Maperesenti a mafuta a injini
Zamkatimu
Gulu la mafuta
Malinga ndi njira yopezera mafuta a injini zoyatsira mkati, amagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- Mineral (mafuta)
Kupezedwa ndi kuyengedwa kwamafuta mwachindunji ndikutsatiridwa ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa alkanes. Zoterezi zimakhala ndi ma hydrocarbon 90% okhala ndi nthambi. Amadziwika ndi kuchulukana kwakukulu kwa parafini (kusiyana kwa zolemetsa zama cell a maunyolo). Zotsatira zake: mafutawo amakhala osakhazikika ndipo samasunga mamasukidwe akayendedwe.
- Kupanga
Mankhwala a petrochemical synthesis. Zopangira zake ndi ethylene, zomwe, mwa catalytic polymerization, maziko okhala ndi kulemera kolondola kwa maselo ndi unyolo wautali wa polima amapezedwa. Ndizothekanso kupeza mafuta opangira ma hydrocracking mineral analogues. Amasiyana muzochita zosinthika nthawi yonse yautumiki.
- Semi-synthetic
Zimayimira kusakaniza kwa mchere (70-75%) ndi mafuta opangira (mpaka 30%).
Kuphatikiza pa mafuta oyambira, zomalizidwa zimaphatikizanso phukusi lazowonjezera zomwe zimawongolera kukhuthala, detergent, dispersant ndi zina zamadzimadzi.
Kapangidwe kazambiri kamadzimadzi opaka mafuta amawonetsedwa patebulo ili pansipa:
| Zida | Peresenti |
| Base (paraffin wodzaza, polyalkylnaphthalenes, polyalphaolefins, linear alkylbenzenes, ndi esters) |
~ 90% |
| Phukusi lowonjezera (ma viscosity stabilizers, zoteteza ndi antioxidant zowonjezera) | Mpaka 10% |
Mafuta a injini mu peresenti
Zomwe zili m'munsi zimafika 90%. Mwachilengedwe, magulu otsatirawa a mankhwala amatha kusiyanitsa:
- Ma hydrocarbons (ma alkene ochepa ndi ma polima onunkhira opanda unsaturated).
- Ma ether ovuta.
- Polyorganosiloxanes.
- Ma polyisoparafini (ma isomers apakati a alkenes mu mawonekedwe a polima).
- Ma polima a halogenated.
Magulu ofanana azinthu amapanga mpaka 90% kulemera kwa chinthu chomalizidwa ndipo amapereka mafuta, zotsukira ndi kuyeretsa. Komabe, katundu wa mafuta odzola a petroleum samakwaniritsa zofunikira zogwirira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, ma parafini odzaza ndi kutentha kwambiri amapanga ma coke madipoziti pamwamba pa injini. Esters amapita ku hydrolysis kupanga ma acid, omwe amatsogolera ku dzimbiri. Kupatula izi, zosintha zapadera zimayambitsidwa.
Phukusi lowonjezera - kapangidwe kake ndi zomwe zili
Gawo la zosintha mumafuta agalimoto ndi 10%. Pali "maphukusi owonjezera" okonzeka okonzeka omwe amaphatikiza magawo angapo kuti awonjezere magawo ofunikira amafuta. Timalemba zolumikizana zofunika kwambiri:
- High molecular weight calcium alkylsulfonate ndi detergent. Kugawana: 5%.
- Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (Zn-DADTP) - imateteza chitsulo pamwamba pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni komanso kuwonongeka kwamakina. Zambiri: 2%.
- Polymethylsiloxane - kutentha-kukhazikika (anti-foam) zowonjezera ndi gawo la 0,004%
- Polyalkenylsuccinimide ndi chowonjezera cha detergent-dispersant, chomwe chimayambitsidwa pamodzi ndi anti-corrosion agents mu kuchuluka kwa 2%.
- Polyalkyl methacrylates ndi zowonjezera zokhumudwitsa zomwe zimalepheretsa mvula yama polima kutentha kutsika. Gawani: zosakwana 1%.
Pamodzi ndi zosintha zomwe tafotokozazi, mafuta omaliza opangidwa ndi semi-synthetic amatha kukhala ndi demulsifying, kupanikizika kwambiri ndi zina zowonjezera. Chiwerengero chonse cha phukusi la zosintha sichidutsa 10-11%. Komabe, mitundu ina yamafuta opangira amaloledwa kukhala ndi zowonjezera mpaka 25%.
