kuzungulira mpaka 6300 rpm. Ma injini a 4-cylinder omwe akufunsidwa adayikidwa mum'badwo woyamba wa Chevrolet Colorado ndi GMC Canyon wapakatikati ndipo adasiyidwa ndi mitundu iwiri (m'badwo woyamba womwe ukufunsidwa) mu 2012.

Porsche M44/41, M44/43 ndi M44/60 - 2990cc cm

Mitengo yambiri yamtunduwu ndi mayunitsi osavuta opangira magalimoto, ma vani, kapena ma SUV. Koma iyi ndi nkhani ina: injini iyi idapangidwira galimoto yamasewera ya Porsche 944.

Chombo chotsika mtengo chokhala ndi injini yakutsogolo ya Porsche 924 kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 nthawi zambiri chimatsutsidwa chifukwa cha injini yake yamagetsi yamagetsi yama 2-litres XNUMX. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, atasinthiratu galimoto yamasewera, opanga ma Porsche akuyipanga ndi injini ina. Zoona, kuchepa kwakukulu ndikukula kwa chipinda chama injini, chomwe kuyambira pachiyambi chidapangidwira kukhazikitsa "zinayi".

Porsche 944, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 1983, ili ndi theka loyenera la aluminiyamu V8 kuchokera pachiwonetsero chachikulu cha Porsche 928. Injini ya 2,5 lita yomwe ili ndi sitiroko yayifupi komanso yoboola mamilimita 100: ndi masilinda 4 izi zimapereka magwiridwe antchito osagwirizana. , chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito makina ovomerezeka a Mitsubishi okhala ndi ma shafts owongolera. Koma injini imakhala yokhoza kusintha kwambiri - galimoto imayamba mu gear yachiwiri popanda mavuto.

Ndiye kusamutsidwa kwa injini chinawonjezeka choyamba kwa malita 2,7, chifukwa mu yamphamvu awiri kuchuluka kwa mamilimita 104. Ndiye pisitoni sitiroko chinawonjezeka kwa 87,8 millimeters, chifukwa buku la malita 3 - mmodzi wa "anayi" yaikulu mu mbiri ya makampani magalimoto! Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu yonse ya mumlengalenga ndi turbocharged.

Mabaibulo angapo a injini atatu-lita anamasulidwa: Porsche 944 S2 akufotokozera 208 ndiyamphamvu, pamene Porsche 968 ali kale 240 ndiyamphamvu. Ma injini onse atatu-lita omwe amafunidwa mwachilengedwe amakhala ndi mutu wa silinda wa 16-valve.

Mtundu wamphamvu kwambiri wa mndandanda ndi 8-vavu Turbo injini akufotokozera 309 ndiyamphamvu. Komabe, n'zokayikitsa kuti n'komwe moyo, chifukwa okonzeka ndi Porsche 968 Carrera S okha, amene mayunitsi 14 okha anapangidwa. Mu anagona buku la Turbo RS, opangidwa makope atatu okha, injini izi ndi mphamvu 350 ndiyamphamvu. Mwa njira, 16 vavu Turbo injini anapangidwa, koma monga chitsanzo.

Pontiac

Monga mukuonera, voliyumu ya malita atatu kwa injini ya silinda si malire! Chizindikirochi chinawoloka ndi injini ya Pontiac Trophy 4 ya 1961 ndi kusuntha kwa malita 3,2.

Injini iyi inali imodzi mwa zipatso za ntchito ya John DeLorean, yemwe panthawiyo adatsogolera gulu la Pontiac la General Motors. The yaying'ono chitsanzo Pontiac Tempest (chophatikiza ndi mfundo American - kutalika 4,8 m) amafuna wotchipa m'munsi injini, koma kampani alibe ndalama kukhazikitsa.

Pempho la DeLorean, injiniyo idapangidwa kuchokera pansi ndi makina odziwika bwino othamanga a Henry "Smokey" Wapadera. Imadula theka la 6,4-lita Big Eight kuchokera kubanja la Trophy V8.

The injini chifukwa ndi wolemera kwambiri (240 makilogalamu), koma wotchipa kwambiri kupanga - pambuyo zonse, ndi zonse monga V8. Ma injini onsewa ali ndi vuto lofanana ndi sitiroko, ndipo ali ndi zigawo 120 pamapangidwewo. Amapangidwanso pamalo amodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri.

Injini yamphamvu inayi imayamba kuchokera pa 110 mpaka 166 ndiyamphamvu malinga ndi mtundu wa carburetor. Injiniyo inatsekedwa mu 1964, mofananamo ndi kukula kwa Mphepo Yamkuntho yachiwiri.

IHC Comanche - 3212 cu. cm

Momwemonso, V8 koyambirira kwa zaka za 1960 idasandulika injini yamphamvu zinayi ya banja la Comanche ku International Harvester Scout SUV. Tsopano mtunduwu waiwalika kwathunthu, koma kenako umatulutsa makina olima, magalimoto, zithunzithunzi, ndipo mu 1961 adatulutsa Scout yaying'ono yapamsewu.

Mndandanda wa Comanche wa ma silinda anayi adapangidwira injini yoyambira. International Harvester ndi kampani yaying'ono yokhala ndi zinthu zochepa, motero injini yatsopanoyo idapangidwa mwachuma momwe ingathere: okonzawo adadula malita asanu omwe amapangidwa kuti aziyika (mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa jenereta), opanga adadula pakati. .

Ndipo pofika 1968, kampaniyo inali yomanga chimphona chimodzimodzi: injini ya 3,2-lita inayi yamphamvu inapezeka itadulidwa pakati pa 6,2-lita V8 yomwe idapangidwira zida zolemetsa. Injini yatsopanoyi idangokhala ndi mahatchi 111 okha, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70, chifukwa chakuwonjezera zofunikira za kawopsedwe, mphamvu yake idatsikira 93 ndiyamphamvu.

Komabe, kale zisanachitike, gawo lake mu pulogalamu kupanga inagwa pamene injini yamphamvu kwambiri ndi yosalala V8 anayamba kuikidwa pa Scout SUV. Komabe, zilibe kanthu - pambuyo pa zonse, injini iyi imatsika m'mbiri ngati 4-cylinder yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idayikidwapo mgalimoto!