Ndani adasuntha chonyamula
Mayeso Oyendetsa

Ndani adasuntha chonyamula

Ndani adasuntha chonyamula

Zingwe zopanga zikugwiranso ntchito, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa chokumbukira Mlengi wawo

Ogasiti 7, 1913 mu imodzi mwamaholo aboma la Highland Park. Ford yakhazikitsa mzere woyamba kupanga magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndizowonetsa kulemekeza njira zopangira zatsopano zopangidwa ndi a Henry Ford, yemwe adasinthiratu msika wamagalimoto.

Bungwe la kupanga magalimoto lero ndi njira yovuta kwambiri. Kusonkhana galimoto pa fakitale ndi 15% ya ndondomeko okwana kupanga. 85 peresenti yotsalayo imaphatikizapo kupanga mbali iliyonse ya zigawo zoposa zikwi khumi ndi kusonkhanitsa kwawo chisanadze m’magawo 100 ofunikira kwambiri opangira zinthu, amene kenaka amatumizidwa ku mzere wopangira. Zotsirizirazi zimachitidwa ndi ambiri ogulitsa (mwachitsanzo, 40 mu VW) omwe amagwira ntchito zovuta kwambiri komanso zogwira mtima kwambiri zopangira njira zopangira, kuphatikizapo zoperekera zolondola komanso zanthawi yake (zomwe zimatchedwa kuti mu nthawi yokhazikika. ) ya zigawo ndi ogulitsa. mlingo woyamba ndi wachiwiri. Kupititsa patsogolo kwa chitsanzo chilichonse ndi gawo chabe la momwe amafikira ogula. Mainjiniya ambiri akutenga nawo gawo pakukonza njira zopangira zomwe zimachitika m'chilengedwe chofananira, kuphatikiza zochita kuchokera pakuwongolera kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zam'magulu awo mufakitale mothandizidwa ndi anthu ndi maloboti.

Kukula kwa njira yopangira zinthu kumachitika chifukwa cha zaka pafupifupi 110 za chisinthiko, koma Henry Ford adathandizira kwambiri pakupanga kwake. Ndizowona kuti pamene adalenga bungwe lamakono, Ford Model T yomwe inayamba kukhazikitsidwa inali yophweka kwambiri, ndipo zigawo zake zinali pafupifupi zonse zopangidwa ndi kampaniyo, koma gawo lililonse la sayansi lili ndi apainiya ake omwe adayika maziko pafupifupi mwakhungu. . Henry Ford adzakhala kosatha m'mbiri monga munthu amene anayendetsa America - kale zisanachitike ku Ulaya - mwa kuphatikiza galimoto yosavuta komanso yodalirika yopangira bwino yomwe inachepetsa ndalama.

Apainiya

Henry Ford nthawi zonse ankakhulupirira kuti kupita patsogolo kwa munthu kumayendetsedwa ndi chitukuko chachuma chachilengedwe potengera kupanga, ndipo amadana ndi mitundu yonse yopindulitsa. Osadandaula, wotsutsa machitidwe azachuma otere adzakhala maximalist, ndipo kufunafuna kuchita bwino ndikupanga mzere wopanga ndi gawo la nkhani yake yopambana.

Kumayambiriro koyambirira kwamakampani agalimoto, magalimoto adasonkhanitsidwa mosamala ndi akatswiri aluso ndipo nthawi zambiri akatswiri okhala ndi maluso odzichepetsera amisiri. Kuti akwaniritse izi, amagwiritsa ntchito makina omwe amadziwika mpaka pano kuti asonkhanitse magalimoto ndi njinga. Mwambiri, makinawo amakhala osasunthika, ndipo antchito ndi ziwalo zimayenda limodzi. Makina osindikizira, oboolera, makina owotcherera amagawika m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo zinthu zomalizidwa payokha zimasonkhanitsidwa pamabenchi ogwira ntchito, kenako zimayenera "kuyenda" kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana kupita kumalo ena komanso pagalimoto yomwe.

Dzinalo la Henry Ford silingapezeke pakati pa oyambitsa makampani opanga magalimoto. Koma zinali kudzera pakuphatikizika kwa luso lapadera la kasamalidwe ka Henry Ford, luso, komanso kapangidwe kamene galimoto idakhala chinthu chodabwitsa ndikuyendetsa dziko la America. Ali ndi mwayi wapadera kwa iye ndi anthu ena ambiri aku America omwe akupita patsogolo, ndipo koyambirira kwa zaka za makumi awiri mphambu makumi awiri Model Model T adakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino pagalimoto lamasiku ano kuti galimoto ikhoza kukhala yofunikira, osati yabwino kwambiri. Galimoto yomwe imagwira ntchito yayikulu mu Model T, sichiwala ndi china chilichonse chapadera, kupatula kuwunika kosaneneka ndi mphamvu. Komabe, njira za a Henry Ford zopangira galimotoyi moyenera zidakhala maziko a malingaliro atsopano osintha.

