Yesani Moto Wamatsenga Wamatsenga: Mbiri ya Compressor Engineering II

Gawo lachiwiri la mndandanda: Nthawi ya compressor - zakale ndi zamakono

“Karl ananyema mosadziŵa ndipo a Buick anatipeza pang'onopang'ono. Mapiko akuthwanima ankayenda patsogolo pathu. Wofowoka uja anatiwaza utsi wabuluu pankhope zathu. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, a Buick adapeza mametro pafupifupi makumi awiri, kenako, monga timayembekezera, nkhope ya eni ake idawonekera pazenera, ikumwetulira mopambana.

Adaganiza kuti apambana ... Anatipatsa zizindikilo modekha makamaka, otsimikiza kuti apambana. Nthawi yomweyo Karl adalumphira. Kompresa ija inaphulika. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi dzanja lomwe linazungulira pazenera linazimiririka pamene Karl adalandira pempholo ndikuyandikira. Adayandikira mosatonthozeka.

1938 Erich Maria Remarque. "Abwenzi Atatu". Chikondi chotheratu, moyo wosweka, ndi phindu la tinthu ting'onoting'ono khumi ndi awiri zomwe zimatikumbutsa kuti timayamikira zinthu zing'onozing'ono pokhapokha zitazimiririka bwino komanso zosasinthika. Buku lonena za mwayi wokhala pano ndi pano, ndikupalasa zisangalalo za moyo, mbambande yokhudzana ndi makhalidwe abwino aumunthu ndi ... Carl ndi galimoto yodzikuza, koma yokhala ndi moyo wopanda malire.

Ma Comrade atatu adasindikizidwa posintha mbiri ya anthu mu 1938. Miyezi ingapo atatulutsidwa, pa Seputembara 1, 1939, tsiku lomwe magalimoto a Grand Prix adapikisana pa mpikisano wowopsa wa Yugoslav Grand Prix, akasinja aku Germany adadutsa malire kupita ku Poland ndikutsogolera anthu kugwa kwakukulu. Lero likuwonetsa kutha kwa nyengo m'makampani opanga magalimoto. Nthawi ya ma compressor ikutha.

Mpaka posachedwa, mawu achijeremani olembedwa mosamala "Kompressor" anali kuwonekera pamitundu ingapo ya Mercedes. Zachidziwikire, zingakhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito chidule chosavuta monga CDI kapena CGI, koma matchulidwe anzeru amawu onse sizili mwangozi. Popanda izi, zambiri zakutsatsa zikadatayika zikadakhala kuti zovuta zinali kukumbukira nthawi zopambana m'moyo wopanga magalimoto apamwamba, pomwe zonse zidakhazikitsidwa pamutu wa Kompressor oder Nichts ("kompresa kapena chilichonse").

Chidule cha TSI pavuto la pulasitiki la VW Golf GT mu 2005 chinali choletsedwa kwambiri ndipo sichimapangidwira kumanga milatho ku cholowa china chokongola. Kudzichepetsa kwambiri si chimodzi mwazochita za VW, ndipo wopanga Wolfsburg sakanaphonya mwayi wokumbukira zina mwazopambana zake, koma pamenepa, chizindikiro cha TSI chiyenera kusonyeza luso la avant-garde, osati mwambo. Chilinganizo chaumisiri chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a VW chinali chocheperako ngati lingaliro, zovuta monga kukhazikitsa - injini yaying'ono (panthawiyi, malita 1,4 okha) imapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri komanso mphamvu yochititsa chidwi ya 170 hp. chifukwa cha tandem ya turbocharger yamphamvu ndi makina ang'onoang'ono koma ogwira mtima omwe amadzaza "dzenje" lowonongeka ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya turbocharger ndikuchita ngati dope motsutsana ndi kulephera kwa injini yoyamba. Ndipo pamene tinkaganiza kuti lingalirolo linali lopambana, mzere watsopano wa injini za malita awiri unalowa m'malo. Volvo, yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe ili ndi njira yowonjezeretsa mafuta ndi makina ndi ma turbocharger. Zonsezi zimatipangitsa kuti tibwerere ku mbiri yakale ndikukumbukira zojambula zakutali zaukadaulo wamakono waukadaulo. Inde, mwaluso, chifukwa chitukuko cha "Volvo" kachiwiri anaika pa ndondomeko chidwi kwambiri njira luso, amene bwinobwino ntchito pa galimoto othamanga wapamwamba kwambiri zaka makumi awiri zapitazo. Spear Delta S4.

