Yesani Moto Wamatsenga: mbiri yaukadaulo wa compressor
Mayeso Oyendetsa

Yesani Moto Wamatsenga: mbiri yaukadaulo wa compressor

Yesani Moto Wamatsenga: mbiri yaukadaulo wa compressor

Zino tikambirana kukakamizidwa kuthira mafuta komanso kupanga makina oyaka mkati.

Iye ndi mneneri m'malemba okhudza kukonza magalimoto. Iye ndiye mpulumutsi wa injini ya dizilo. Kwa zaka zambiri, okonza injini ya mafuta ananyalanyaza chodabwitsa ichi, koma lero akukhala ponseponse. Ndi turbocharger… Zabwino kuposa kale.

Mchimwene wake, woponderezedwa ndi mphamvu, alibe malingaliro otulukanso pamalopo. Kuphatikiza apo, ali wokonzeka kuchita mgwirizano womwe ungayambitse kulumikizana kwathunthu. Chifukwa chake, pakusokonekera kwa mikangano yamakono yaukadaulo, oimira magulu awiri otsutsana ndi mbiri isanachitike adalumikizana, kutsimikizira mfundo yoti chowonadi chimakhalabe chomwecho ngakhale atakhala osiyana malingaliro.

Kugwiritsa ntchito 4500 l / 100 km komanso mpweya wambiri

Masamu ndi osavuta komanso ozikidwa pamalamulo afizikiki basi… Kungoganiza kuti galimoto yolemera mozungulira 1000 kg komanso yopanda chiyembekezo, imayenda mtunda wamamita 305 kuchokera pomwe idayima osakwana masekondi 4,0, ndikufikira liwiro la 500 km/h kumapeto. mwa gawo, mphamvu ya injini ya galimoto iyi iyenera kupitirira 9000 hp. Mawerengedwe omwewo akuwonetsa kuti mkati mwa gawo, crankshaft ya injini yomwe imazungulira pa 8400 rpm imatha kutembenuka pafupifupi nthawi 560, koma izi sizingalepheretse injini ya 8,2-lita kuti isamwe pafupifupi malita 15 amafuta. Chifukwa cha mawerengedwe ena osavuta, zikuwonekeratu kuti, malinga ndi muyeso wamafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mafuta ambiri agalimoto iyi ndi oposa 4500 l / 100 km. M'mawu - malita zikwi zinayi mazana asanu. M'malo mwake, ma injiniwa alibe makina ozizirira - amazizidwa ndi mafuta ...

Palibe zopeka m'ziwerengerozi ... Izi ndi zazikulu, koma zowona zenizeni kuchokera kudziko lamasewera amakono othamanga. Sizolondola kunena za magalimoto omwe akutenga nawo mbali pamipikisano yothamanga kwambiri ngati magalimoto othamanga, popeza zolengedwa zamawilo anayi, zophimbidwa ndi utsi wabuluu, sizingafanane ndi zonona zaukadaulo wamakono wamagalimoto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Fomula 1. Chifukwa chake, tidzatero. gwiritsani ntchito dzina lodziwika bwino "okoka" . - Mosakayikira zosangalatsa mwanjira yawoyawo, magalimoto apadera omwe amapereka chidwi chapadera kwa mafani akunja kwa njanji yamamita 305 komanso kwa oyendetsa ndege omwe ubongo wawo, wothamanga kwambiri 5 g, mwina umakhala ngati chithunzi chamitundu iwiri chamitundu iwiri. kumbuyo kwa chigaza

Zokoka izi mwina ndi mitundu yotchuka kwambiri komanso yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku motorsport ku United States, omwe ali mgulu lotchedwa Top Fuel. Dzinali limatengera kagwiridwe kake ka mankhwala amtundu wa nitromethane omwe makina am'magazi amagwiritsa ntchito ngati mafuta pama injini awo. Mothandizidwa ndi kusakanikirana kumeneku, ma injini agwira ntchito modzaza kwambiri ndipo m'mipikisano ingapo yasandulika mulu wachitsulo chosafunikira, ndipo chifukwa chakuchepera kwa mafuta mosalekeza, phokoso la magwiridwe awo likufanana ndi kubangula kwachinyama kwa chilombo kuwerengera mphindi zomaliza za moyo wanu. Njira mu injini zitha kufananizidwa ndi chisokonezo chosalamulirika chomwe chimayang'ana pakudziwononga kwakuthupi. Kawirikawiri chimodzi mwazitsulo chimalephera kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba. Mphamvu za injini zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera opengawa zimafika pamakhalidwe omwe palibe dynamometer padziko lapansi yomwe ingayese, ndipo kuzunza makina kumapitilira malire aukatswiri ...