Pofika 1900, panali makampani opitilira 300 omwe amapanga magalimoto okhala ndi injini zoyaka zapadziko lapansi, ndipo mayiko omwe akutsogolera bizinesi iyi anali USA, France, Germany, England, Italy, Belgium, Austria, ndi Switzerland. Panthawiyo, mafakitale amafuta adayamba mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo tsopano America sinali wopanga wamkulu wagolide wakuda, komanso mtsogoleri waukadaulo mderali. Zotsatira zake, aloyi wokwanira okhazikika amapangidwa kuti ataye chitukuko cha msika waku America.

Anthu aku America galimoto

Kwina kulikonse mu chipwirikiti ichi, dzina la Henry Ford limawoneka. Atakumana ndi chitsutso cha omwe anali nawo pakampani yoyamba chifukwa chofuna kupanga galimoto yothandiza, yodalirika, yotsika mtengo komanso yopanga, mu 1903 adakhazikitsa kampani yake, yomwe adaitcha Ford Motor Company. Ford adapanga galimoto kuti apambane mpikisanowu, adayika woyendetsa njinga wamasiku asanu ndi atatu kumbuyo kwa gudumu, ndipo adapeza ndalama zokwana $ 100 kuchokera kwa omwe adalandira ndalama zoyambira poyambira; abale a Dodge avomera kuti amupatse ma injini. Mu 000, anali wokonzeka ndi galimoto yake yoyamba kupanga, yomwe adaitcha Ford Model A. Atakhazikitsa mitundu ingapo yamtengo wapatali, adaganiza zobwerera ku lingaliro lake loyambirira lopanga galimoto yotchuka. Pogula gawo la omwe amagawana nawo, amapeza ndalama zokwanira komanso maudindo pakampani kuti ayambe kupanga zake.

Ford ndi mbalame yosowa ngakhale kumvetsetsa kwaufulu kwa Achimereka. Ticklish, wofuna kutchuka, anali ndi malingaliro ake pa bizinesi yamagalimoto, yomwe panthawiyo inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a mpikisano wake. M’nyengo yozizira ya 1906, iye anachita lendi chipinda m’fakitale yake ya ku Detroit ndipo anakhala zaka ziŵiri pamodzi ndi anzake akupanga ndi kukonzekera kupanga Model T. Galimotoyo imene inakhalako pomalizira pake chifukwa cha ntchito yachinsinsi ya gulu la Ford inasintha. . chithunzi cha America mpaka kalekale. Pamtengo wa $825, wogula wa Model T atha kupeza galimoto yolemera 550kg yokhala ndi injini yamphamvu kwambiri ya 20hp yamasilinda anayi yomwe ndiyosavuta kuyendetsa chifukwa choyendetsa mapulaneti oyenda maulendo awiri. Zosavuta, zodalirika komanso zomasuka, galimoto yaying'ono imakondweretsa anthu. Model T inalinso galimoto yoyamba ya ku America yopangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo chopepuka cha vanadium, chomwe sichinkadziwika ndi opanga ena akunja panthawiyo. Ford anabweretsa njira imeneyi kuchokera ku Ulaya, kumene ankagwiritsa ntchito kupanga ma limousine apamwamba.

M'zaka zoyambirira, Model T idapangidwa ngati magalimoto ena onse. Komabe, chidwi chokulirapo m’menemo ndi kufunikira kokulirakuliraku kunasonkhezera Ford kuyamba kumanga fakitale yatsopano, komanso kulinganiza njira yabwino yopangira zinthu. M'malo mwake, amafuna kuti asayang'ane ngongole, koma kuti apeze ndalama zomwe amapeza kuchokera kunkhokwe zake. Kupambana kwa galimotoyo kunamupangitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito popanga chomera chapadera ku Highland Park, chomwe chinatchedwa Rockefeller mwiniwake, omwe amawayeretsa omwe ndizomwe zimapangidwira kupanga zamakono "chozizwitsa cha mafakitale cha nthawi yake." Cholinga cha Ford ndikupangitsa galimotoyo kukhala yopepuka komanso yosavuta, ndipo kugula magawo atsopano ndikopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa kukonza. Chitsanzo chosavuta T chimakhala ndi injini yokhala ndi gearbox, chimango chosavuta ndi thupi, ndi ma axles awiri oyambirira.

