Urea mu injini za dizilo: bwanji, kapangidwe, kagwiritsidwe, mtengo, kutseka

Oyendetsa magalimoto amakono ambiri, kutanthauzira galimoto yothandiza kwambiri, samverani kokha ku mphamvu yamagetsi ndi chitonthozo chomwe chimaperekedwa mkati. Kwa ambiri, chuma cha mayendedwe ndichofunika kwambiri. Komabe, popanga magalimoto okhala ndi mafuta ochepa, opanga amatsogoleredwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe (ICE yaying'ono imatulutsa zinthu zosavulaza).

Kulimbitsa zikhalidwe za eco kumakakamiza mainjiniya kuti apange makina amafuta atsopano, kusintha ma powertrains omwe alipo kale ndikuwapatsa zida zowonjezera. Aliyense amadziwa kuti mukachepetsa injini, itaya mphamvu. Pachifukwa ichi, mu makina amakono osunthira amkati amakono, ma turbocharger, ma compressor, mitundu yonse ya jakisoni, ndi zina zambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, ngakhale gawo limodzi la lita imodzi limatha kupikisana ndi injini ya 1.0-lita yamagalimoto osowa kwambiri.

Tikayerekezera injini za mafuta ndi dizilo (kusiyana kwa injini zotere kumafotokozedwa kubwereza kwina), kenako zosintha ndi voliyumu yomweyo, yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta olemera, zitha kudya mafuta ochepa. Izi ndichifukwa choti injini iliyonse ya dizilo imakhala ndi jekeseni wachindunji mwachindunji. Zambiri pazida zama mota amtunduwu zafotokozedwa apa.

Komabe, injini za dizilo sizovuta kwenikweni. Pakati pa kuyaka kwa dizilo, zimatulutsa zinthu zowopsa zambiri, ndichifukwa chake magalimoto okhala ndi injini yofananayo amaipitsa chilengedwe kuposa analogue ya mafuta. Kuti galimoto ikhale yotetezeka pankhaniyi, dongosolo la utsi limaphatikizapo fyuluta yamagulu и chothandizira... Zinthu izi zimachotsa ndi kusokoneza ma hydrocarbon, ma oxide a kaboni, mwaye, sulfure dioxide ndi zinthu zina zoyipa.

Kwa zaka zapitazi, miyezo yazachilengedwe, makamaka injini za dizilo, yakhala yolimba. Pakadali pano, m'maiko ambiri kuletsa kuyendetsa magalimoto komwe sikukukwaniritsa magawo a Euro-4, ndipo nthawi zina kuposa pamenepo. Kuti injini ya dizilo isataye kufunikira kwake, mainjiniya adakonzekeretsa mayunitsi (kuyambira ndikusintha kwa Euro4 eco-standard) ndi njira yowonjezera yoyeretsa gasi. Amatchedwa SCR.

Pamodzi ndi urea ntchito mafuta dizilo. Ganizirani chifukwa chake njirayi ikufunika mgalimoto, mfundo zoyendetsera makina oyeretsera otere, komanso ubwino ndi zovuta zake.

Kodi urea ndi chiyani chifukwa cha injini ya dizilo

Mawu oti urea palokha amatanthauza chinthu chomwe chili ndi mchere wa uric acid - chomaliza chomaliza cha mammalian metabolism. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama muulimi, koma sagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yoyera pamakampani opanga magalimoto.

Kwa injini za dizilo, njira yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito, 40% yopangidwa ndi madzi amadzimadzi a urea ndi 60% yamadzi osungunuka. Katunduyu ndi mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amathandizirana ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya ndikusintha ma oxide owopsa a kaboni, ma hydrocarboni ndi ma nitrogen oxides kukhala mpweya wopanda vuto (wopanda vuto). Zomwe zimachitika zimasintha utsi woipa kukhala carbon dioxide, nayitrogeni ndi madzi. Madzimadzi amadziwikanso kuti AdBlue kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pochizira mpweya.

