Kufotokozera ndi momwe ntchito yamawindo yamagetsi imagwirira ntchito

Makina onse opanga makina amayesetsa kuti mitundu yawo isakhale yotetezeka komanso yabwino, komanso yothandiza. Kapangidwe ka galimoto iliyonse kumaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wosiyanitsa mtundu wina wamagalimoto ndi magalimoto ena.

Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakuwona ndi luso, palibe galimoto yomwe imamangidwa popanda mawindo oyenda kumbuyo. Pofuna kuti driver azitha kutsegula / kutseka mawindo, makina adapangidwa omwe mutha kukweza kapena kutsitsa galasi pakhomo. Njira yosankhira kwambiri bajeti ndizoyang'anira zenera pamakina. Koma lero, m'mitundu yambiri ya gawo la bajeti, mawindo amagetsi nthawi zambiri amapezeka muzosintha zoyambira.

Tiyeni tikambirane za momwe ntchitoyi imagwirira ntchito, kapangidwe kake, komanso zina mwazinthu zake. Koma choyamba, tiyeni tiwone pang'ono m'mbiri yakukhazikitsidwa kwazenera lamphamvu.

Mbiri yakupezeka kwazenera lamphamvu

Chombo choyamba chonyamula zenera chidapangidwa ndi mainjiniya a kampani yaku Germany ya Brose mu 1926 (patent idakalembetsedwa, koma chipangizocho chidayikidwa pagalimoto zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake). Opanga magalimoto ambiri (opitilira 80) anali makasitomala amakampani awa. Mtunduwu ukugwirabe ntchito popanga zida zosiyanasiyana zamipando yamagalimoto, zitseko ndi matupi.

Mtundu woyamba wazowongolera zenera, womwe unali ndi magetsi, udawonekera mu 1940. Njira yotereyi idakhazikitsidwa mu mitundu ya American Packard 180. Mfundo ya makinawo idakhazikitsidwa ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi. Zachidziwikire, kapangidwe ka chitukuko choyamba chinali chopitilira muyeso ndipo si khomo lililonse lomwe limalola kuti makinawo aikidwe. Pambuyo pake, makina okweza magalimoto adaperekedwa ngati njira ya Ford.

Ma limousine a Lincoln premium ndi malo okhala anthu 7, opangidwa kuyambira 1941, nawonso anali ndi makinawa. Cadillac ndi kampani ina yomwe imapatsa ogula magalimoto chonyamula galasi pakhomo lililonse. Pambuyo pake, kapangidwe kameneka kanayamba kupezeka mosintha. Poterepa, magwiridwe antchito adalumikizidwa ndi kuyendetsa padenga. Akatsitsa pamwamba, mawindo a zitseko anali obisika.

Poyamba, ma kabrioleti anali ndi zida zoyendetsedwa ndi zokuzira zingalowe. Pambuyo pake, idasinthidwa ndi analogue yowoneka bwino, yoyendetsedwa ndi pampu yamagetsi. Mofananamo ndikusintha kwa makina omwe alipo kale, akatswiri ochokera kumakampani osiyanasiyana apanga zosintha zina zomwe zimatsimikizira kukweza kapena kutsitsa magalasi pakhomo.

Mu 1956, Lincoln Continental MkII adawonekera. M'galimoto iyi munali mawindo amagetsi, omwe amayendetsedwa ndi mota wamagetsi. Makinawa adapangidwa ndi mainjiniya a Ford auto brand mogwirizana ndi akatswiri a kampani ya Brose. Mtundu wamagetsi wamagalasi onyamula wadzikhazikitsa ngati njira yosavuta komanso yodalirika kwambiri yamagalimoto apaulendo, chifukwa chake kusinthidwa kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'galimoto yamakono.

Cholinga cha zenera lamagetsi

Monga momwe dzina la makinawo limanenera, cholinga chake ndikuti dalaivala kapena wokwera mgalimoto asinthe momwe galasi lachitseko likuyendera. Popeza mawonekedwe achikale a analogue amalimbana bwino ndi ntchitoyi, cholinga chakusintha kwamagetsi ndikupereka mwayi waukulu pankhaniyi.

Mumitundu ina yamagalimoto, chinthuchi chitha kukhazikitsidwa ngati njira yowonjezera yotonthoza, pomwe mwa ena imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi phukusi loyambira la ntchito. Pofuna kuyendetsa galimoto yamagetsi, batani lapadera limayikidwa pachiphaso cha khadi lachitseko. Nthawi zambiri, kuwongolera uku kumapezeka pakatikati pa mipando yakutsogolo. Mukusintha kwa bajeti, ntchito yoyang'anira mawindo onse agalimoto amapatsidwa driver. Kuti muchite izi, mabatani omwe amaikidwa pachitseko cha khadi lachitseko, omwe ali ndi zenera lililonse.

Mfundo yoyang'anira zenera

Kukhazikitsa kwawindo lililonse lamakono lazenera kumachitika mkatikati mwa chitseko - pansi pagalasi. Kutengera mtundu wamakina, zoyikirazo zimayikidwa pa subframe kapena molunjika pakhomo.

Zochita zamawindo amagetsi sizimasiyana ndi anzawo. Kusiyana kokha ndikuti pali zosokoneza zochepa poyendetsa galimoto kukweza / kutsitsa galasi. Poterepa, ndikwanira kuti mutumize batani lolingana pa gawo lowongolera.

Mumapangidwe apakalembedwe, kapangidwe kake ndi trapezoid, kamene kali ndi bokosi lamagiya, ng'oma ndi bala lachingwe mozungulira shaft gearbox. M'malo chogwirira, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina, giya limafanana ndi shaft yamagetsi yamagetsi. Imagwira ngati dzanja kusinthasintha makina osunthira galasi mozungulira.

Chinthu china chofunikira m'dongosolo lamawindo amakono amagetsi ndi gawo loyang'anira microprocessor (kapena block), komanso kulandirana. Chipangizo chowongolera zamagetsi chimazindikira zizindikilozo kuchokera pa batani ndipo chimatumiza zomwe zimafanana ndi zomwe zimachitika.

Atalandira mbendera, mota wamagetsi imayamba kuyenda ndikusuntha galasi. Batani likasindikizidwa pang'ono, chizindikirocho chimalandilidwa pamene chikukanikizidwa. Koma chigawochi chikakhala pansi, mawonekedwe oyendetsa amangoyambitsidwa mu gawo loyang'anira, pomwe mota imapitilizabe kuthamanga ngakhale batani litatulutsidwa. Pofuna kuti galimoto isayaka galasi likamayang'ana kumtunda kwa chipilalacho, makinawo amazimitsa magetsi pagalimoto. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito pamalo otsika kwambiri a galasi.

Kupanga zenera

Makina owongolera pazenera amakhala ndi:

• Zothandizira magalasi;
• Maupangiri owongoka;
• Damper damper (yomwe ili pansi pa thupi la chitseko, ndipo ntchito yake ndikuletsa kuyenda kwa galasi);
• Zenera lotseka. Izi zimapezeka pamwamba pazenera kapena padenga, ngati ndizotembenuka (werengani za mawonekedwe amthupi lino kubwereza kwina) kapena hardtop (mawonekedwe amtundu wa thupi amatengedwa apa). Ntchito yake ndi yofanana ndi ya damper ya mphira - kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa galasi pamalo apamwamba kwambiri;
• Yendetsani. Izi zitha kukhala zofananira (pakadali pano, chogwirizira chidzaikidwa mu khadi la chitseko kuti musinthane ndi zida zadramu, pomwe chingwecho chilipo) kapena mtundu wamagetsi. Mlandu wachiwiri, khadi lakakhomo silikhala ndi chilichonse chogwiritsira ntchito magalasi. M'malo mwake, galimoto yamagetsi yosinthika imayika pakhomo (imatha kuzungulira mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mitengo yomwe ilipo);
• Makina okweza omwe galasi limasunthira kwina. Pali mitundu ingapo yamakina. Tidzakambirana mbali zawo pambuyo pake.

Chipangizo champhamvu pazenera

Monga tanenera kale, mawindo ambiri amagetsi ali ndi mapangidwe ofanana ndi anzawo. Kupatula njinga zamagetsi zamagetsi ndikuwongolera zamagetsi.

Chowonetsera pakupanga mawindo amagetsi okhala ndi mota wamagetsi ndikupezeka kwa:

• Magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi magetsi, omwe amatsata malamulo a gawo loyang'anira, ndikuphatikizanso kapangidwe ka galimoto kapena gawo;
• Mawaya amagetsi;
• Chida chowongolera chomwe chimayendetsa zikwangwani (zimatengera mtundu wa zingwe: zamagetsi kapena zamagetsi) zochokera pagawo loyang'anira (mabatani), ndikulamula kwa woyendetsa khomo lolingana kutuluka mmenemo;
• Control mabatani. Malo awo amatengera ma ergonomics amkati amkati, koma nthawi zambiri zinthu izi zimayikidwa pazitseko zamkati.

