Kuyika mafuta a injini molingana ndi SAE, API, ACEA

SAE kukhuthala

Mlozera wa viscosity ndiye dzina lodziwika kwambiri. Masiku ano, mafuta opitilira 90% amalembedwa molingana ndi SAE J300 (gulu lopangidwa ndi gulu la injiniya wamagalimoto). Malinga ndi gululi, mafuta onse a injini amayesedwa ndikulembedwa molingana ndi kukhuthala komanso kutengera kutentha kwakusintha kupita kumalo osagwira ntchito.

Dzina la SAE lili ndi magawo awiri: chilimwe ndi chisanu. Zizindikirozi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito padera (makamaka mafuta a chilimwe kapena chisanu), komanso palimodzi (pamafuta anyengo zonse). Kwa mafuta a nyengo zonse, zizindikiro za chilimwe ndi nyengo yachisanu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi hyphen. Zima zimalembedwa koyamba ndipo zimakhala ndi nambala imodzi kapena iwiri ndi chilembo "W" pambuyo pa manambala. Gawo lachilimwe la cholembacho limawonetsedwa kudzera pa hyphen yokhala ndi nambala yopanda kalata yolembera.

Malingana ndi muyezo wa SAE J300, mayina a chilimwe angakhale: 2, 5, 7,5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ndi 60. Pali mayina ochepa achisanu: 0W, 2,5W, 5W, 7,5W, 10W, 15W , 20W, 25W.

Mtengo wa viscosity wa SAE ndizovuta. Mwakutero, zikuwonetsa zambiri zamafuta amafuta. Pakutchulidwa kwachisanu, zimatengera magawo monga: kutsanulira, kutentha kwapope yaulere ndi pampu yamafuta ndi kutentha komwe crankshaft imatsimikizika kutembenuka popanda kuwononga makosi ndi ma liner. Mwachitsanzo, kwa mafuta a 5W-40, kutentha kochepa kwambiri ndi -35 ° C.

Zomwe zimatchedwa index ya chilimwe mu chizindikiro cha SAE zikuwonetsa kukhuthala kwa mafuta pa kutentha kwa 100 ° C (munjira yopangira injini). Mwachitsanzo, mafuta omwewo SAE 5W-40, kukhuthala kwa kinematic kumachokera ku 12,5 mpaka 16,3 cSt. Izi ndizofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zimatsimikizira momwe filimu yamafuta imakhalira pamalo okangana. Kutengera mawonekedwe a injini (zotsekera pamalo okwerera, katundu wolumikizana, kuthamanga kwa magawo, roughness, etc.), wopanga makina amasankha kukhuthala koyenera kwa injini yoyaka moto yamkati. Kukhuthala uku kukuwonetsedwa mu malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito galimoto.

Oyendetsa galimoto amalumikiza molakwika zomwe zimatchedwa index ya chilimwe mwachindunji ndi kutentha kovomerezeka kwamafuta m'chilimwe. Pali kulumikizana koteroko, koma kumakhala kokhazikika. Mwachindunji, mlozera wachilimwe umasonyeza mtengo umodzi wokha: kukhuthala kwa mafuta pa 100 ° C.

Kodi manambala amafuta a injini amatanthauza chiyani?

Gulu la API

Dzina lachiwiri lodziwika bwino ndi gulu lamafuta a API (American Petroleum Institute). Pano, nawonso, mndandanda wa zizindikiro zikuphatikizidwa muzolemba. Tikhoza kunena kuti classifier iyi imasonyeza manufacturability wa mafuta.

Decoding yopangidwa ndi akatswiri a American Petroleum Institute ndiyosavuta. Gulu la API limaphatikizapo zilembo ziwiri zazikulu ndipo, nthawi zina, nambala yophatikizika yomwe imatchula dera lamafuta enaake. Yoyamba ndi kalata yosonyeza dera la kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafuta, kutengera mphamvu ya injini. Kalata "S" limasonyeza kuti mafuta anafuna kuti injini mafuta. Chilembo "C" chimasonyeza mgwirizano wa dizilo wa mafuta.

Kalata yachiwiri ikunena za kupangidwa kwa mafuta. Kupanga kumatanthawuza mawonekedwe akuluakulu, omwe ali ndi zofunikira zake pagulu lililonse la API. Ndipo kupitirira kuyambira pachiyambi cha zilembo chilembo chachiwiri mu dzina la API, mafuta apamwamba kwambiri paukadaulo. Mwachitsanzo, API grade SM mafuta ndi abwino kuposa SL. Kwa injini za dizilo zomwe zili ndi zosefera kapena katundu wochulukira, zilembo zowonjezera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, CJ-4.

Masiku ano, pamagalimoto onyamula anthu wamba, makalasi a SN ndi CF malinga ndi API ndiwotsogola.

Gulu la ACEA

European Automobile Manufacturers Association yakhazikitsa njira yake yowunika momwe mafuta amayendera m'mainjini ena. Gululi lili ndi chilembo cha zilembo zachilatini ndi nambala. Pali zilembo zinayi munjira iyi:

• A - injini zamafuta.
• B - magalimoto okwera dizilo opanda zosefera.
• C - magalimoto okhala ndi injini ya dizilo yokhala ndi zosefera.
• E - magalimoto amalonda okhala ndi ma injini a dizilo odzaza kwambiri.

Nambala pambuyo pa kalatayo imasonyeza kusapanga mafuta. Masiku ano, mafuta ambiri amagalimoto amtundu uliwonse ndiapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo amalembedwa kuti A3 / B3 kapena A3 / B4 ndi ACEA.

Zina Zofunika

Katundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta a injini zimakhudzidwanso ndi izi.

1. Viscosity index. Zimasonyeza momwe mafuta amasinthira kukhuthala pamene kutentha kumakwera kapena kutsika. Kukwera kwa viscosity index, mafutawo samadalira kwambiri kusintha kwa kutentha. Masiku ano, chiwerengerochi chimachokera ku 150 mpaka 230 mayunitsi. Mafuta omwe ali ndi index yayikulu ya viscosity ndi yoyenera kwa nyengo zomwe zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kutentha kochepa.
2. Kuzizira kozizira. Pamene mafuta amataya fluidity. Masiku ano, zopangira zamtundu wapamwamba zimatha kukhala zamadzimadzi pakatentha mpaka -50 ° C.
3. Pophulikira. Kukwera kwa chizindikirochi, kumapangitsanso kuti mafuta asamatenthedwe m'masilinda ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Pamafuta amakono, ma flash point amakhala pakati pa 220 ndi 240 madigiri.

4. phulusa la sulphate. Zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa phulusa lolimba lomwe limatsalira m'masilinda mafuta atayaka. Imawerengedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta. Tsopano chiwerengerochi chimachokera ku 0,5 mpaka 3%.
5. Nambala ya alkaline. Imatsimikizira kuthekera kwa mafuta kuyeretsa injini kuchokera ku sludge madipoziti ndikukana mapangidwe awo. Nambala yoyambira ikakwera, m'pamenenso mafuta amalimbana ndi mwaye ndi ma depositi amatope. Izi zitha kukhala kuyambira 5 mpaka 12 mgKOH/g.

Pali zina zambiri zamafuta a injini. Komabe, nthawi zambiri samawonetsedwa pazitini ngakhale ndi kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zili palembalo ndipo sizimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito amafuta.

Kodi kusankha mafuta injini? Kodi ACEA ndi chiyani.