nthaka yonyowa

Mu Januware 2020, NASA idanenanso kuti chombo cha TESS chidapeza chowulungika chake choyambirira chokhala ndi kukula kwapadziko lapansi chozungulira nyenyezi pafupifupi mtunda wa zaka 100.

Dziko lapansi ndi gawo TOI 700 dongosolo (TOI imayimira TESS Zinthu Zosangalatsa) ndi nyenyezi yaing'ono, yozizira kwambiri, i.e., kakang'ono ka gulu la spectral M, mu gulu la nyenyezi la Goldfish, yokhala ndi pafupifupi 40% ya kulemera ndi kukula kwa Dzuwa lathu ndi theka la kutentha kwa pamwamba pake.

Chinthu chotchedwa PA 700d ndipo ndi limodzi mwa mapulaneti atatu ozungulira pakati pake, kutali kwambiri ndi ilo, kudutsa njira yozungulira nyenyezi masiku 37 aliwonse. Ili patali kwambiri kuchokera ku TOI 700 kotero kuti imatha kusunga madzi amadzimadzi, omwe ali m'malo omwe anthu amatha kukhalamo. Imalandira pafupifupi 86% ya mphamvu zomwe Dzuwa limapereka ku Dziko Lapansi.

Komabe, zoyerekeza zachilengedwe zopangidwa ndi ofufuza omwe amagwiritsa ntchito data kuchokera ku Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) adawonetsa kuti TOI 700 d imatha kuchita mosiyana kwambiri ndi Earth. Chifukwa chakuti imazungulira mogwirizana ndi nyenyezi yake (kutanthauza mbali ina ya dziko lapansi nthaŵi zonse imakhala masana ndipo ina mumdima), mmene mitambo imapangidwira ndi kuwomba kwa mphepo zingakhale zachilendo kwa ife.

1. Kuyerekeza kwa Dziko Lapansi ndi TOI 700 d, ndikuwona mawonekedwe a Dziko Lapansi la makontinenti pa exoplanet

Akatswiri a zakuthambo adatsimikizira zomwe adapeza mothandizidwa ndi NASA. Spitzer Space Telescopeyomwe yangomaliza kumene ntchito yake. Toi 700 poyamba inaganiziridwa molakwika kuti ndi yotentha kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa akatswiri a zakuthambo kukhulupirira kuti mapulaneti onse atatu anali oyandikana kwambiri choncho ndi otentha kwambiri moti sangathe kukhala ndi moyo.

Anatero Emily Gilbert, membala wa gulu la University of Chicago, pofotokoza zomwe anapeza. -

Ofufuzawo akuyembekeza kuti m'tsogolomu, zida monga James Webb Space Telescopekuti NASA ikukonzekera kuyika mumlengalenga mu 2021, azitha kudziwa ngati mapulaneti ali ndi mlengalenga ndipo azitha kuphunzira momwe adapangidwira.

Ofufuzawo adagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apakompyuta kuti zongoyerekeza nyengo pulaneti TOI 700 d. Popeza sichidziwika kuti ndi mpweya wotani womwe ungakhale mumlengalenga, zosankha zosiyanasiyana ndi zochitika zayesedwa, kuphatikizapo zosankha zomwe zimaganiza kuti mlengalenga wa Dziko lapansi wamakono (77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, methane ndi carbon dioxide), mlengalenga wa dziko lapansi zaka 2,7 biliyoni zapitazo (makamaka methane ndi mpweya woipa) komanso mpweya wa Martian (carbon dioxide wambiri), womwe mwina unalipo zaka 3,5 biliyoni zapitazo.

Kuchokera pamitundu iyi, zidapezeka kuti ngati mlengalenga wa TOI 700 d uli ndi methane, carbon dioxide, kapena nthunzi wamadzi, dziko lapansi likhoza kukhalamo. Tsopano gulu liyenera kutsimikizira malingalirowa pogwiritsa ntchito telesikopu yomwe tatchulayi ya Webb.

Nthawi yomweyo, zoyeserera zanyengo zomwe NASA imachita zikuwonetsa kuti mlengalenga ndi mpweya wapadziko lapansi sizokwanira kuti madzi amadzimadzi azikhala pamwamba pake. Tikayika kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha womwewo pa TOI 700 d monga Padziko Lapansi, kutentha kwapadziko lapansi kukanakhalabe pansi pa ziro.

Zofanana ndi magulu onse omwe akutenga nawo mbali zikuwonetsa kuti nyengo ya mapulaneti ozungulira nyenyezi zazing'ono ndi zakuda monga TOI 700, komabe, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe timakumana nazo padziko lapansi.

Nkhani zosangalatsa

Zambiri zomwe timadziwa zokhudza ma exoplanet, kapena mapulaneti ozungulira mapulaneti ozungulira dzuwa, zimachokera kumlengalenga. Idasanthula mlengalenga kuyambira 2009 mpaka 2018 ndipo idapeza mapulaneti opitilira 2600 kunja kwa mapulaneti athu.

NASA kenako idapereka ndodo yotulukira ku kafukufuku wa TESS(2), womwe unayambika mu Epulo 2018 mchaka chake choyamba kugwira ntchito, komanso zinthu mazana asanu ndi anayi zosatsimikizika zamtunduwu. Pofufuza mapulaneti osadziwika kwa akatswiri a zakuthambo, malo owonera adzayang'ana mlengalenga monse, atawona zokwanira 200 XNUMX. nyenyezi zowala kwambiri.

2. Transit satellite yofufuza za exoplanet

TESS imagwiritsa ntchito makamera amitundumitundu. Imatha kuphunzira misa, kukula, kachulukidwe ndi kanjira ka gulu lalikulu la mapulaneti ang'onoang'ono. Satellite imagwira ntchito molingana ndi njira kusaka kwakutali kwa dips zowala zotheka kuloza maulendo a mapulaneti - kudutsa kwa zinthu zomwe zikuzungulira kutsogolo kwa nkhope za nyenyezi za makolo awo.

Miyezi ingapo yapitayi pakhala zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zomwe zapezedwa, mwa zina chifukwa cha malo owonera mlengalenga omwe akadali atsopano, mwina mothandizidwa ndi zida zina, kuphatikiza zoyambira pansi. M’milungu ingapo kuti tikumane ndi mapasa a Dziko Lapansi, panamveka nkhani yoti tinatulukira pulaneti lozungulira dzuŵa liŵiri, monga ngati Tatooine wochokera ku Star Wars!

TOI pulaneti 1338 b anapeza XNUMX kuwala zaka kutali, mu kuwundana kwa Artist. Kukula kwake kuli pakati pa kukula kwa Neptune ndi Saturn. Chinthucho chimakhala ndi kadamsana wanthawi zonse wa nyenyezi zake. Amazungulira mozungulira kwa masiku khumi ndi asanu, imodzi yokulirapo pang'ono kuposa Dzuwa lathu ndipo inayo yaying'ono kwambiri.

Mu June 2019, zidziwitso zidawoneka kuti mapulaneti awiri amtundu wapadziko lapansi adapezeka m'malo athu akumbuyo. Izi zanenedwa m’nkhani yofalitsidwa m’magazini yotchedwa Astronomy and Astrophysics. Maofesi onsewa ali pamalo abwino pomwe madzi amatha kupanga. Mwina ali ndi miyala ndipo amazungulira Dzuwa, lomwe limadziwika kuti nyenyezi ya Tigarden (3), yomwe ili zaka 12,5 zopepuka kuchokera pa Dziko Lapansi.

- adatero mlembi wamkulu wa zomwe anapezazo, Matthias Zechmeister, wofufuza pa Institute of Astrophysics, University of Göttingen, Germany. -

3. Teegarden nyenyezi dongosolo, zowonera

Kenako, maiko ochititsa chidwi osadziwika omwe adapezeka ndi TESS Julayi watha azungulira UCAC nyenyezi4 191-004642, zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zitatu zowala kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi.

Dongosolo la mapulaneti okhala ndi nyenyezi yolandira alendo, yomwe tsopano imatchedwa PA 270, lili ndi mapulaneti osachepera atatu. Mmodzi wa iwo, PA 270 p, zazikulu pang'ono kuposa Dziko Lapansi, zina ziwirizo ndi ma Neptunes ang'onoang'ono, a gulu la mapulaneti omwe kulibe mapulaneti athu ozungulira dzuwa. Nyenyeziyo ndi yozizira komanso yosawala kwambiri, pafupifupi 40% yaying'ono komanso yocheperako kuposa Dzuwa. Kutentha kwake kwapamtunda kumatentha pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse kuposa a mnzathu wa nyenyeziyo.

Dzuwa la TOI 270 lili mugulu la nyenyezi la Artist. Mapulaneti amene amaupanga amazungulira pafupi kwambiri ndi nyenyeziyo moti mayendedwe ake amatha kulowa mu setilaiti inzake ya Jupiter (4).

4. Kuyerekeza kwa dongosolo la TOI 270 ndi dongosolo la Jupiter

Kufufuza kowonjezereka kwa dongosololi kungavumbulutse mapulaneti owonjezera. Zomwe zimazungulira kutali ndi Dzuwa kuposa TOI 270 d zimatha kuzizira mokwanira kuti zisunge madzi amadzimadzi ndipo pamapeto pake zimapatsa moyo.

TESS ndiyofunika kuyang'anitsitsa

Ngakhale kuti pali zambiri zomwe zapezedwa ndi ma exoplanets ang'onoang'ono, nyenyezi zawo zambiri za makolo zili pakati pa 600 ndi 3 metres. zaka zopepuka kuchokera pa Dziko Lapansi, patali kwambiri komanso mdima kwambiri kuti ungawonedwe mwatsatanetsatane.

Mosiyana ndi Kepler, cholinga chachikulu cha TESS ndikupeza mapulaneti ozungulira pafupi ndi dzuwa omwe amawala kwambiri kuti awonekere pano komanso pambuyo pake ndi zida zina. Kuyambira Epulo 2018 mpaka pano, TESS yatulukira kale mapulaneti opitilira 1500. Ambiri aiwo ndi akulu kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwa Dziko Lapansi ndipo amatenga masiku osachepera khumi kuti azungulira. Zotsatira zake, zimalandira kutentha kwambiri kuposa dziko lathu lapansi, ndipo zimatentha kwambiri kuti madzi amadzimadzi azikhala pamwamba pake.

Ndi madzi amadzimadzi omwe amafunikira kuti exoplanet ikhale yokhazikika. Imakhala ngati malo oberekera mankhwala omwe amatha kuyanjana.