Nthawi zambiri, machitidwewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagalimoto zamalonda. Galimotoyo idzakhala ndi thanki yowonjezera, khosi lodzaza lomwe lili pafupi ndi dzenje lodzaza mafuta. Galimotoyi imayatsidwa osati ndi mafuta okhaokha, koma njira yothetsera urea iyeneranso kutsanuliridwa mu thanki ina (madzi okonzeka omwe amagulitsidwa mu zitini). Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo kutengera mtundu wamafuta ndi momwe injini imagwirira ntchito bwino.

Nthawi zambiri, magalimoto amakono (mwa njira, mitundu yambiri yazonyamula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta olemera amalandiranso njira zoterezi) amatha kugwira ntchito kuchokera pawiri mpaka sikisi peresenti ya urea kuchokera pamafuta onse omwe amadya. Chifukwa chakuti jakisoni amayang'aniridwa ndi zamagetsi othamanga kwambiri, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a sisitimu yokhayokha sakuyendetsa masensa, muyenera kuwonjezera reagent mu thanki mochulukirapo kuposa kupatsira mafuta palokha. Nthawi zambiri, kuthira mafuta kumafunika pambuyo pa makilomita pafupifupi 8 (kutengera kuchuluka kwa thankiyo).

Madzi ogwirira ntchito utsi sayenera kusakanizidwa ndi mafuta a dizilo, chifukwa sachedwa kuyaka okha. Komanso madzi ndi mankhwala ochulukirapo amalepheretsa msanga pampu yamafuta othamanga (magwiridwe ake akufotokozedwa apa) ndi zinthu zina zofunika zamafuta.

Ndi chiyani mu injini ya dizilo

M'magalimoto amakono, othandizira amagwiritsa ntchito kuyimitsa zinthu zoyaka. Uchi wawo umapangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena zinthu za ceramic. Zosintha zofala kwambiri zimakutidwa mkati ndi mitundu itatu yazitsulo: rhodium, palladium ndi platinamu. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya ndipo zimalepheretsa ma hydrocarboni ndi kaboni monoxide kutentha kwambiri.

Zotsatira zake ndizosakaniza kaboni dayokisaidi, nayitrogeni ndi madzi. Komabe, utsi wa dizilo umakhalanso ndi mwaye ndi mwala wa nayitrogeni. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati makina otulutsa utsi ali amakono kuti achotse chinthu chimodzi chovulaza, izi zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo - zomwe zili mu chigawo china zimakulanso molingana. Ntchitoyi imawonedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi.

Kuchotsa mwaye kutulutsa, msampha kapena fyuluta yamagulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyenda kumadutsa m'maselo ang'onoang'ono a gawolo ndipo masosi amakhazikika m'mbali mwake. Popita nthawi, chinsalucho chimatsekedwa ndipo injini imayatsa moto, motero imathandizira moyo wa fyuluta.

Ngakhale kupezeka kwa zinthu zowonjezera mgalimoto, zinthu zonse zoyipa sizimatheretu. Chifukwa cha izi, kuwonongeka kwa injini yamagalimoto sikuchepetsedwa. Kupititsa patsogolo mayendedwe abwinobwino amayendedwe, njira ina yowonjezera yoyeretsa kapena kusokoneza mpweya wa mpweya wa dizilo yapangidwa.

SCR neutralization yapangidwa kuti ithetse nitric oxide. Imaikidwa mwachisawawa mgalimoto zonse za dizilo zomwe zimatsatira Euro 4 komanso pamwambapa. Kuphatikiza pa utsi woyela, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito urea, dongosolo la utsi silivutika ndi ma kaboni.