Monga tanenera kale, palibe chovuta kapena chachilendo pamalingaliro amalingaliro a injini za VW ndi Volvo. Takhala nthawi yayitali pamutu wama neuralgic wamitengo yokwera yamafuta komanso zovuta zovuta zomwe opanga amakono agalimoto amakumana nazo pakufuna kwawo mphamvu zamagetsi zamafuta.

Kamvuluvulu wa chisangalalo chaumisiri sakanakhoza kudutsa ma compressor mu mitundu yawo iwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, masiku ano ma turbocharger ndi ena mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pa mpikisano wothamanga, kuwonjezera mafuta atsopano pamoto wakale wakale wa 1885 ...

Rudolph Diesel ndi makina a compressor

Pali china chake cha kukoma kwamalingaliro kwa buku lakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 1896 lokhudza magalimoto oyamba oyaka mkati mwa injini. Komabe, omwe adawalenga sanali ongofuna komanso mbuli "alchemists" ndi oyesera openga, koma nthawi zambiri anthu ophunzira kwambiri omwe zopangidwa zawo zimachokera ku maziko a sayansi. Ndi chidziwitso cholimba ichi chomwe chimadzutsa m'maganizo mwa Gottlieb Daimler lingaliro lokonzekeretsa injini zake zamafuta ndi mafuta amafuta ndi makina akunja a kompresa. Tsoka ilo, zoyesayesa zake zoyamba panjira iyi sizinaphule kanthu, ndipo pamapeto pake adasiya chitukuko china. Zikuoneka kuti pa nthawi imeneyo mwayi pre-compressing mpweya wabwino kulowa masilindala anali ochepa kwambiri - zokwanira kunena kuti Daimler kachiwiri kuchita kafukufuku yogwira m'dera lino pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Njira ya Rudolf Diesel ndi yofanana. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo kuti ayese kuyendetsa ma patent ake mu kampani yaikulu yamafuta ndipo pamapeto pake adawagulitsa okwera mtengo komanso okwera mtengo kwambiri kwa abale aku Sweden a Nobel omwe amagwira ntchito m'minda yamafuta yaku Russia ku Caucasus, adajambula zithunzi ndikuwona momwe angapititsire patsogolo. Ndi bwino kutentha injini yake mwachilungamo kothandiza kutentha mfundo. Chodziwika kwambiri masiku ano ndi chakuti Dizilo adayika gawo la precompression pazachitsanzo zake zachiwiri za labotale, akugwira ntchito ku maziko a chitukuko cha MAN ku Augsburg, ndipo mu Disembala XNUMX mndandanda wonse wa injini za dizilo zokhala ndi ma compressor zidawonekera.

Pambuyo pake, udindo wa wothandizira wamkulu wa injini ya dizilo uwonetsedwa ndi utsi wa turbocharger, womwe kupangidwa kwa Rudolf Diesel kudzafika pachimake. Makina oyamba oyesera a Rudolf Diesel okhala ndi makina opanga makina adazindikira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu, koma kuchokera pakuwona bwino, zinthu sizinali choncho. Dizilo, yomwe chuma cha injini ndichofunika kwambiri, chimayesa zotsatira za zoyeserera zake ngati zoipa. Kwa injiniya waluntha, amakhala osamvetsetseka mwamtheradi, ngakhale ali ndi malamulo odziwika bwino a thermodynamics. Atamaliza kuyesa izi m'dera lino, adalemba izi m'buku lake lolembera: "Kuyesera komwe kudachitika pa Januware 28, 1897, ndikufanizira kwake ndi zoyeserera zam'mbuyomu pa Januware 12, kudadzutsa funso loti kukondwererako kusanachitike. Zachidziwikire, izi ndizovulaza kwambiri, chifukwa chake kuyambira pano tiyenera kusiya lingaliro ili ndikuyang'ana pa injini yamphamvu yamphamvu zinayi yomwe imangotenga mpweya wabwino kuchokera kumlengalenga momwe ziliri pano. " Tithokoze Mulungu, Dizeli wanzeru walakwitsa kwambiri apa! Pambuyo pake zinawonekeratu kuti sinali lingaliro lakudzazidwa mokakamiza lomwe linali lolakwika, koma njira yakukhazikitsira kwake….