Mwachidziwitso, akukhulupirira kuti mitundu yachilendo yamoyo imatha kukhalapo pazovuta kwambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri - monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma extremophiles omwe amapezeka pafupi ndi mpweya wa hydrothermal, kapena ndi tizilombo tomwe timabisika pafupifupi kilomita imodzi pansi pa ayezi wa West Antarctic.

Komabe, kutulukira kwa zamoyo zoterezi kunatheka chifukwa chakuti anthu ankatha kuphunzira mwachindunji mikhalidwe yoipitsitsa imene amakhalamo. Tsoka ilo, iwo sakanatha kudziwika mu danga lakuya, makamaka kuchokera kutali kwa zaka zambiri zowala.

Kufufuza kwa moyo ndi ngakhale kukhala kunja kwa mapulaneti athu ozungulira mapulaneti kumadaliridwabe ndi kuyang'ana kutali. Malo owoneka bwino amadzi amadzimadzi omwe amapangitsa kuti pakhale moyo wabwino pa moyo amatha kulumikizana ndi mlengalenga pamwamba, ndikupanga ma biosignatures owonekera patali owoneka ndi ma telescopes oyambira pansi. Izi zikhoza kukhala nyimbo za mpweya zomwe zimadziwika kuchokera ku Earth (oksijeni, ozoni, methane, carbon dioxide ndi nthunzi yamadzi) kapena zigawo za mlengalenga wakale wa Dziko lapansi, mwachitsanzo, zaka 2,7 biliyoni zapitazo (makamaka methane ndi carbon dioxide, koma osati mpweya). ).

Pofunafuna malo "oyenera" komanso dziko lapansi lomwe limakhala pamenepo

Chiyambireni kupezeka kwa 51 Pegasi b mu 1995, ma exoplanets opitilira XNUMX adadziwika. Masiku ano tikudziwa motsimikiza kuti nyenyezi zambiri za mlalang’amba wathu ndi chilengedwe chonse zili ndi mapulaneti. Koma ndi ma exoplanets ochepa okha omwe amapezeka ndi maiko omwe angathe kukhalamo.

Kodi chimapangitsa exoplanet kukhalamo ndi chiyani?

Mkhalidwe waukulu ndi madzi amadzimadzi omwe atchulidwa kale pamwamba. Kuti izi zitheke, choyamba timafunikira malo olimba awa, i.e. pansi miyalakomanso mlengalenga, ndi zowundana mokwanira kuti zipangitse kuthamanga ndi kukhudza kutentha kwa madzi.

Muyeneranso nyenyezi yolondolazomwe sizitulutsa ma radiation ochulukirapo padziko lapansi, zomwe zimawulutsa mumlengalenga ndikuwononga zamoyo. Nyenyezi iliyonse, kuphatikizapo Dzuwa lathu, nthawi zonse limatulutsa milingo ikuluikulu ya cheza, choncho mosakayika kukanakhala kopindulitsa kuti kukhalapo kwa moyo kumadzitetezere kumo. maginitomonga opangidwa ndi Earth's liquid metal core.

Komabe, popeza pangakhale njira zina zotetezera moyo ku radiation, ichi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, osati chofunikira.

Mwachikhalidwe, akatswiri a zakuthambo amachita chidwi madera a moyo (ecospheres) mu nyenyezi machitidwe. Awa ndi madera ozungulira nyenyezi momwe kutentha komwe kulipo kumalepheretsa madzi kuwira kapena kuzizira nthawi zonse. Malowa amakambidwa kawirikawiri. "Zlatovlaski Zone"chifukwa chakuti “zoyenera kukhala ndi moyo”, zomwe zimatanthawuza za nthano zodziwika bwino za ana (5).

5. Malo a moyo ozungulira nyenyezi

Ndipo tikudziwa chiyani mpaka pano za exoplanets?

Zomwe zatulukira mpaka pano zikusonyeza kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapulaneti ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Mapulaneti okhawo amene timadziwa pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu zapitazo anali mu dongosolo la dzuŵa, choncho tinaganiza kuti zinthu zazing’ono ndi zolimba zimazungulira nyenyezi, ndipo kokha kutali ndi iwo pali danga losungidwira mapulaneti aakulu a mpweya.

Komabe, zinapezeka kuti palibe “malamulo” okhudza malo a mapulaneti nkomwe. Timakumana ndi zimphona za mpweya zomwe pafupifupi zimapaka nyenyezi zawo (zomwe zimatchedwa ma Jupiter otentha), komanso makina osakanikirana a mapulaneti ang'onoang'ono monga TRAPPIST-1 (6). Nthawi zina mapulaneti amayenda mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira nyenyezi zingapo, komanso palinso mapulaneti "oyendayenda", omwe nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa ku machitidwe achichepere, akuyandama momasuka m'malo opanda nyenyezi.

6. Kuwona mapulaneti a dongosolo la TRAPPIST-1

Motero, m’malo mofanana kwambiri, timaona kusiyana kwakukulu. Ngati izi zichitika pamlingo wadongosolo, ndiye chifukwa chiyani mikhalidwe ya exoplanet iyenera kufanana ndi zonse zomwe timadziwa kuchokera kumadera omwe ali pafupi?

Ndipo, kutsika kwambiri, nchifukwa ninji mitundu ya moyo wongopeka iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi imene timaidziŵa?

Gulu lapamwamba

Kutengera zomwe Kepler adasonkhanitsa, mu 2015 wasayansi wa NASA adawerengera kuti mlalang'amba wathu womwe uli nawo. mabiliyoni onga mapulaneti onga dziko lapansiI. Akatswiri ambiri a zakuthambo agogomezera kuti ichi chinali chiŵerengero chotsatira. Zowonadi, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti Milky Way ingakhale kwawo 10 biliyoni padziko lapansi.

Asayansi sanafune kudalira mapulaneti opezeka ndi Kepler okha. Njira yoyendera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa telesikopu iyi ndiyoyenera kuzindikira mapulaneti akulu (monga Jupiter) kuposa mapulaneti akulu akulu a dziko lapansi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti data ya Kepler mwina ikunama kuchuluka kwa mapulaneti ngati athu pang'ono.

Telesikopu yodziwika bwino inawona kuviika ting’onoting’ono m’kuŵala kwa nyenyezi kochititsidwa ndi pulaneti lomwe likudutsa kutsogolo kwake. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zimatsekereza kuwala kochulukirapo kuchokera ku nyenyezi zawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuziwona. Njira ya Kepler inali yolunjika pa nyenyezi zing’onozing’ono, osati zowala kwambiri, zomwe unyinji wake unali pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a unyinji wa Dzuwa lathu.

The Kepler telescope, ngakhale kuti si yabwino kwambiri kupeza mapulaneti ang'onoang'ono, inapeza unyinji wochuluka wa zomwe zimatchedwa super-Earth. Ili ndi dzina la ma exoplanets okhala ndi misa yayikulu kuposa Dziko Lapansi, koma ocheperako kuposa Uranus ndi Neptune, omwe ndi 14,5 ndi 17 olemera kuposa dziko lathu, motsatana.

Chifukwa chake, mawu akuti "Dziko Lapamwamba" amangotanthauza kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi, kutanthauza kuti samatanthawuza momwe zinthu zilili padziko lapansi kapena kukhalamo. Palinso mawu ena akuti "gas dwarfs". Malingana ndi ena, zikhoza kukhala zolondola kwambiri pa zinthu zomwe zili kumtunda wa misala, ngakhale kuti mawu ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - omwe atchulidwa kale "mini-Neptune".

Ma super-Earth oyamba adapezeka Alexander Volshchan i Dalea Fraila вокруг pulsar PSR B1257+12 mu 1992. Maplaneti awiri akunja a dongosolo ndi poltergeysti fobetor - ali ndi kulemera pafupifupi kuwirikiza kanayi kulemera kwa Dziko Lapansi, lomwe ndi laling'ono kwambiri kuti likhale zimphona za gasi.

Yoyamba yapamwamba-Earth kuzungulira nyenyezi yayikulu yotsatizana yadziwika ndi gulu lotsogozedwa ndi Mtsinje wa Eugenioy mu 2005. Imazungulira mozungulira Zithunzi za 876 ndipo adalandira dzinalo Gliese 876 pa (Poyambirira, zimphona ziwiri za gasi za Jupiter zidapezeka m'dongosolo lino). Kulemera kwake ndi 7,5 nthawi kulemera kwa Dziko Lapansi, ndipo nthawi yakusintha mozungulira ndi yochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi masiku awiri.

Palinso zinthu zotentha kwambiri m'gulu lapamwamba la Earth. Mwachitsanzo, anapeza mu 2004 55 Kankri ndi, yomwe ili pamtunda wa zaka makumi anayi, imayenda mozungulira nyenyezi yake mumphindi yaifupi kwambiri ya exoplanet iliyonse yodziwika - maola 17 okha ndi mphindi 40. Mwanjira ina, chaka ku 55 Cancri e chimatenga maola ochepera 18. Exoplanet imazungulira pafupifupi nthawi 26 pafupi ndi nyenyezi yake kuposa Mercury.

Kuyandikira kwa nyenyezi kumatanthauza kuti pamwamba pa 55 Cancri e ili ngati mkati mwa ng'anjo yophulika ndi kutentha kwa osachepera 1760 ° C! Zowona zatsopano kuchokera ku Spitzer Telescope zikuwonetsa kuti 55 Cancri e ili ndi unyinji wokulirapo kuwirikiza 7,8 ndi utali wozungulira pang'ono kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa Earth. Zotsatira za Spitzer zikusonyeza kuti pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a kulemera kwa dziko lapansi liyenera kukhala lopangidwa ndi zinthu ndi zinthu zopepuka, kuphatikiza madzi. Pakutentha uku, izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthuzi zikanakhala "zapamwamba" pakati pa madzi ndi mpweya ndipo zimatha kuchoka padziko lapansi.

Koma super-Earths si nthawi zonse zachirengedwe chonchi.” July watha, gulu lapadziko lonse la akatswiri a zakuthambo pogwiritsa ntchito TESS linapeza mlengalenga watsopano wamtundu wake mu gulu la nyenyezi la Hydra, pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu ndi chimodzi kuchokera ku Earth. Chinthu cholembedwa ngati pa GJ357d (7) kawiri m'mimba mwake ndi kasanu ndi kamodzi kulemera kwa Dziko Lapansi. Ili pamphepete mwakunja kwa malo okhala nyenyezi. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansili pangakhale madzi.

– iye anati Diana Kosakovskndi Research Fellow ku Max Planck Institute for Astronomy ku Heidelberg, Germany.

7. Planet GJ 357 d - kuwonetsera

Dongosolo lozungulira mozungulira nyenyezi yaing'ono, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwamagawo atatu kukula ndi kulemera kwa Dzuwa lathu komanso kuzizira 40%, likuphatikizidwa ndi mapulaneti apadziko lapansi. GJ357 b ndi dziko lina lapamwamba Chithunzi cha GJ357. Kafukufukuyu adasindikizidwa pa Julayi 31, 2019 mu nyuzipepala ya Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Mwezi wa September watha, ofufuza adanena kuti dziko lapansi lomwe langopezeka kumene, lomwe lili pamtunda wa zaka 111, ndilo "malo abwino kwambiri omwe amadziwika mpaka pano." Zinapezeka mu 2015 ndi telesikopu ya Kepler. K2-18b (8) yosiyana kwambiri ndi pulaneti la kwathu. Ili ndi kulemera kwake kuwirikiza kasanu ndi katatu, kutanthauza kuti mwina ndi chimphona chachikulu chonga ayezi ngati Neptune kapena dziko lamiyala lomwe lili ndi mpweya wochuluka wa haidrojeni.

Njira ya K2-18b imayandikira kasanu ndi kawiri ku nyenyezi yake kuposa mtunda wa dziko lapansi kuchokera ku Dzuwa. Komabe, popeza chinthucho chikuzungulira mtundu wofiyira wa M, njira iyi ili m'malo omwe angakhale abwino moyo wonse. Zitsanzo zoyambilira zimaneneratu kuti kutentha kwa K2-18b kumachokera ku -73 mpaka 46 ° C, ndipo ngati chinthucho chili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi Dziko lapansi, kutentha kwake kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi kwathu.

- adatero katswiri wa zakuthambo wochokera ku University College London pamsonkhano wa atolankhani, Angelo Tsiaras.

N’zovuta kukhala ngati dziko lapansi

Analogi ya Dziko (yomwe imatchedwanso mapasa a Dziko lapansi kapena mapulaneti ngati Dziko) ndi pulaneti kapena mwezi wokhala ndi chilengedwe chofanana ndi chomwe chimapezeka pa Dziko Lapansi.

Zikwi za nyenyezi zakuthambo zomwe zapezedwa mpaka pano ndizosiyana ndi dongosolo lathu ladzuwa, kutsimikizira zomwe zimatchedwa nthano yapadziko lapansi yosowaI. Komabe, anthanthi amanena kuti chilengedwe n’chachikulu kwambiri moti penapake payenera kukhala pulaneti lofanana ndi lathu. N'zotheka kuti m'tsogolomu zidzatheka kugwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono kuti apeze mafananidwe a Dziko Lapansi ndi otchedwa. . Zafashoni tsopano chiphunzitso chambiri amanenanso kuti mnzawo wapadziko lapansi angakhalepo m’chilengedwe china, kapenanso kukhala mtundu wina wa Dziko Lapansi lenilenilo m’chilengedwe chofanana.

Mu November 2013, akatswiri a zakuthambo ananena kuti, malinga ndi deta yochokera ku telesikopu ya Kepler ndi ntchito zina, pakhoza kukhala mapulaneti okwana 40 biliyoni a dziko lapansi m'dera lokhalamo la nyenyezi zonga dzuwa ndi zofiira mu mlalang'amba wa Milky Way.

Kugawidwa kwa ziwerengero kunasonyeza kuti pafupi kwambiri ndi iwo sangakhale oposa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zowala kutali ndi ife. Chaka chomwecho, anthu angapo omwe adapezedwa ndi Kepler okhala ndi ma diameter ochepera 1,5 nthawi yozungulira dziko lapansi adatsimikiziridwa kuti amazungulira nyenyezi zomwe zikukhalamo. Komabe, zinali mu 2015 pomwe munthu woyamba kukhala pafupi ndi Earth adalengezedwa - Egzoplanetę Kepler-452b.

Kuthekera kopeza analogi yapadziko lapansi kumadalira makamaka zomwe mukufuna kukhala nazo. Mikhalidwe yokhazikika koma osati yokhazikika: kukula kwa dziko lapansi, mphamvu yokoka, kukula kwa nyenyezi ya makolo ndi mtundu (ie, analogi ya dzuwa), mtunda wa orbital ndi kukhazikika, kupendekeka kwa axial ndi kuzungulira, malo ofanana, kukhalapo kwa nyanja, mlengalenga ndi nyengo, maginito amphamvu . .

Pakanakhala zamoyo zocholoŵana mmenemo, nkhalango zikanatha kukhala padziko lonse lapansi. Kukanakhala kuti kuli zamoyo zanzeru, madera ena akanakhala akumidzi. Komabe, kusaka mafananidwe enieni ndi Dziko Lapansi kumatha kusokeretsa chifukwa cha zochitika zenizeni padziko lapansi komanso kuzungulira Padziko Lapansi, mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa Mwezi kumakhudza zochitika zambiri padziko lapansi.

Planetary Habitability Laboratory ku yunivesite ya Puerto Rico ku Arecibo posachedwapa yalemba mndandanda wa anthu omwe akufuna kukhala nawo pa Earth analogues (9). Nthawi zambiri, mtundu uwu wa gulu umayamba ndi kukula ndi misa, koma ichi ndi chiyeso chonyenga, choperekedwa, mwachitsanzo, Venus, yomwe ili pafupi ndi ife, yomwe ili pafupi kukula kwake ndi dziko lapansi, ndi momwe zinthu zilili pa izo. , ndizodziwika kuti.

9. Ma exoplanets olonjeza - ma analogue a Dziko Lapansi, malinga ndi Planetary Habitability Laboratory

Njira ina yomwe imatchulidwa kawirikawiri ndi yakuti analogue ya Earth iyenera kukhala ndi geology yofanana. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi Mars ndi Titan, ndipo ngakhale pali zofanana zokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a pamwamba ndi mapangidwe a pamwamba, palinso kusiyana kwakukulu, monga kutentha.

Zowonadi, zida zambiri zapamtunda ndi mawonekedwe amtunda zimangochitika chifukwa cholumikizana ndi madzi (mwachitsanzo, dongo ndi miyala ya sedimentary) kapena ngati zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira moyo (mwachitsanzo, miyala yamchere kapena malasha), kuyanjana ndi mlengalenga, ntchito zamapiri, kapena kulowererapo kwa anthu.

Chifukwa chake, analogue yeniyeni ya Dziko Lapansi iyenera kupangidwa kudzera munjira zofananira, kukhala ndi mlengalenga, mapiri ophulika omwe amalumikizana ndi pamwamba, madzi amadzimadzi, ndi mtundu wina wamoyo.

Pankhani ya mlengalenga, kutentha kwa mpweya kumaganiziridwanso. Pomaliza, kutentha kwa pamwamba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimatengera nyengo, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa dziko lapansi ndi kuzungulira, komwe kumayambitsa mitundu yatsopano.

Chofunikira china chofananira ndi dziko lapansi lopatsa moyo ndichofunika kuzungulira kwa analogi ya dzuwa. Komabe, chinthu ichi sichingakhale chomveka bwino, chifukwa malo abwino amatha kupereka maonekedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyenyezi.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Milky Way, nyenyezi zambiri ndi zazing’ono komanso zakuda kuposa Dzuwa. Mmodzi wa iwo anatchulidwa poyamba TRAPPIST-1, ili pa mtunda wa zaka 10 zowala mu gulu la nyenyezi la Aquarius ndipo ndi pafupifupi 2 nthawi yaying'ono ndipo ndi 1. yowala kwambiri kuposa Dzuwa lathu, koma pali mapulaneti osachepera asanu ndi limodzi apansi pa malo ake okhalamo. Izi zitha kuwoneka ngati sizikuyenda bwino m'moyo momwe tikudziwira, koma TRAPPIST-XNUMX mwina ali ndi moyo wautali patsogolo pathu kuposa nyenyezi yathu, kotero moyo udakali ndi nthawi yochulukirapo yoti ukule kumeneko.

Madzi amaphimba 70% ya padziko lapansi ndipo amatengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu za ironclad za kukhalapo kwa mitundu yamoyo yomwe timadziwika nayo. Mosakayika, dziko lamadzi ndi pulaneti Kepler-22p, yomwe ili m’dera limene nyenyezi yonga dzuwa imatha kukhalamo koma yaikulu kwambiri kuposa Dziko Lapansi, mankhwala ake enieni sakudziwikabe.

Inachitidwa mu 2008 ndi katswiri wa zakuthambo Michaela Meyerkomanso kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Arizona, kafukufuku wa fumbi la cosmic pafupi ndi nyenyezi zomwe zangopangidwa kumene monga Dzuwa zimasonyeza kuti pakati pa 20 ndi 60% ya ma analogi a Dzuwa timakhala ndi umboni wa kupangidwa kwa mapulaneti a miyala mu njira zofanana ndi zomwe zinatsogolera ku dzuwa. mapangidwe a Dziko lapansi.

Mu 2009 Alan bwana kuchokera ku Carnegie Institute of Science ananena kuti mlalang’amba wathu wokha ndi umene Milky Way ungakhalepo Mapulaneti 100 biliyoni onga dziko lapansih.

Mu 2011, bungwe la NASA la Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), lomwe linatengeranso zomwe Kepler adawona, linanena kuti pafupifupi 1,4 mpaka 2,7% ya nyenyezi zonse zonga dzuwa ziyenera kuzungulira mapulaneti akuluakulu padziko lapansi m'madera omwe anthu angathe kukhalamo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pangakhale milalang’amba 2 biliyoni mu mlalang’amba wa Milky Way mokha, ndipo kulingalira kuti chiŵerengero chimenechi n’choona kwa milalang’amba yonse, pangakhale milalang’amba 50 biliyoni m’chilengedwe chonse chooneka. 100 miliyoni.

Mu 2013, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa ziwerengero za data yowonjezera ya Kepler, inanena kuti pali osachepera. Mapulaneti 17 biliyoni kukula kwa Dziko Lapansi - popanda kuganizira malo awo okhalamo. Kafukufuku wa 2019 adapeza kuti mapulaneti akulu akulu a Dziko lapansi amatha kuzungulira imodzi mwa nyenyezi zisanu ndi imodzi zonga Dzuwa.

Chitsanzo pa kufanana

Earth Similarity Index (ESI) ndi muyeso wofananira wa chinthu chapadziko lapansi kapena satelayiti yachilengedwe ndi Dziko Lapansi. Linapangidwa pa sikelo yochokera ku ziro kupita ku imodzi, ndipo Dziko Lapansi linapatsidwa mtengo umodzi. Gawoli limapangidwa kuti lithandizire kufananitsa mapulaneti m'madatabase akulu.

ESI, yolembedwa mu 2011 m’magazini yotchedwa Astrobiology, imaphatikiza mfundo zokhudza utali wa pulaneti, kachulukidwe, liwiro, ndi kutentha kwa pamwamba.

Webusayiti yosungidwa ndi m'modzi mwa olemba nkhani ya 2011, Abla Mendes kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Puerto Rico, amapereka mawerengedwe ake a zizindikiro za machitidwe osiyanasiyana a exoplanetary. ESI Mendesa imawerengeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe yasonyezedwa mu chithunzi 10ku x_i iwo_i0 ndi katundu wa thupi lakunja poyerekezera ndi Dziko Lapansi, v_i chiwonjezeko cholemera cha katundu aliyense ndi chiwerengero cha katundu. Inamangidwa pamaziko ake Bray-Curtis kufanana index.

Kulemera kwa katundu aliyense, w_i, ndi njira iliyonse yomwe ingasankhidwe kuti muwunikire zinthu zina kuposa zina, kapena kukwaniritsa index yomwe mukufuna kapena kuyika malire. Webusaitiyi imayikanso m'magulu omwe amafotokoza kuti ndizotheka kukhala ndi moyo pa exoplanets ndi exo-moon malinga ndi njira zitatu: malo, ESI, ndi malingaliro a kuthekera kosunga zamoyo mu mndandanda wa zakudya.

Zotsatira zake, zinawonetsedwa, mwachitsanzo, kuti ESI yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri mu dongosolo la dzuŵa ndi Mars ndipo ndi 0,70. Ena a exoplanets otchulidwa m'nkhaniyi kuposa chiwerengero ichi, ndipo ena atulukira posachedwapa Tigarden b ili ndi ESI yapamwamba kwambiri ya exoplanet iliyonse yotsimikiziridwa pa 0,95.

Tikamalankhula za ma exoplanets okhala ngati Dziko lapansi komanso okhalamo, sitiyenera kuiwala kuthekera kokhala ndi ma exoplanets kapena ma satellite exoplanets.

Kukhalapo kwa ma satellites aliwonse achilengedwe a extrasolar sikunatsimikizidwebe, koma mu Okutobala 2018 Prof. David Kipping adalengeza za kupezeka kwa exomoon yomwe ingathe kuzungulira chinthucho Kepler-1625p.

Mapulaneti aakulu m’dongosolo la dzuŵa, monga Jupiter ndi Saturn, ali ndi miyezi ikuluikulu yomwe imagwira ntchito mwanjira zina. Chifukwa chake, asayansi ena anena kuti mapulaneti akuluakulu akunja (ndi mapulaneti a binary) atha kukhala ndi ma satelayiti akulu omwe angathe kukhalamo. Mwezi wokwanira wokwanira umatha kuthandizira mlengalenga ngati Titan komanso madzi amadzimadzi pamtunda.

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi mapulaneti akuluakulu a extrasolar omwe amadziwika kuti ali m'madera omwe anthu angathe kukhalamo (monga Gliese 876 b, 55 Cancer f, Upsilon Andromedae d, 47 Ursa Major b, HD 28185 b, ndi HD 37124 c) chifukwa akhoza kukhala nawo. ma satelayiti achilengedwe okhala ndi madzi amadzimadzi pamtunda.

Moyo mozungulira nyenyezi yofiira kapena yoyera?

Pokhala ndi pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri zomwe zapezedwa m'dziko la exoplanets, akatswiri a zakuthambo ayamba kale kupanga chithunzi cha momwe mapulaneti otha kukhalamo angawonekere, ngakhale kuti ambiri ayang'ana kwambiri zomwe tikudziwa kale: pulaneti ngati dziko lapansi lomwe likuzungulira chikasu chachikasu. athu. Dzuwa, lodziwika ngati nyenyezi yayikulu yotsatizana ya G. Nanga bwanji za nyenyezi zing’onozing’ono zofiira za M, zimene zilipo zina zambiri mu mlalang’amba wathu?

Kodi nyumba yathu ikanakhala yotani ngati ikuzungulira dwarf wofiira? Yankho lake ndi lofanana ndi Dziko lapansi, ndipo makamaka osati ngati Dziko lapansi.

Kuchokera pamwamba pa pulaneti lolingaliridwa chotero, choyamba tikanawona dzuŵa lalikulu kwambiri. Zingawonekere kuti imodzi ndi theka mpaka katatu kuposa zomwe tili nazo pamaso pathu, chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwa njirayo. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, dzuŵa lidzakhala lofiira chifukwa cha kutentha kwake kozizira.

Red dwarfs ndi otentha kawiri kuposa Dzuwa lathu. Poyamba, dziko loterolo likhoza kuwoneka ngati lachilendo ku Dziko Lapansi, koma osati lodabwitsa. Kusiyana kwenikweni kumawonekera pamene tizindikira kuti zambiri mwa zinthuzi zimazungulira molumikizana ndi nyenyezi, kotero mbali imodzi nthawi zonse imayang'anizana ndi nyenyezi yake, monga momwe Mwezi wathu umachitira ku Dziko Lapansi.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti mbali inayi imakhala yamdima weniweni chifukwa ilibe mwayi wopeza kuwala - mosiyana ndi Mwezi, womwe umaunikira pang'ono ndi Dzuwa mbali inayo. M’chenicheni, kulingalira kwachisawawa ndiko kuti mbali ya pulaneti imene yakhalabe mu kuunika kosatha kwa masana ikapsa, ndipo gawo limene linagwera mu usiku wamuyaya lidzaundana. Komabe ... siziyenera kukhala chonchi.

Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ankatsutsa kuti dera lofiira lofiira ndi malo osakirako Dziko Lapansi, akukhulupirira kuti kugawa dziko lapansi m'zigawo ziwiri zosiyana sikungapangitse kuti aliyense wa iwo asakhalemo. Komabe, ena amaona kuti mlengalenga mudzakhala ndi kuzungulira kwapadera komwe kungapangitse mitambo yochindikala kuti iwunjikane kumbali yadzuwa kuti cheza champhamvu chisawotche pamwamba. Mafunde ozungulira amatha kugawanso kutentha padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuphatikiza apo, kukhuthala kwamlengalengaku kungapereke chitetezo chofunikira masana ku zoopsa zina zama radiation. Achinyamata ofiira aang'ono amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri zaka mabiliyoni angapo oyambirira a ntchito yawo, akutulutsa moto ndi cheza cha ultraviolet.

Mitambo yokhuthala imateteza moyo womwe ungakhalepo, ngakhale kuti zamoyo zongoyerekeza zimatha kubisala mkati mwamadzi a mapulaneti. Ndipotu, asayansi masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti cheza, mwachitsanzo, mu ultraviolet osiyanasiyana, saletsa chitukuko cha zamoyo. Kupatula apo, moyo wapadziko lapansi, womwe zamoyo zonse zomwe timadziwa, kuphatikiza ma homo sapiens, zidayamba, zidayamba chifukwa cha cheza champhamvu cha UV.

Izi zikufanana ndi mikhalidwe yovomerezeka pa dziko lapafupi ngati exoplanet lodziwika kwa ife. Akatswiri a zakuthambo ochokera ku yunivesite ya Cornell akuti moyo wapadziko lapansi wakumana ndi ma radiation amphamvu kuposa momwe amadzidziwira Proxima-b.

Proxima-b, yomwe ili pamtunda wa zaka 4,24 zokha kuchokera ku mapulaneti ozungulira dzuwa ndi mapulaneti apafupi omwe ali ngati Dziko lapansi omwe timawadziwa (ngakhale sitikudziwa chilichonse), amalandira ma X-ray ochuluka nthawi 250 kuposa Earth. Itha kukhalanso ndi milingo yakupha ya cheza cha ultraviolet pamwamba pake.

Mikhalidwe yofanana ndi ya Proxima-b imaganiziridwa kuti ilipo ya TRAPPIST-1, Ross-128b (pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi chimodzi zowala kuchokera ku Earth mu kuwundana kwa Virgo) ndi LHS-1140 b (zaka makumi anayi zowala kuchokera ku Earth mu kuwundana kwa Cetus). machitidwe.

Malingaliro ena nkhawa kutuluka kwa zamoyo zomwe zingatheke. Popeza mdima wofiira wakuda umatulutsa kuwala kocheperako, zimaganiziridwa kuti ngati planeti lozungulira ilo liri ndi zamoyo zofanana ndi zomera zathu, zimayenera kuyamwa kuwala pamitundu yambiri ya mafunde a photosynthesis, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "exoplanets" akhoza. kukhala pafupifupi wakuda kwa maso athu (onaninso: ). Komabe, m'pofunika kuzindikira kuti zomera zokhala ndi mtundu wina osati zobiriwira zimadziwikanso pa Dziko Lapansi, zomwe zimayamwa kuwala mosiyana.

Posachedwapa, ofufuza akhala ndi chidwi ndi gulu lina la zinthu - zoyera zoyera, zofanana ndi kukula kwa Dziko Lapansi, zomwe siziri nyenyezi zokhazokha, koma zimapanga malo ozungulira ozungulira, akutulutsa mphamvu kwa zaka mabiliyoni ambiri, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala zolinga zochititsa chidwi. kafukufuku wa exoplanetary. .

Kakulidwe kawo kakang'ono komanso, chifukwa chake, chizindikiro chachikulu chamtundu wa exoplanet chomwe chingathe kupangitsa kuti zitheke kuyang'ana mlengalenga womwe ungakhalepo wamiyala, ngati ulipo, ndi ma telescope a m'badwo watsopano. Akatswiri a zakuthambo akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zowonera zonse zomangidwa ndi zokonzedwa, kuphatikiza telesikopu ya James Webb, yapadziko lapansi. Telesikopu yayikulu kwambirikomanso mtsogolo chiyambi, HabEx i LUVUARngati iwo akawuka.

M'munda womwe ukukula modabwitsa wa kufufuza kwa exoplanet, kafukufuku ndi kufufuza, pali vuto limodzi, laling'ono pakadali pano, koma lomwe pamapeto pake lingathe kutsimikizira. Chabwino, ngati, chifukwa cha zida zochulukirachulukira, titha kupeza exoplanet - mapasa a Dziko Lapansi, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse, zodzaza ndi madzi, mpweya ndi kutentha bwino, ndipo ngakhale dziko lapansi lidzawoneka "laulere", ndiye popanda teknoloji yomwe imalola Kuwuluka kumeneko nthawi iliyonse yoyenera kungakhale kowawa kuzindikira.

Koma, mwamwayi, tilibe vuto loterolo.