Momwe dongosololi limagwirira ntchito

Kupezeka kwa makina osalowerera m'manja kumalola kuti injini zoyaka zamkati zamkati zisinthidwe ndi zikhalidwe zamakono. Kugwiritsa ntchito SCR ndikotheka m'galimoto zina ngati zida zowonjezera, koma chifukwa cha izi dongosolo la utsi wamagalimoto liyenera kukonzedwa. Dongosolo lokha limagwira ntchito magawo atatu.

Zinyalala zotsuka mpweya

Mafuta akawotchedwa mu silinda, pamagetsi otentha njira yogawa gasi amatsegula mavavu otulutsa. Pisitoni imakankhira zinthu zoyaka kulowa zobwezeretsa zambiri... Kenako mpweya umalowa m'kati mwa fyuluta, momwe mwaye amasungira mwaye. Ili ndiye gawo loyamba pakutsuka utsi.

Mtsinjewo, utatsukidwa kale ndi mwaye, umasiya fyulutayo ndipo umapita ku chothandizira (mitundu ina ya mwaye imagwirizana ndi chothandizira m'nyumba yomweyo), pomwe mpweya wa utsi sudzatha. Pakadali pano, mpaka mpweya wotentha ulowa mu neutralizer, njira yothetsera urea imapopera mu chitoliro.

1. ICE; 2. Gawo loyang'anira; 3. Reagent thanki; Fyuluta ya 4.DPF; 5. Kutulutsa pang'ono kutsukidwa; 6. Jekeseni wa urea; 7. chothandizira cha SCR.

Popeza mtsinjewu udakali wotentha kwambiri, madziwo amasanduka nthunzi nthawi yomweyo ndipo ammonia imatuluka m'chigawocho. Kuchita kwa kutentha kumapangitsanso asidi isocyanic. Pakadali pano, ammonia imayanjana ndi nitric oxide. Izi zimalepheretsa mpweya woipawu ndikupanga nayitrogeni ndi madzi.

Gawo lachitatu limachitika mu chothandizira. Imaletsa zinthu zina zapoizoni. Kenako otaya amapita kumalo osakanikirana ndipo amasinthidwa kukhala chilengedwe.

Kutengera mtundu wa injini ndi utsi, kusalowererapo kumatsata mfundo yomweyi, koma kukhazikitsa kwake kumawoneka kosiyana.

Mafuta mawonekedwe

Anthu ena oyendetsa galimoto ali ndi funso: ngati urea ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pantchito zanyama, kodi ndizotheka kupanga madzi oterowo nokha? Mwachidziwitso, ndizotheka, koma opanga samalimbikitsa kuchita izi. Yankho lokonzekera urea silingakwaniritse zofunikira pamakina.

Ndipo pali zifukwa zingapo izi:

1. Urea, yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa mu feteleza wamafuta ambiri, imatha kuonedwa ngati njira ina yopezera yankho. Koma simungapite kumalo ogulitsira apafupi kuti mukagule. Cholinga chake ndikuti granules ya feteleza amathandizidwa ndi chinthu chapadera chomwe chimalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zambiri. Reagent iyi yamankhwala imavulaza pazinthu zoyera zotsuka. Mukakonzekera yankho potengera fetereza wamchereyu, kuyikirako kudzalephera mwachangu kwambiri. Palibe makina azosefera omwe amatha kusefa zinthu zowonongekazi.
2. Kupanga kwa feteleza amchere kumalumikizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito biuret (gawo lomaliza la reagent ili ndi pafupifupi 1.6%). Kupezeka kwa chinthuchi kudzafupikitsa moyo wa wotembenuza othandizira. Pachifukwa ichi, pakupanga AdBlue, pamapeto pake ndi gawo lochepa chabe la biuret (osaposa 0.3 peresenti ya voliyumu yonse) yomwe imatha kuphatikizidwa.
3. Njira yothetsera vutoli imapangidwa pamadzi osungunuka (mchere wamchere umatseka zisa za chothandizira, chomwe chimachotsa msanga). Ngakhale mtengo wamadzimadzi ndi wotsika, ngati muwonjezera mtengo wa feteleza wamafuta ndi nthawi yomwe mwathera popanga yankho pamtengo wake, mtengo wazomwe zatsirizidwa sizingasiyane kwambiri ndi analogue ya mafakitale. Kuphatikiza kukonzekera komwe kumapangidwira kunyumba ndikowopsa pagalimoto.