7 October 1913

M'zaka zoyambirira, kupanga pazomera zinayi zokongoletsa izi kudapangidwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. "Imatsika" kuchokera pansi yachinayi (pomwe chimango chimasonkhanitsidwa) mpaka chipinda chachitatu, pomwe ogwira ntchito amaika injini ndi milatho. Mkombero utatha pa chipinda chachiwiri, magalimoto atsopano amayenda modutsa pomaliza maofesi omwe anali pabwalo loyamba. Kupanga kudakwera kwambiri mzaka zonse zitatuzi, kuyambira 19 mu 000 mpaka 1910 mu 34, mpaka kufika mayunitsi 000 ochititsa chidwi mu 1911. Ndipo ichi ndi chiyambi chabe, chifukwa Ford ikuwopseza kale "kuyendetsa galimoto."

Poganizira momwe angapangire kupanga bwino kwambiri, mwangozi amapita kumalo ophera nyama, komwe amawonera foni yodulira nyama yang'ombe. Nyama yonyamayo imapachikidwa pa ngowe zokhala zikuyenda njanji, ndipo m'malo osiyanasiyana ophera nyama amapatula mpaka sipatsala chilichonse.

Kenako lingaliro linabwera m'maganizo mwake, ndipo Ford adaganiza zosintha ndondomekoyi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, izi zikutanthawuza kupanga mzere waukulu wosuntha wopanga, womwe umayendetsedwa ndi mizere yowonjezera yolumikizidwa ndi mgwirizano. Nthawi ndiyofunikira - kuchedwa kulikonse muzinthu zilizonse zotumphukira kumachedwetsa chachikulu.

Pa October 7, 1913, gulu la Ford linapanga njira yosavuta yochitira msonkhano womaliza m’holo yaikulu ya fakitale, kuphatikizapo winchi ndi chingwe. Patsikuli, antchito 140 adafola pafupifupi mamita 50 a mzere wopangira, ndipo makinawo adakokedwa pansi ndi winchi. Pamalo aliwonse ogwirira ntchito, gawo la kapangidwe kake limawonjezeredwa mwadongosolo lodziwika bwino. Ngakhale ndi luso limeneli, ndondomeko yomaliza yosonkhanitsa imachepetsedwa kuchoka pa maola 12 kufika kuchepera atatu. Mainjiniya amatenga ntchito yokonza mfundo yoyendetsera bwino. Amayesa zosankha zamitundumitundu - ndi masikelo, ng'oma, malamba onyamula, kukoka chassis pa chingwe ndikukhazikitsa malingaliro ena mazana. Pamapeto pake, kumayambiriro kwa January 1914, Ford anamanga chotchedwa chosatha unyolo conveyor, kumene galimotoyo anasamukira kwa ogwira ntchito. Miyezi itatu pambuyo pake, dongosolo lapamwamba la munthu linalengedwa, momwe mbali zonse ndi lamba wa conveyor zili m'chiuno ndipo zimakonzedwa kuti ogwira ntchito azigwira ntchito popanda kusuntha miyendo yawo.

Zotsatira za lingaliro labwino kwambiri

Chotsatira chake, kale mu 1914, antchito 13 a Ford Motor Company anasonkhanitsa magalimoto 260 m'mawerengero ndi mawu. Poyerekeza, mumakampani ena onse amagalimoto, antchito 720 amapanga magalimoto 66. Mu 350, Ford Motor Company inapanga 286 Model Ts, 770 iliyonse. Mu 1912, kupanga kwa Model T kudakwera mpaka 82 ndipo mtengo udatsika mpaka $388.

Ambiri amadzudzula Ford kuti asandutsa anthu kukhala makina, koma kwa ochita mafakitale chithunzicho ndi chosiyana. Kuwongolera kogwira mtima kwambiri ndi chitukuko kumalola omwe amatha kutenga nawo mbali pakukonzekera ndondomekoyi, komanso ogwira ntchito osaphunzira komanso osaphunzitsidwa bwino - ndondomeko yokha. Pofuna kuchepetsa chiwongoladzanja, Ford anasankha molimba mtima ndipo mu 1914 anawonjezera malipiro ake kuchoka pa $2,38 patsiku kufika pa $1914. Pakati pa 1916 ndi 30, pamene nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inafika pachimake, phindu la kampaniyo linaŵirikiza kaŵiri kuchoka pa $60 miliyoni kufika pa $XNUMX miliyoni, mabungwe ogwirizana anafuna kuloŵerera m’nkhani za Ford, ndipo antchito ake anakhala ogula zinthu zawo. Zogula zawo zimabwezeranso gawo lina la malipiro a thumba, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kupanga kumapangitsa kuti thumba likhale lotsika.

Ngakhale mu 1921, Model T unachitikira 60% ya msika watsopano wa magalimoto. Panthawiyo, vuto la Ford linali momwe amapangira magalimoto ambiri. Kumanga chomera chachikulu chapamwamba kwambiri kumayamba, chomwe chidzayambitsa njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira - njira yokhayokha. Koma imeneyo ndi nkhani ina.

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev

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