Mitundu yamakwerero

Poyamba, makina okweza zenera anali amtundu womwewo. Imeneyi inali makina osinthasintha omwe amangogwira ntchito potembenuza chogwirizira pazenera. Popita nthawi, akatswiri ochokera kumakampani osiyanasiyana apanga zosintha zingapo za hoist.

Mawindo amakono azenera lamagetsi amatha kukhala ndi:

• Trosov;
• Pachithandara;
• Nyamulani.

Tiyeni tione peculiarity wa aliyense wa iwo padera.

Chingwe

Uku ndiye kusinthidwa kotchuka kwambiri kwa njira zokweza. Kupanga zomangamanga zamtunduwu, ndizofunikira zochepa chabe, ndipo makinawo amasiyana ndi ena muzochita zake zosavuta.

Kapangidwe kamakhala ndi ma roller angapo omwe chingwecho chimamenyedwa. Mu mitundu ina, unyolo umagwiritsidwa ntchito, womwe umakulitsa magwiridwe antchito amachitidwe. China chomwe chimapangidwira ndi drum yoyendetsa. Galimoto ikayamba kugwira ntchito, imasandutsa ng'oma. Chifukwa cha izi, chingwecho chimamangirizidwa mozungulira chinthu ichi, kukweza / kutsitsa bala lomwe galasi limakhazikika. Mzerewu umangoyenda molunjika chifukwa cha maupangiri omwe ali m'mbali mwagalasi.

Pofuna kuti galasi lisasungunuke, opanga adapanga mapangidwe amtunduwu (mumitundu ina, ngati trapezoid). Ilinso ndi machubu awiri owongolera omwe chingwecho chimamangiriridwa.

Kapangidwe kameneka kali ndi zovuta zina. Chifukwa chogwira ntchito mwachangu, chingwe chosinthika chimachepa mwachangu chifukwa chakuchepa kwachilengedwe, komanso kutambasula kapena kupindika. Pachifukwa ichi, magalimoto ena amagwiritsa ntchito tcheni m'malo mwa chingwe. Komanso ng'oma yoyendetsa siyolimba mokwanira.

Pachithandara

Mtundu wina wonyamula, womwe ndi wosowa kwambiri, umakhala wouma ndi pinion. Ubwino wa kapangidwe kameneka ndi mtengo wake wotsika, komanso kuphweka kwake. Chinthu china chosiyana ndi kusinthaku ndi ntchito yake yosalala komanso yofewa. Zipangizo zonyamula izi zimaphatikizaponso poyimilira ndi mano mbali imodzi. Bulaketi lopingasa lokhala ndi galasi lokhazikika pamenepo limayikidwa kumapeto kwenikweni kwa njanjiyo. Galasi lokha limayenda motsatira zitsogozo, kuti zisamayesedwe panthawi ya pusher imodzi.

Galimotoyo imakhazikika pabokosi lina loyenda. Pali giya pa shaft yamagalimoto yamagetsi, yomwe imamatira kumano a pachithandara, ndikuyisunthira komwe ikufuna.

Chifukwa chakuti sitima yamagalimoto siyotetezedwa ndi zokutira zilizonse, fumbi ndi mchenga zimatha kulowa pakati pa mano. Izi zimabweretsa kuvala kwamagalimoto asanakwane. Chosavuta china ndikuti kuthyoka kwa dzino limodzi kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa makinawo (galasi limakhalabe pamalo amodzi). Komanso, sitimayi yamagalimoto iyenera kuyang'aniridwa - mafuta nthawi ndi nthawi. Ndipo chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kuyika makina oterowo m'magalimoto ambiri ndi kukula kwake. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kameneka sikangokwanira malo azitseko zopapatiza.

Ndalezo

Zokwera maulalo zimagwira ntchito mwachangu komanso molondola. Kapangidwe kagalimoto kamakhalanso ndi chinthu cha mano, chimangotembenuka ("chimakoka" semicircle), ndipo sichimakokota molunjika, monga momwe zidalili kale. Poyerekeza ndi zosankha zina, mtunduwu uli ndi mapangidwe ovuta kwambiri, omwe amakhala ndi levers zingapo.

M'gululi, pali mitundu itatu yazinthu zazitsulo zokweza:

1. Ndi lever imodzi... Kapangidwe kameneka kumakhala ndi mkono umodzi, zida ndi mbale. Chodzikonzera chokha chimakhazikika pagudumu lamagiya, ndipo pa lever pali mbale zomwe galasi limakhazikika. Chotsatsira chidzaikidwa mbali imodzi ya lever, pomwe mbale ndi galasi zidzasunthidwa. Kutembenuza kwa cogwheel kumaperekedwa ndi zida zomwe zimakwera pamtsinje wamagetsi.
2. Ndi ziwindi ziwiri... Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakapangidwe kameneka poyerekeza ndi analog ya lever imodzi. M'malo mwake, uku ndikusintha kovuta kwambiri kwamachitidwe am'mbuyomu. Ndodo yachiwiri imayikidwa pamutu waukulu, womwe uli ndi mapangidwe ofanana ndi kusinthidwa kwa lever imodzi. Kukhalapo kwa chinthu chachiwiri kumalepheretsa galasi kuti lisawonongeke pokweza.
3. Awiri mikono, matayala... Njirayi ili ndi mawilo awiri okhala ndi mano okhala m'mbali mwa chikwangwani chachikulu. Chipangizocho chimakhala chofanana ndipo chimayendetsa nthawi yomweyo mawilo onse omwe amaphatikizira mbale.

Lamulo likatumizidwa ku mota, zida, zokhazikitsidwa pa shaft, zimatembenuza shaft shaothed. Iye, nayenso, mothandizidwa ndi levers, amakweza / kutsitsa galasi lomwe lidayikidwa bulangeti loyenda. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti opanga magalimoto amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma lever osiyanasiyana, chifukwa mtundu uliwonse wamagalimoto umakhala ndi makomo osiyanasiyana.

Ubwino wazokwera pamanja umaphatikizapo kupanga kosavuta komanso kugwira ntchito mwakachetechete. Ndiosavuta kuyika ndipo kapangidwe kake kosunthika kamalola kuyika pamakina aliwonse. Popeza zida zamagwiritsidwe ntchito pano, monga momwe zidasinthidwira m'mbuyomu, zili ndi zovuta zomwezo. Mbewu za mchenga zimatha kulowa, zomwe zimawononga mano pang'ono ndi pang'ono. Imafunikiranso kufewetsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo, makinawo amakweza galasi liwiro mosiyanasiyana. Kuyamba kwa gululi ndikofulumira, koma galasi imabweretsedwa pamalo apamwamba pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zambiri mumakhala magalasi poyenda galasi.

Zomwe zimagwira ndikuwongolera mawindo amagetsi

Popeza zenera lamagetsi limakhazikika pakumanga kwa analogue yamakina, magwiridwe ake ali ndi mfundo yosavuta ndipo safuna luso lapadera kapena zinsinsi zina. Pachitseko chilichonse (zimatengera mtundu wamagalimoto) pagalimoto imodzi pamafunika galimoto imodzi. Galimoto yamagetsi imalandira lamulo kuchokera pagawo loyang'anira, lomwe limalanda mbendera kuchokera pa batani. Kuti mukweze galasi, batani limakwezedwa (koma pali zosankha zina, monga zomwe zawonetsedwa pachithunzipa pansipa). Kuti musunthire galasi pansi, dinani batani.

Makina ena amakono amangogwira pomwe injini ikuyenda. Chifukwa cha izi, chitetezo chimatsimikiziridwa kuti batri silimatulutsidwa kwathunthu chifukwa cha mawonekedwe oyimilira zamagetsi (momwe mungayambitsire galimoto ngati batri yatulutsidwa kwathunthu, werengani m'nkhani ina). Koma magalimoto ambiri amakhala ndi mawindo amagetsi omwe amatha kuyatsidwa pomwe injini yoyaka yamkati yazimitsidwa.

Mitundu yambiri yamagalimoto ili ndi zida zamagetsi zosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, dalaivala akachoka pagalimoto osatsegula zenera, dongosololi limatha kuzindikira izi ndikugwiranso ntchitoyo. Pali zosintha zamagetsi zomwe zimakulolani kutsitsa / kukweza galasi kutali. Pachifukwachi, pali mabatani apadera pa fob yofunikira pagalimoto.

Ponena zamagetsi, pali zosintha ziwiri. Yoyamba imaphatikizapo kulumikiza batani loyang'anira mwachindunji pamagetsi amagetsi. Chiwembu chotere chimakhala ndi madera osiyana omwe azigwira ntchito mosadutsana. Ubwino wamakonzedwewa ndikuti pakagunda pagalimoto imodzi, makinawa amatha kugwira ntchito.