Koma tiyeni tibwererenso pamtima pa nkhani yathu kuti tiwone bwino za mafuta a nitromethane (ophatikizidwa ndi magawo ochepa osakanikirana ndi methanol), yomwe mosakayikira ndi chinthu champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira iliyonse yamagalimoto. ntchito. Atomu iliyonse ya kaboni mu molekyulu yake (CH3NO2) ili ndi ma atomu awiri a oksijeni, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mafuta amakhala ndi okosijeni ambiri omwe amafunikira kuyaka. Pachifukwa chomwechi, mphamvu ya mphamvu ya lita imodzi ya nitromethane ndiyotsika poyerekeza ndi lita imodzi ya mafuta, koma ndi mpweya wofanana womwe injini imatha kuyamwa muzipinda zoyaka, nitromethane ipereka mphamvu zowonjezereka panthawi yoyaka. ... Izi ndizotheka chifukwa ilinso ndi mpweya ndipo motero imatha kusungitsa zinthu zambiri zamafuta a hydrocarbon (nthawi zambiri sizimayaka moto pakalibe mpweya). Mwanjira ina, nitromethane imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi mafuta, koma imakhala ndi mpweya wofanana, mpweya wochulukirapo, 3,7 wochulukitsa nitromethane imatha kupangidwanso kuposa mafuta.

Aliyense amene amadziwa njira zoyaka moto mu injini yamagalimoto amadziwa kuti vuto lenileni la "kufinya" mphamvu yochulukirapo kuchokera ku injini yoyaka mkati sikungowonjezera kutuluka kwa mafuta m'zipinda - mapampu amphamvu a hydraulic ndi okwanira pa izi. kufika kuthamanga kwambiri. Vuto lalikulu ndikupereka mpweya wokwanira (kapena mpweya) wothira ma hydrocarboni ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kuyaka koyenera kwambiri kotheka. Ndicho chifukwa chake mafuta a dragster amagwiritsa ntchito nitrogetan, popanda zomwe sizingatheke kukwaniritsa zotsatira za dongosolo ili ndi injini yokhala ndi malita 8,2. Pa nthawi yomweyo, magalimoto ntchito zosakaniza mwachilungamo wolemera (mu zinthu zina, nitromethane angayambe oxidize), chifukwa ena oxidized mu mipope utsi ndi kupanga chidwi matsenga magetsi pamwamba pawo.

Makokedwe a mamita 6750 a Newton

Pafupifupi makokedwe a injini izi kufika 6750 Nm. Mwinamwake mwawona kale kuti pali chinachake chachilendo mu masamu onsewa ... Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuti mufikire malire omwe asonyezedwa, sekondi iliyonse injini yomwe ikuyenda pa 8400 rpm iyenera kuyamwanso, zosachepera 1,7 cubic metres za mpweya wabwino. Pali njira imodzi yokha yochitira izi - kudzaza mokakamiza. Udindo waukulu pankhaniyi umaseweredwa ndi gulu lalikulu lamtundu wa Roots-mtundu wamakina, chifukwa chake kukakamiza kwamitundu yambiri ya injini ya dragster (youziridwa ndi mbiri yakale ya Chrysler Hemi Elephant) imafika pa bar 5.

Kuti timvetse bwino katundu amene akukhudzidwa pankhaniyi, tiyeni titenge chitsanzo chimodzi mwa nthano za golide wa makina compressor - 3,0-lita racing V12. Mercedes-Benz W154. Mphamvu ya makina awa inali 468 hp. ndi., koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kompresa pagalimoto anatenga whopping 150 hp. ndi., osafika pa bar 5 yotchulidwa. Ngati tsopano tiwonjezera 150 zikwi ku akauntiyi, tidzafika pamapeto kuti W154 inalidi ndi 618 hp yodabwitsa pa nthawi yake. Mutha kudziweruza nokha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zenizeni zomwe injini zamagulu a Top Fuel zimapeza komanso kuchuluka kwake komwe kumatengedwa ndi makina a compressor drive. Zoonadi, kugwiritsa ntchito turbocharger mu nkhaniyi kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri, koma mapangidwe ake sakanatha kulimbana ndi kutentha kwakukulu kuchokera ku mpweya wotuluka.