Funso lina lodziwika pokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito urea kwa injini za dizilo - kodi lingasungunuke ndi madzi pazachuma? Palibe amene angaletse kuchita izi, koma ndalama sizingatheke motere. Cholinga chake ndikuti dongosolo lotulutsa utsi pambuyo pake limakhala ndi masensa awiri omwe adapangidwa kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa NO muzinthu zoyaka.

Chojambulira chimodzi chimayikidwa patsogolo pa chothandizira, ndipo chinacho pamalo ake. Yoyamba imadziwitsa kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni dioxide m'mafuta otulutsa utsi ndikuyambitsa magwiridwe antchito. Chojambula chachiwiri chimatsimikizira momwe ntchitoyi ikuyendera bwino. Ngati kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulaza mu utsi kumapitilira mulingo wololedwa (32.5%), ndiye kuti zimapereka chitsimikizo kuti kuchuluka kwa urea sikokwanira, ndipo dongosolo limakulitsa kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi. Chifukwa cha njira yothetsera, madzi ambiri adzatha, ndipo madzi ochulukirachulukira amadzaza (momwe mungachitire nawo, akufotokozedwa payokha).

Yokha, urea imawoneka ngati makhiristo amchere omwe alibe fungo. Zitha kusungunuka m'madzi osungunuka monga ammonia, methanol, chloroform, ndi zina zambiri. Njira yotetezeka kwambiri yathanzi laumunthu ndikusungunuka m'madzi osungunuka (mchere womwe ndi gawo lamadzi wamba upanga chisa cha chothandizira).

Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pokonzekera yankho, chitukuko cha urea chimachitika moyang'aniridwa kapena ndi chilolezo cha Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA).

Ubwino ndi kuipa

Ubwino wofunikira kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito urea mu injini za dizilo ndikuchotsa kwathunthu zinthu zakupha zomwe zimatulutsidwa poyaka mafuta a dizilo. Timadzimadzi timaloleza kuti galimoto ikwaniritse chilengedwe mpaka Euro6 (izi zimakhudzidwa ndimikhalidwe ya chipindacho komanso luso lake).

Palibe chilichonse chomwe chimasinthidwa ndi injini, motero maubwino onse ogwiritsa ntchito urea amangogwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi zotsatirapo zake. Mwachitsanzo, powoloka malire a ku Europe, mwiniwake wa galimoto sayenera kulipira msonkho waukulu kapena chindapusa ngati dongosolo mdzikolo lisiya kugwira ntchito.

Kubwezeretsa ndalama sikupezeka kawirikawiri. Chakumwa pafupifupi pafupifupi 100 ml. makilomita 100. Komabe, ichi ndi chizindikiro cha galimoto zonyamula. Bokosi la malita 20 nthawi zambiri limakhala lokwanira makilomita 20. Ponena za galimoto, kuchuluka kwa urea mmenemo ndi pafupifupi 1.5 malita pa 100 km. Zimatengera voliyumu yamagalimoto.

Thunthu akhoza kutsanulira kaya mwachindunji mu thanki ili mu chipinda injini, kapena mu khosi wapadera ili pafupi ndi dzenje thanki mafuta filler.

Ngakhale maubwino owonekera panjira yatsopanoyi, ili ndi zovuta zambiri. Tiyeni tiwalingalire kuti zikhale zosavuta kudziwa ngati tingagwiritse ntchito kusalowereraku kapena ayi:

• Ngati gawo la dongosolo likulephera, kulikonza lidzakhala lokwera mtengo;
• Kuti mugwire bwino ntchito, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta apamwamba kwambiri (mafuta a dizilo otsika kwambiri);
• Chosavuta chachikulu sichimayenderana ndi dongosololi, koma ndimadzimadzi ambiri abodza pamsika wa CIS (pafupifupi theka la katundu wogulitsidwa ndi wabodza);
• Kukhalapo kwa makina osalowererapo kumapangitsa galimoto kukhala yotsika mtengo;
• Kuphatikiza pa kuthira mafuta ndi dizilo, muyenera kuwunika AdBlue;
• Kugwira ntchito kwa urea kumakhala kovuta chifukwa chakuti kuzizira kwambiri (-11 madigiri) kumawuma. Pachifukwa ichi, kutentha kwamadzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusintha kwakukulu;
• Madziwo ndi otakasuka ndipo amatha kuyatsa kapena kukwiya akagwirizana ndi manja. Ngati dzanja losaziteteza limalumikizana ndi mankhwalawo, omwe nthawi zambiri amatero mukamadzaza mafuta mumtsuko waukulu, madziwo ayenera kutsukidwa bwino;
• M'madera a CIS, pali malo ochepa opangira mafuta, ngati kuli kofunikira, mutha kuyambiranso urea wina wapamwamba. Pachifukwa ichi, muyenera kugula madzi ndi malire ndikunyamula nawo ngati mukukonzekera ulendo wautali;
• Madziwa amakhala ndi ammonia, yomwe ikasanduka nthunzi, imavulaza kapumidwe kamunthu.

Popeza zovuta zingapo izi, oyendetsa magalimoto ambiri asankha kuzimitsa makinawa.

Momwe mungaletsere

Pali njira zingapo zokhazikitsira kutulutsa kwa mpweya wakutulutsa dizilo:

1. Sungani dongosolo. Musanagwiritse ntchito njirayi, muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti SCR ilibe zolakwika zamagetsi. Mzerewu umakonzedwanso kotero kuti zamagetsi azimasulira ngati kuti urea ndi yozizira. Poterepa, chowongolera sichimayambitsa mpope mpaka dongosololi "litaundana". Njirayi ndi yoyenera kwa zida zomwe sizimapereka kutentha kwa reagent.
2. Kutseka mapulogalamu. Poterepa, gawo loyang'anira likuwala kapena kusintha kwina kumagwirira ntchito zamagetsi.
3. Khazikitsa emulator. Pachifukwa ichi, SCR imachotsedwa ku dera lamagetsi, ndipo kotero kuti gawo lolamulira silikonza cholakwikacho, cholumikizira chapadera cha digito chimalumikizidwa m'malo mwake, chomwe chimatumiza chizindikiro kuti dongosololi likuyenda bwino. Poterepa, mphamvu zama injini sizisintha.

Musanapitirire ndi kuchotsedwa kwa neutralization, ndikofunikira kuti mufunsane ndi katswiri, chifukwa vuto lililonse limatha kukhala ndi mitundu yake. Komabe, malinga ndi wolemba wa ndemangayi, bwanji kugula galimoto yokwera mtengo kuti muzimitse kena kake, ndiyeno kulipira ndalama zokonzanso mtengo chifukwa cholowererapo?

Kuphatikiza apo, timapereka kuwunika kwakanthawi kakanema kantchito ka mtundu umodzi wamitundu ya SCR:

Makina a SCR, momwe AdBlue amagwirira ntchito

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Kodi urea wa injini ya dizilo ndi chiyani? Ndi chinthu chomwe chimawonjezeredwa kuti chichotse mpweya woipa mu utsi wa injini ya dizilo. Dongosololi likufunika kutsatira muyezo wa Euro4 - Euro6 eco.

Kodi urea amagwira ntchito bwanji pa dizilo? Potenthetsa ndi kuchitapo kanthu kwa mankhwala, urea ammonia imakhudzidwa ndi nitrogen oxide (gasi woopsa kwambiri mumafuta a dizilo), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nayitrogeni ndi madzi.