Popeza kapangidwe kamene kalibe gawo loyang'anira, makinawo sadzalephera chifukwa chodzaza microprocessor, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, kapangidwe kameneka kali ndi zovuta zina. Kuti akweze bwino kapena kutsitsa galasi, dalaivala amayenera kugwirizira batani, zomwe zimasokoneza kuyendetsa monga momwe zimakhalira ndi analogue yamakina.

Kusinthidwa kwachiwiri kwa dongosolo lazoyang'anira ndi zamagetsi. Mukutulutsa uku, chiwembucho chidzakhala motere. Magalimoto onse amagetsi amalumikizidwa ndi gawo loyang'anira, komwe mabatani amalumikizidwanso. Pofuna kuti injini isatenthe chifukwa chotsutsana kwambiri, galasi ikafika pakatikati kwambiri (pamwamba kapena pansi), pamitsempha yamagetsi pamatsekedwa.

Ngakhale batani lapadera limatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakhomo lililonse, okwera kumbuyo amatha kungogwiritsa ntchito khomo lawo lokha. Gawo lalikulu, lomwe limatha kuyendetsa galasi pakhomo lililonse, limangokhala ndi driver. Kutengera zida zamagalimoto, njirayi itha kupezekanso kwa omwe akuyenda kutsogolo. Kuti muchite izi, ena opanga makina amaika batani pakati pamipando yakutsogolo pamphangayo.

Chifukwa chiyani ndikusowa ntchito yoletsa

Pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wamakono wazenera lamphamvu uli ndi loko. Ntchitoyi imalepheretsa galasi kuti liziyenda ngakhale dalaivala atakanikiza batani pa module yayikulu yoyang'anira. Njirayi imawonjezera chitetezo mgalimoto.

Izi zikhala zothandiza makamaka kwa iwo omwe amayenda ndi ana. Ngakhale kutengera zomwe mayiko ambiri akufuna, oyendetsa amayenera kukhazikitsa mipando yapadera ya ana, zenera lotseguka pafupi ndi mwanayo ndi lowopsa. Kuthandiza oyendetsa galimoto kufunafuna mpando wamagalimoto aana, tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge nkhaniyi za mipando yokhala ndi dongosolo la Isofix... Ndipo kwa iwo omwe agula kale chigawo chotetezera, koma sindikudziwa momwe angayikitsire bwino, pali ndemanga ina.

Dalaivala akamayendetsa galimoto, nthawi zina samatha kutsatira zonse zomwe zimachitika munyumbayo osasokonezedwa ndi mseu. Kuti mwana asavutike ndi mphepo (mwachitsanzo, atha kuzizidwa), woyendetsa amatukula galasiyo mpaka kutalika, kutseka magwiridwe antchito, ndipo ana sangathe kutsegula mawindo paokha.

Ntchito yotseka imagwira mabatani onse kumbuyo kwa zitseko zonyamula. Kuti mutsegule, muyenera kukanikiza batani lolingana pazoyang'anira. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ikugwira ntchito, okwera kumbuyo sakulandila chizindikiro kuchokera ku gawo loyang'anira kuti asunthire galasi.

Chinthu china chothandiza cha mawindo azenera amakono ndimachitidwe osinthika. Pamene, pokweza galasi, dongosololi limawona kuchepa kwa kasinthasintha ka shaft yamagalimoto kapena malo ake oyimilira, koma galasiyo isanafike pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri, olamulira amalangiza mota yamagetsi kuti isinthe mbali inayo. Izi zimapewa kuvulala ngati mwana kapena chiweto chikuyang'ana pazenera.

Pomwe mawindo amagetsi akukhulupilira kuti sangakhudze chitetezo mukamayendetsa, pomwe dalaivala sakusokonezedwa ndi kuyendetsa, izi zipangitsa kuti aliyense akhale panjira yotetezeka. Koma, monga tidanenera kale pang'ono, mawonekedwe owongolera pazenera azitha kuthana ndi ntchitoyi. Pachifukwa ichi, kupezeka kwa magetsi kumaphatikizidwanso pagalimoto.

Pamapeto pa kuwunikaku, timapereka kanema wachidule wamomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito magetsi pamagetsi pagalimoto yanu:

S05E05 Ikani mawindo amagetsi [BMIRussian]