Kuyamba kwa chidule

Kwa mbiriyakale yambiri yamagalimoto, kupezeka kwa chida choyatsira mokakamiza mkati mwa injini zoyaka kwakhala kukuwonetsa ukadaulo waposachedwa kwambiri wokhudzana ndi chitukuko. Umu ndi momwe zidalili mu 2005 pomwe mphotho yotchuka yopanga ukadaulo m'makampani agalimoto ndi zamasewera, yotchedwa dzina la omwe adayambitsa magaziniyi, Paul Peach, idaperekedwa kwa Mtsogoleri wa VW Engine Development Rudolf Krebs ndi gulu lake lachitukuko. kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Twincharger mu injini ya mafuta okwana lita imodzi. Tithokoze chifukwa chodzaza mokakamiza kwa ma cylinders pogwiritsa ntchito makina ogwiritsira ntchito makina opangira zida zamagetsi ndi turbocharger, chipangizocho chimaphatikiza kufalitsa kwa yunifolomu ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamainjini omwe amafunidwa mwachilengedwe okhala ndi kusunthika kwakukulu ndi chuma ndi chuma cha ma injini ang'onoang'ono. Zaka khumi ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, injini ya VW ya 1,4-lita TSI (yokhala ndi kusunthika pang'ono kuti ikwaniritse kuchuluka kwake koyenera chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka Miller kogwiritsa ntchito) tsopano ili ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa VNT turbocharger ndipo yasankhidwanso Mphotho ya Paul Peach.

M'malo mwake, galimoto yoyamba yopanga ndi injini ya petulo ndi ma turbocharged geometry osinthika, Porsche 911 Turbo idatulutsidwa mu 2005. Ma compressor onse, opangidwa ndi mainjiniya a Porsche R&D ndi anzawo ku Borg Warner Turbo Systems, VW amagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lodziwika bwino komanso lokhazikika kwakanthawi kosintha ma geometry m'mayunitsi a turbodiesel, omwe sanayendetsedwe mu injini zamafuta chifukwa chovuta ndipamwamba (pafupifupi madigiri 200 poyerekeza ndi dizilo) kutentha kwapakati pa gasi. Pachifukwa ichi, zida zosagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kuchokera kumakina opanga ndege zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa magesi ndikuwongolera kosachedwa kuwongolera. Kukwaniritsa kwa mainjiniya a VW.

M'badwo wagolide wa turbocharger

Chiyambireni kusiya kwa 745i mu 1986, BMW yateteza kale malingaliro ake okonzera injini zamafuta, malinga ndi momwe njira yokhayo "yovomerezeka" yopezera mphamvu zowonjezera inali kuyendetsa injini pamayendedwe apamwamba. Palibe mpatuko komanso kukopana ndi makina opanga ma Mercedes (C 200 Kompressor) kapena Toyota (Corolla Compressor), osakondera VW kapena Opel turbocharger. Omanga injini ku Munich amakonda kudzazidwa pafupipafupi komanso kuthamanga kwanyengo, kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri, kusamutsidwa kwakukulu. Makina oyeserera opangira makina a Bavaria adasamutsidwa kwathunthu kupita ku "fakirs" ndi kampani yotulutsa Alpina, yomwe ili pafupi ndi nkhawa ya Munich.

Masiku ano, BMW sapanganso injini zamafuta amafuta, ndipo injini ya dizilo imakhala ndi injini ya turbocharged ya four-cylinder. Volvo imagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwamafuta ndi makina ndi turbocharger, Audi idapanga injini ya dizilo yokhala ndi kompresa yamagetsi ndi ma cascade turbocharger, Mercedes ali ndi injini yamafuta ndi magetsi ndi turbocharger.

Komabe, tisanalankhule za iwo, tibwerera mmbuyo kuti tipeze mizu ya kusintha kwaukadaulo uku. Tiphunzira momwe opanga ku America adayesera kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa turbo kuti athandizire kuchepetsa kukula kwa injini chifukwa cha zovuta ziwiri zamafuta m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi atatu ndi momwe adalepherera kuyesaku. Tidzakambirana za kuyesa kosatheka kwa Rudolf Diesel kupanga injini ya compressor. Tidzakumbukira nthawi yaulemerero ya injini za kompresa m'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30s, komanso zaka zambiri za kuiwalika. Inde, sitidzaphonya maonekedwe a zitsanzo zoyamba za kupanga ma turbocharger pambuyo pavuto lalikulu loyamba la mafuta la 70s. Kapena kwa Scania Turbo compound system. Mwachidule - tikuwuzani mbiri yakale komanso kusinthika kwaukadaulo wa compressor ...

(kutsatira)

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev

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