Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani injini ya dizilo imagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri?

Ma injini a mafuta oterewa ali ndi thermodynamics yoyandikira kwambiri kayendedwe ka Carnot.

Magalimoto a dizilo nthawi zambiri amagulidwa ndi pragmatists. Awa ndi anthu omwe akufuna kupulumutsa osati mochuluka pogula, koma pakugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali - pochepetsa mtengo wamafuta. Zinthu zina kukhala zofanana, mafuta a dizilo nthawi zonse amadya mafuta ochepa. Koma chifukwa chiyani?

Ngati titenga galimoto yomweyo ndi mafuta ndi dizilo injini ofanana, otsirizawo nthawi zonse zimawononga malita 2-3, kapena mpaka 5 (malingana ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu) zochepa mafuta pa 100 Km. Sizokayikitsa kuti aliyense angakayikire izi (mtengo wamagalimoto omwewo ndi mtengo wokonzanso suzindikiridwa). Iyi ndi njira yosavuta.

Kodi chinsinsi cha injini ya dizilo ndi chiyani? Kuti mumvetsetse mawonekedwe, muyenera kutembenukira ku kapangidwe ka injini za dizilo ndi malamulo a thermodynamics. Pali zovuta zingapo pano. Injini ya dizilo palokha imakhala ndi kayendedwe ka thermodynamic kosiyana ndi mafuta, omwe amayandikira kwambiri kayendedwe kabwino kafizikisi wa ku France ndi mainjiniya a Sadie Carnot. Kuchita bwino kwa injini ya dizilo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri.

Kuyaka kwamafuta m'masilinda a injini za dizilo sikuli chifukwa cha kutentha kwa ma spark plugs, koma chifukwa cha kukanikiza. Ngati injini zambiri za petulo psinjika chiŵerengero ndi 8,0 kuti 12,0, ndiye injini dizilo ndi kuchokera 12,0 kuti 16,0 ndipo ngakhale apamwamba. Zimatsatira kuchokera ku thermodynamics kuti kuchuluka kwa compression kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yabwino. Masilinda samapondereza kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya, koma mpweya wokha. Jakisoni wamafuta amapezeka nthawi yomweyo pisitoni ikadutsa pakati pakufa - nthawi imodzi ndi kuyatsa.

Mwambiri, dizilo alibe mphutsi yamagetsi (ngakhale pali zosiyana, makamaka posachedwa). Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri zomwe zimatchedwa kuti kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'miyala. Valavuyi imafunikanso pama injini ambiri amafuta. imawononga mphamvu panthawi yogwira ntchito. Ngati valavu ya fulumizitsa yatsekedwa pang'ono, kulimbana kowonjezera kumachitika mu makina opangira mpweya. Ma injini a dizilo nthawi zambiri amakhala alibe vutoli. Kuphatikiza apo, injini iliyonse yamakono ya dizilo silingaganizidwe popanda chopangira mphamvu chomwe chimapereka makokedwe apamwamba pafupifupi osagwira.

Pomaliza, mphamvu ya injini za dizilo imatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi mphamvu yamafuta omwewo. Poyamba, imakhala ndi mphamvu yoyaka kwambiri. Mafuta a dizilo ndi ochulukirapo kuposa mafuta - pafupifupi, amapereka 15% mphamvu zambiri akawotchedwa. Dizilo, mosiyana ndi mafuta (omwe amafunikira chiŵerengero cha 11: 1 mpaka 18: 1 ndi mpweya), amayaka pafupifupi chiŵerengero chilichonse ndi mpweya. Injini ya dizilo imabaya mafuta ochulukirapo momwe amafunikira kuti athe kuthana ndi kugunda kwa gulu la silinda-pistoni, crankshaft ndi pampu yamafuta. Pochita izi, izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwamafuta osagwira ntchito ndi nthawi 2-3 poyerekeza ndi mafuta. Izi zikufotokozeranso kutentha kofooka kwa injini za dizilo panthawi yogwira ntchito. Dizilo nthawi zonse imakhala yochepa kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali komanso torque yambiri.

Kodi mwini wagalimoto wa dizilo amapeza chiyani? Pafupifupi, ndi 30% yochulukirapo kuposa mnzake wamafuta (pankhani yamafuta). Kuphatikiza ndi chosinthika cha geometry turbocharger ndi njanji wamba, izi zimapanga zotsatira zosangalatsa. Galimoto ya dizilo imathamanga bwino kuchokera kumayendedwe otsika, kudya mafuta ochepa. Izi ndi zomwe akatswiri amalangiza anthu osakhazikika omwe amakonda kuyenda panjira. Mtundu wa injini amakonda ma crossovers oyendetsa magudumu onse ndi ma SUV akulu.