Makina oyendetsa dizilo pazombo

Pambuyo pa mayesero angapo osapambana a Rudolf Diesel ndi malingaliro olakwika omwe adawatsatira, okonzawo adasiya kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi kwa nthawi yaitali kuti apereke mpweya wowonjezera wowonjezera, kudalira mphamvu ya chilengedwe. Njira yokhayo yovomerezeka komanso yotsimikiziridwa yopezera mphamvu zambiri panthawiyo inali kuonjezera kusamuka komanso kuthamanga, popeza izi ndizotheka mwaukadaulo. Nkhungu yachinyengo idakhalabe kwazaka makumi awiri, mpaka ukadaulo udafika pamlingo wofunikira, ndipo kampani ya injini ya MAN yochokera ku mzinda waku Germany wa Augsburg idayikanso lingaliro ili pazantchito. Chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu ya kampaniyo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 m'zaka za zana lapitalo, zida zoyamba zopangidwa ndi dizilo zokhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera pogwiritsa ntchito makina opangira makina zidawonekera. Mu 1924 panali kale zombo ndi injini dizilo kompresa, mwa amene angapeze chidwi njira zamakono, amene kompresa si lotengeka mwachindunji kuchokera crankshaft, koma mwapadera ndinazolowera motors magetsi (mwaona fanizo ndi V8 lero dizilo pa Audi). , Zotsatira zake zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu zawo kuchokera ku 900 mpaka 1200 hp. Inde, muzochitika zonsezi tikukamba za mayunitsi oyendetsedwa ndi makina - ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lingaliro la "compressor" la gasi linali lovomerezeka, panthawi yomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zowonongeka, lidzakhala nthawi yayitali. . Kukula kwapang'onopang'ono kwaukadaulo wa kompresa kumachitika pazifukwa ziwiri zazikulu - kusazindikira bwino zamakhalidwe amafuta omwe amakhala ndi chizolowezi chogogoda komanso kusatsimikizika pakuchita bwino kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayunitsi a kompresa.

Kudzaza injini zamafuta kunayamba mu 1901 pomwe Sir Dugald Clerk (yemwe anali m'modzi mwa apainiya mu injini yama stroke awiri, mwa njira) adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito pampu kukakamiza mpweya watsopano wowonjezera muzipinda zoyaka moto. injini yokhala ndi kusuntha kwakukulu. Mlembi amatenga zovuta zama injini otentha mozama komanso mwasayansi, ndipo ndi chipangizochi amayesetsa kukonza dala mphamvu yamagetsi yama injini. Komabe, pamapeto pake, monga Dizeli asanabadwe, anangowonjezera mphamvu zake.

Mizu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano idakhazikitsidwa ndi chida chopopera chomwe patsekedwa ndi Frank ndi Philander Roots waku Indiana mchaka cha 1907. Mfundo yoyendetsera gawo la Mizu idalandiridwa kuchokera pampu yamagetsi yomwe idapangidwa m'zaka za zana la zana ndi a Johannes Kepler, ndipo zoyesera zoyambirira za Gottlieb Daimler ndi mainjiniya ake a Wilhelm Maybach zidakhazikitsidwa ndi Roots compressors. Chotsatira chodabwitsa kwambiri chodzaza makina, komabe, chimachokera kwa American Lee Chadwick, yemwe mu 100 adaika kompresa pa injini yake yayikulu yamphamvu isanu ndi umodzi yothamanga kasanu ndi liwiro la crankshaft. Chifukwa chake, Chadwick adapeza mphamvu zowonjezereka, ndipo galimoto yake idakhala yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi kufikira liwiro lolembetsedwa mwalamulo la ma 80 maora pa ola limodzi. Zachidziwikire, m'masiku oyambirira a ukadaulo uwu, opanga ambiri adayesa mitundu ina yazida zama compressor monga centrifugal ndi vane. Pakati pazogwiritsa ntchito zovomerezeka zingapezeke m'malo mwa rotor piston compressor, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma XNUMX-ies a zaka zapitazi ndi makampani angapo, komanso ndi compressor ya vane ya Arnold Theodor Zoller.

Zotsatira zake, kudzazidwa mokakamiza kumatsimikizira kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa lita ndikukhala chida chothandizira kukonza magawo azinthu zopangidwa kale.

Koma magalimoto sanali okhawo ochirikiza - mu 1913 kale analipo injini locomotive ndi kompresa, ndipo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, kulipiritsa anakakamizika anali njira yabwino kubweza mpweya rarefied mu okwera ndege.

(kutsatira)

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev